Effects of artificial diets and floral nectar on parasitization performance of Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko, 1968 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine whether various food resources enhanced the longevity and fecundity of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko, 1968 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) under laboratory conditions (25°C, 65% RH, 16L:8D h photoperiod) at Laboratory of Biological Control, Department of Plant Protection, Agriculture Faculty, Namık Kemal University in 2014. Newly hatched female wasps were fed on Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs with either honey, grape molasses and royal jelly as a main food, alone or double combination of this main foods or supplemented with resin (derived from plants), acacia nectar, Paulownia nectar, red tulip nectar, yellow asphodel nectar, apple syrup, liquid of E. kuehniella eggs or mashed E. kuehniella larvae. Trichogramma brassicae, females that were fed on honey and acacia nectar (17.47 d), honey + apple syrup (17.20 d), honey (16.93 d) and honey + Paulownia nectar (16.60 d) lived significantly longer than females that fed on other floral nectars and artificial diets. Females were fed on royal jelly + mashed E. kuehniella larvae (1.40 d) had the shortest longevity. Trichogramma brassicae females that were fed on honey (106.8 eggs), honey + acacia nectar (105.4 eggs), Paulownia nectar (103.13 eggs) parasitized significantly more hosts than females that fed on other floral nectars and artificial diets. Females fed on royal jelly were had the lowest parasitizing ability (3.33 eggs). These results showed that providing T. brassicae with honey, honey + acacia nectar, honey + apple syrup resulted in greater longevity and total fecundity than other food resources.

Keywords

• Trichogramma brassicae,Ephestia kuehniella,floral nectar,food,fecundity,longevity

Yapay besin ve bitki nektarının Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko, 1968 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)’nin parazitleme performansına etkileri

Öz

Bu çalışma, çeşitli besin kaynaklarının yumurta parazitoiti Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko, 1968 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)’e etkilerinin araştırılması amacıyla Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Bitki Koruma Bölümü, Biyolojik Mücadele Laboratuvarı’nda laboratuvar koşullarında (25°C sıcaklık, %65 nem, 16:8 saat (aydınlık: karanlık) aydınlanma periyodu) 2014 yılında yürütülmüştür. Ergin dişi bireyler, değirmen güvesi Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) yumurtaları üzerinde ana besin (bal, üzüm pekmezi ve arı sütü) ve ara besin (reçine (bitkilerden salgılanan), akasya nektarı, çin kavağı nektarı, kırmızı lale nektarı, sarızambak nektarı, elma şurubu, E. kuehniella yumurta sıvısı ve ezilmiş E. kuehniella larvası) ve bu ana besinlerin ikili kombinasyonları ile beslenmiştir. Bal + akasya nektarı (17.47 gün), bal + elma şurubu (17.20 gün), bal + çin kavağı nektarı (16.60 gün) ile beslenen bireylerin diğer besin ve nektar ile beslenen bireylere göre daha uzun yaşadığı belirlenmiştir. En kısa ömür ise arı sütü + ezilmiş E. kuehniella larvası (1.40 gün) ile beslenen bireylerde görülmüştür. Çalışma sonucunda toplam parazitlenen yumurta sayısı, bal (106.8 yumurta), bal + akasya nektarı (105.4 yumurta), çin kavağı nektarı (103.13 yumurta) ile beslenen bireylerde ve belirgin olarak diğer besin ile beslenen bireylerin parazitledikleri yumurta sayılarından fazla bulunmuştur. Arı sütü ile beslenen bireylerin parazitledikleri yumurta sayısı (3.33 yumurta) en düşük olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, T. brassicae'ye bal, bal + akasya nektarı, bal + elma şurubu verilmesinin diğer gıda kaynaklarına göre daha uzun ömür ve toplam doğurganlık sağladığını göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Trichogramma evanescens,Ephestia kuehniella,bitki nektarı,besin,yumurta verimi,ömür

