ncir kurdu Ephestia cautella (Walker, 1863) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)’nın yumurta gelişiminin yüksek karbondioksit ve düşük oksijenle engellenmesi

Abstract

İncir kurdu olarak bilinen Ephestia cautella (Walker, 1863) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) isimli zararlıya %85 CO₂ + %3 O₂ (denge gaz N₂) ve %95 CO₂ + %1 O₂ (denge gaz N₂) kompozisyonundaki iki farklı kontrollü atmosferin (KA) uygulanmasıyla yüksek karbondioksitli atmosferlerin yumurta gelişiminde oluşturduğu gecikme 2012-2014 yılları arasında Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Depolanmış Ürün Zararlıları Laboratuvarında yapılan çalışmada incelenmiştir. Ephestia cautella’ nın 1-3 gün-yaşlı yumurtaları 20±1, 25±1 ve 30±1°C sıcaklık ve %65±5 orantılı nem koşullarında her iki KA kompozisyonuna 104 saate kadar varan değişik sürelerde maruz bırakılmıştır. Genel olarak, her iki KA 1-8 gün aralığında yumurta gelişiminde gecikmeye yol açmıştır. Gecikme düşük sıcaklıklarda daha dikkate değer bulunmuştur. Maksimum gecikme 20°C sıcaklıkta %95 CO₂ + %1 O₂ konsantrasyonuna 88 saat süreyle maruz kalan üç-gün-yaşlı yumurtalarda sekiz gün olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kısa uygulama süresi gelişmede kısa süreli gecikmeye neden olmuştur. Dört saatlik uygulama süresi %95 CO₂ + %1 O₂ konsantrasyonuna 25°C sıcaklıkta maruz kalan üç-gün-yaşlı yumurtada bir günlük gecikmeye neden olmuştur. Gecikmeyi de içeren yumurta açılımı toplam süresi 30°C de 5 gün, 25°C de 8 gün ve 20°C de 12 gündür. Dolayısıyla KA uygulamalarını başarıyla uygulayabilmek için bu sürelerin dikkate alınması önemlidir.

Keywords

• Gelişimde gecikme
• yumurta açılımı
• Ephestia cautella
• yüksek karbondioksit
• düşük oksijen

Inhibition of egg development by hypercarbia and hypoxia in almond moth, Ephestia cautella (Walker, 1863) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Abstract

Hypercarbia-induced delay in the development of eggs was investigated in almond moth, Ephestia cautella (Walker, 1863) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), using two controlled atmospheres (CAs), 85% CO₂ + 3% O₂ (balance N₂) and 95% CO₂ + 1% O₂ (balance N₂) between 2012 and 2014 in Stored Products Pests Laboratory, Agricultural Faculty, Ankara University. Eggs of E. cautella (1-3 day-old) were exposed to both CAs for a wide a range of exposure periods of up to 104 h at three temperatures of 20±1, 25±1 and 30±1°C at 65±5% RH. In general, both CAs caused delay in egg development by 1 to 8 d. Inhibitory effects were more pronounced at lower temperatures. A maximum delay of 8 d was recorded at 20°C for the three-day-old eggs exposed to 95% CO₂ plus 1% O₂ for 88 h. Short exposure periods caused short term delays in development. Four h exposure caused 1d delay in three-day-old eggs exposed to 95% CO₂ plus 1% O₂ at 25°C. In practice, total egg hatch including delays lasted 5 d at 30°C, 8 d at 25°C, and 12 d at 20°C, which must be taken into account for successful CAs applications.

Keywords

• Delayed development
• egg hatching
• Ephestia cautella
• high carbon dioxide
• low oxygen

References

1. Adler, C., H. G. Corinth & C. Reichmuth, 2000. “Modified Atmospheres, 105-146”. In: Alternatives to Pesticides in Stored Product IPM (Eds. Bh. Subramanyam & D. W. Hagstrum). Springer, US, 437 pp.
2. Akan, K. & A. G. Ferizli, 2010. “Does sulfuryl fluoride and heat combination overcome the egg-weakness of almond moth? 56-59”. Proceedings of Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions (2-5 November 2010, Orlando, Florida), 262 pp.
3. Ali-Niazee, M. T. & D. L. Lindgren, 1970. Egg hatch of Tribolium confusum and T. castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in different carbon dioxide and nitrogen atmospheres. Annals of Entomological Society of America, 63 (4): 1010-1012.
4. Ali-Niazee, M. T., 1971. The effect of carbon dioxide gas alone or in combinations on the mortality of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and T. confusum du Val (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 7 (4): 243-252.
5. Ali-Niazee, M. T., 1972. Susceptibility of the confused and red flour beetles to anoxia produced by helium and nitrogen in various temperatures. Journal of Economic Entomology, 65 (1): 60-64.
6. Baltaci, D., D. Klementz, B. Gerowitt, M. Drinkall & C. H. Reichmuth, 2006. “Sulfuryl difluoride to control premature life stages of Ephestia elutella (Hübner), 106-110”. Proceedings of Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions (6-9 November 2006, Orlando Florida), 149 pp.
7. Banks, H. J & P. C. Annis, 1990. “Comparative Advantages of High CO2 and Low O2 Types of Controlled Atmospheres of Grain Storage, 93-112”. In: Food Preservation by Modified Atmospheres (Eds. M. Calderon & R. Barkai-Golan). CRC Press, Boston, 416 pp.
8. Barrer, P. M. & E. G. Jay, 1980. Laboratory observation on the ability of Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) to locate, and to oviposit in response to o source of grain odour. Journal of Stored Products Research, 16 (1): 1-7.