References

1. Ashley, T. R. & D. Gonzalez, 1974. Effect of various food substances on longevity and fecundity of Trichogramma. Environmental Entomology, 3 (1): 169-171.
2. Aydın Özder, N. & N. Kılınçer, 1996a. Investigations on some biological relations between Agrotis segetum (Denis and Schiff) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Trichogramma embryophagum (Hartig) and T. turkeiensis Kostadinov (Hymenoptera; Trichogrammatidae). Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 20 (1): 35-49.
3. Aydın Özder, N. & N. Kılınçer, 1996b. The effect of Agrotis segetum (Denis and Schiff) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs age and pattern, food and temperature on longevity, fecundity, progeny and parasitism rate of Trichogramma embryophagum (Hartig) and T. turkeiensis Kostadinov (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 20 (2): 83-92.
4. Ayvaz, A., E. Karasu, S. Karabörklü & A. Ş. Tunçbilek, 2008. Effect of cold storage, rearing temperature, parasitoid age and irradiation on the performance of Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 44 (3): 232-240.
5. Baggen, G. M. & A. M. Gurr, 1999 Flowers in tri-tropic system: mechanism allowing selective exploitation by insect natural enemies for conservation biological control. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 91: 155-161.
6. Berndt, L. A., S. D. Wratten & S. L. Scarratt, 2006. The influence of floral resource subsides on parasitism rates of leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in New Zealand vineyards. Biological Control, 37 (1): 50-55.
7. Blanche, S., J. Cassas, F. Bigler & K. E. Jansen-van Bergeijk, 1996. An individual-based model of Trichogramma foraging behaviour: Parameter estimation for single females. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33: 425-434.
8. Costamagna, A. C. & D. A. Landis, 2004. Effects of food resources on adult Glyptapanteles militaris and Meteorus. Environmental Entomology, 3 (1): 169-171.