9. Bell, C. H., 1975. Effects of temperature and humidity on development of four pyralid moth pests of stored products. Journal of Stored Products Research, 11 (3): 167-175.
10. Bell, C. H., 2012. “Some responses of arthropods to gas exposures, 7-16”. Proceedings of the International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products (15-19 October 2012, Antalya, Turkey), 750 pp.
11. Bell, C. H., E. C. Spratt & D. J. Mitchell, 1980. The effect of nitrogen and carbon dioxide on eggs of Ephestia cautella (Walker) and E. kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 70 (2): 293-298.
12. Calderon, M. & S. Navarro, 1979. Increased toxicity of low oxygen atmospheres supplemented with carbon dioxide on Tribolium castaneum adults. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 25 (1): 39-44.
13. Calderon, M. & S. Navarro, 1980. “Synergistic Effect of CO2 and O2 Mixture on Two Stored Grain İnsect Pests, 79-84”. In: Controlled Atmosphere Storage of Grain (Ed. J. Shejbal). Elsevier, Amsterdam, 601 pp.
14. Campabadal, C. A., D. E. Maier, C. P. Woloshuk & L. Mason, 2007. Ozonation as non-chemical stored product protection technology, 93-96. Proceedings of Annual İnternational Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions (October 29-1 November 2007, San Diego, California), 141 pp.
15. Carpenter, A., C. Downes, L. Hansen, M. Shelton & R. Lill, 2001. “Metabolic heat: a new way of looking at how controlled atmospheres kill insects, 3-14”. Proceedings of the International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products, (29 October-3 November 2000, Fresno, California), 844 pp.
16. Cetinkaya, N., B. Ozyardımci, E. Denli & E. Ic, 2006. Radiation processing as a post-harvest quarantine control for raisins, dried figs and dried apricots. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 75 (3): 424-431.
17. Cheng, W., J. Lei, J. E. Ahn, T. X. Liu & K. Zhu-Salzman, 2012. Effects of decreased O2 and elevated CO2 on survival, development, and gene expression in cowpea bruchids. Journal of Insect Physiology, 58 (6): 792–800.
18. Ducom, P., 2012. “Methyl bromide alternatives, 205-214”. Proceedings of the İnternational Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products (15-19 October 2012, Antalya, Turkey), 750 pp.
19. Edwards, L. J. & R. W. Batten II, 1973. Oxygen consumption in carbon dioxide anesthetized house flies, Musca domestica Linn. (Diptera: Muscidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A, 44 (4): 1163-1167.
20. Emekci, M., S. Navarro, E. Donahaye, M. Rindner & A. Azrieli, 2002. Respiration of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) at reduced oxygen concentrations. Journal of Stored Products Research, 38 (5): 413-425.
21. Emekci, M., S. Navarro, E. Donahaye, M. Rindner & A. Azrieli, 2004. Respiration of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) at reduced oxygen concentrations. Journal of Stored Products Research, 40 (1): 27-38.
22. Fields, P. G. & N. D. G. White, 2002. Alternatives to methyl bromide treatments for stored-product and quarantine insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 47: 331-359.
23. Fink, D. E., 1925. Metabolism during embryonic and metamorphic development of insects. The Journal of General Physiology, 7: 527-544.
24. Fleurat-Lessard, F., 1990. “Effect of Modified Atmospheres on Insects and Mites Infesting Stored Products, 21-38”. In: Food Preservation by Modified Atmospheres (Eds. M. Calderon & R. Barkai-Golan). CRC Press, Boston, 416 pp.
25. Friedlander, A. & S. Navarro, 1979. The effect of controlled atmospheres on carbohydrate metabolism in the tissue of Ephestia cautella (Walker) pupae. Insect Biochemistry, 9 (1): 79-83.
26. Guiqiang, Q., C. Yang & L. Yanyu, 2008. “Development of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) at a reduced oxygen atmosphere, 52-54”. Proceedings of the International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products (21-26 September 2008, Chengdu, China), 738 pp.
27. Hashem, M. Y., El-S. M. Risha, S. I. El-Sherif & S. S. Ahmed, 2012. The effect of modified atmospheres, an alternative to methyl bromide, on the susceptibility of immature stages of angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 50: 57-61.
28. Hochachka, P. W., 1986. Defense strategies against hypoxia and hypothermia. Science, 231 (4735): 234-241.
29. Işıkber, A. A., S. Oztekin, B. Zorlugenç, F. Kıroğlu Zorlugenç, I. B. Evliya & A. Karcı, 2006. “Potential use of ozone at high concentration for rapid insect and microbial disinfestation of durable commodities, 99”. Proceedings of Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions (6-9 November 2006, Orlando, Florida), 149 pp.
30. Jay, E. G., 1984. “Imperfection in Our Current Knowledge of İnsect Biology as Related to Their Response to Controlled Atmospheres, 493-508”. In: Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Grain Storages (Eds. B. E. Ripp, H. J. Banks, D. J. Calverley, E. G. Jay & S. Navarro). Elsevier, Amsterdam, 798 pp.
31. Krishnamurthy, T. S., E. C. Spratt & C. H. Bell, 1986. The toxicity of carbon dioxide to adult beetles in low oxygen atmospheres. Journal of Stored Products Research, 22 (3): 145-151.
32. Lum, P. T. M. & B. R. Flaherty, 1972. Effect of carbon dioxide on production and hatchability of eggs of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). Annals of Entomological Society of America, 65 (4): 976-977.
33. Mitcham, E., T. Martin & S. Zhou, 2006. The mode of action of insecticidal controlled atmospheres. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 96 (3): 213-222.
34. Navarro, S., 2012. The use of modified and controlled atmospheres for the disinfestation of stored products. Journal of Pest Science, 85 (3): 301-322.
35. Navarro, S., J. Donahaye & S. Finkelman, 2006. “Novel non-chemical MB alternatives for postharvest treatments, 75-76”. Proceedings of Annual İnternational Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions (6-9 November 2006, Orlando, Florida), 149 pp.
36. Nayak, M. K., P. J. Collins, H. Pavic & R. A. Kopittke, 2003. Inhibition of egg development by phosphine in the cosmopolitan pest of stored products Liposcelis bostrychophila (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae). Pest Management Science, 59 (11): 1191-1196.
37. Ofuya, T. I. & C. Reichmuth, 2002. Effect of relative humidity on susceptibility of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) to two modified atmospheres. Journal of Stored Products Research, 38 (2): 139-146.
38. Rajendran, S., 2000. Inhibition of hatching of Tribolium castaneum by phosphine. Journal of Stored Products Research, 36 (2): 101-106.
39. Sen, F., K. B. Meyvacı, U. Aksoy, M. Emekci & A. G. Ferizli, 2009. Effects of the post-harvest application of methyl bromide alternatives on storage pests and quality of dried fig. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 33 (4): 403-412.
40. Shorey, H. H., 1964. Sex pheromones of Noctuid moths. II. Mating behavior of Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with special reference to the role of the sex pheromone. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 57 (3): 371-377.
41. Small, G. J., 2007. A comparison between the impact of sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide fumigations on stored-product insect populations in UK flour mills. Journal of Stored Products Research, 43 (4): 410-416.
42. Spratt, E. C., 1979. Some effects of a mixture of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen in the ratio 1:1:8 on the oviposition and development of Sitophilus zeamais Mots. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 15 (3): 73-80.
43. Storey, C. L., 1975. Mortality of three stored product moths in atmospheres produced by an exotermic inert atmosphere generator. Journal of Economic Entomology, 68 (6): 736-738.
44. Storey, C. L., 1977. Effect of low oxygen atmospheres on mortality of red and confused flour beetles. Journal of Economic Entomology, 70 (2): 253-255.
45. Storey, C. L., 1978. Mortality of cowpea weevil in a low-oxygen- atmosphere. Journal of Economic Entomology, 71 (5): 833-834.
46. Tütüncü, S., M. Emekci & S. Navarro, 2004. “The use of modified atmospheres for controlling almond moth, Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), 637-642”. Proceedings of the International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products (8-13 August 2004, Gold-Coast, Australia), 637 pp.
47. Tütüncü, S. & M. Emekci, 2014. The toxicity of phosphine gas to life stages of the dried fruit beetle, Carpophilus hemipterus (L.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 38 (2): 215-225.
48. Uslu, S., A. G. Ferizli & S. Navarro, 2006. “Time/dose mortality of low level phosphine to almond moth, 101-104”. Proceedings of Annual İnternational Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions (6-9 November 2006, Orlando, Florida), 149 pp.
49. White, N. D. G., D. S. Jayas & W. E. Muir, 1995. Toxicity of carbon dioxide at biologically producible levels to stored-product beetles. Environmental Entomology, 24 (3): 640-647.
50. Yang, C., Z. Jia, L. Guangtao, L. Yanyu, Q. Guiqiang, Z. Sixu & L. Tao, 2008a. “Respiration of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) at different oxygen concentrations, 15-20”. Proceedings of the İnternational Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products (21-26 September 2008, Chengdu, China), 738 pp.
51. Yang, C., L. Guangtao, Z. Jia, L. Yanyu, Q. Guiqiang, 2008b. “The inhibition effect of low oxygen on four species of stored grain insect pests, 39-44”. Proceedings of the İnternational Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products (21-26 September 2008, Chengdu, China), 738 pp.
52. Zhou, S., R. S. Criddle & E. J. Mitcham, 2000. Metabolic response of Platynota stultana pupae to controlled atmospheres and its relation to insect mortality response. Journal of Insect Physiology, 46 (10): 1375-1385.
53. Zhou, S., R. S. Criddle & E. J. Mitcham, 2001. Metabolic response of Platynota stultana pupae under and after extended treatment with elevated CO2 and reduced O2 concentrations. Journal of Insect Physiology, 47 (3-4): 401-409.