9. Cruden, R. W. & S. M. Herman, 1983. “Studying Nectar? Some Observations on the Art, 223-241”. In: The Biology of Nectaries, (Eds. B. Bentley & T. Ellias). Columbia University Press, New York, 259 pp.
10. Çınar, N., S. Bakır & A. S. Tunçbilek, 2015. Comparative effects of flower nectar and artificial diets on some biological aspects of the parasitoid species Bracon hebetor (Say.) Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 25 (1): 233-236.
11. Diaz, M. F., A. Ramírez & K. Poveda, 2012. Efficiency of different egg parasitoids and increased floral diversity for the biological control of noctuid pests. Biological Control, 60 (2): 182-191.
12. Doğaroğlu, M. & O. K. Doğaroğlu, 2015. Modern Arıcılık Teknikleri. Anadolu Matbaa, İstanbul, 320 s.
13. Fuchsberg, J. F., T. Z. Yong, J. E. Losey, M. E. Carter, & M. P. Hoffmann, 2007. Evaluation of corn leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis; Homoptera: Aphididae) honeydew as a food source for the egg parasitoid Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Biological Control, 40 (2): 230-236.
14. Gurr, G. M. & H. I. Nicol, 2000. Effect of food on longevity of adults of Trichogramma carverae Oatman and Pinto and Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Australian Journal of Entomology, 39: 185-187.
15. Hohmann, C. L., R. F. Luck & E. R. Oatman, 1988. A comparison of longevity and fecundity of adult Trichogramma platneri (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) reared from eggs of the cabbage looper and the angoumois grain moth, with and without access to honey. Journal of Economic Entomology, 81: 1307-1312.
16. Hohmann, C. L., R. F. Luck, E. R. Oatman & G. R. Platner, 1989. Effects of different biological factors on longevity and fecundity of Trichogramma platneri Nagarkatti (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Anais da Sociedade Entomologica do Brasil, 18: 61-70.
17. Jalali, S. K. & S. P. Singh, 1992. Differential response of four Trichogramma species to low temperatures for short term storage. Entomophaga, 37: 159-165.
18. Jervis, M. A., J. C. Lee & G. E. Heimpel, 2004. “Use of Behavioral Life-History Studies to Understand the Effect of Habitat Manipulation, 65-100”. In: Ecological Engineering for Pest Management, (Eds. G. M. Gurr, M. A. Wratten & M. A. Altieri), Comstok Publishing Associates, Ithaca, NY 232 pp.
19. Johanowicz, D. L. & E. R. Mitchell, 2000. Effects of sweet alyssum flowers on the longevity of the parasitoid wasps Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Florida Entomologist, 83: 41-47.
20. Karabörklü, S. & A. Ayvaz, 2007. Soğukta depolamanın farklı konukçularda yetişen Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hym: Trichogrammatidae)’in farklı evreleri üzerine etkileri. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 23: 30-36.
21. Leatemia, J. A., J. E. Laing & J. E. Corrigan, 1995. Effects of adult nutrition on longevity, fecundity, and offspring sex ratio of Trichogramma minutum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Canadian Entomologist, 127 (2): 245-254.
22. Lee, J. C., G. E. Heimpel & G. L. Leibee, 2004. Comparing floral nectar and aphid honeydew diets on the longevity and nutrient levels of a parasitoid wasp. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 111: 189-199.
23. Leius, K., 1961. Influence of food on fecundity and longevity of adults of Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Canadian Entomologist, 93: 771-780.
24. Lessard, E. & G. Boivin, 2013. Effect of age and hunger on host-feeding behavior by female Trichogramma euproctidis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Canadian Entomologist, 145 (1): 53-60.
25. Lewis, W. J. & K. Takasu, 1990. Use of learned odors by a parasitic wasp in accordance with host and food needs. Nature, 348: 635-636.
26. Li, L. Y, 1994. “Worldwide use of Trichogramma for Biological Control of Different Crops: A Survey, 37-54”. In: Biological Control with Egg Parasitoids, (Eds. E. Wajnberg & S. A. Hassan). CAB International, Wallingford, 286 pp.
27. Masetti, A., Lanzoni & G. Burgio, 2010. Effects of flowering plants on parasitism of lettuce leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Biological Control, 54 (3): 263-269.
28. Özder, N., 2006. Comparative biology and life tables of Trichogramma brassicae and Trichogramma cacoeciae with Ephestia kuehniella as host at three constant temperatures. The Great Lakes Entomolgist, 39(1&2): 62-66.
29. Özder, N. & G. Kara, 2010. Comparative biology and life tables of Trichogramma cacoeciae, T. brassicae and T. evanescens e (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) with Ephestia kuehniella and Cadra cautella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) as hosts at three constant temperatures. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 20 (3): 245-255.
30. Özder, N., Ö, Sağlam, B. Korkmaz, G. Demir & Ş. Demirtaş, 2011. “Yumurta parazitoidleri Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko ve Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) türlerine bitki poleninin etkileri, 223”. Türkiye IV. Bitki Koruma Kongresi Bildirileri (28-30 Haziran 2011, Kahramanmaraş), 317 s.
31. Özkan, C., 2007. Effect of food, light and and host instar on the egg load of the synovigenic endoparasitoid Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Journal of Pest Science, 80: 79-83.
32. Özpinar, A. & S. Kornoşor, 1993. Ephestia küehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) yumurtaları üzerinde Trichogramma evanescens West. (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)’in bazı biyolojik özelliklerinin araştırılması. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 8: 131-142.
33. Özpinar, A., 1994.Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)’in iki farklı konukçudaki yaşam çizelgesi. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 18 (2): 83-88.
34. Patt, J. M., G. C. Hamilton & J. H. Lashomb, 1999. Responses of two parasitoid wasps to nectar odors as a function of experience. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 90: 1-8.
35. Saljoqi, A. U. R. & A. S. K. Khattak, 2007. Effect of different artificial diets on the efficiency and development of Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 23: 129-133.
36. Shearer, P. W. & A. Atanassov, 2004. Impact of peach extra floral nectar on key biological characteristics of Trichogramma minutum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 97: 789-792.
37. Smith, S. M., 1996. Biological control with Trichogramma: advances, successes, and potential of their use. Annual Review of Entomology, 41: 375-406.
38. Stinner, R. E., R. L. Ridgway & R. E. Kinzer, 1974. Storage, manipulation of emergence, and estimation of number of Trichogramma pretiosum. Environmental Entomology, 3: 504-507.
39. Thompson, S. N. & K. S. Hagen, 1999. “Nutrition of Entomophagous Insects and Other Arthropods, 594-652”. In: Handbook of Biological Control, (Eds. T. S. Bellows, T. W. Fisher, L. E. Caltagirone, D. L. Dahlsten, C. Huffaker & G. Gardh), Academic, San Diego, CA. 1031 pp.
40. Tunçbilek A. Ş., N. Çınar & Ü. Canpolat, 2012. Bitki nektarı ve yapay besinlerin Trichogramma euproctidis Girault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)’in ömür uzunluğu ve döl verimi üzerine etkisi. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi, 36 (2): 183-191.
41. Wäckers, F. L., 1994. The effect of food deprivation on the innate visual and olfactory preferences in the parasitoid Cotesia rubecula. Journal of Insect Physiology, 40: 641-649.
42. Wäckers, F. L., 2003. “The parasitoids’ Need for Sweets: Sugars in Mass Rearing and Biological Control, 59-72”. In: Quality Control and Production of Biological Control Agents, Theory and Testing Procedure (Ed. J. C. van Lenteren) CABI Publishing, Cambridge, 327 pp.
43. Wäckers, F. L., 2005. “Suitability of (Extra-) Floral Nectar, Pollen, and Honeydew as Insect Food Sources, 14-74”. Plant-Provided Food for Carnivorous Insect: A Protective Mutualism and its Applications, (Eds. F. L. Wäckers, P. C. J. van Rijn & J. Bruin) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 356 pp.
44. Wäckers, F. L., P. C. J. van Rijin & G. E. Heimpel, 2008. Honeydew as a food source for natural enemies: Making the best of a bad meal. Biological Control, 45 (2): 176-184.
45. Witting-Bissinger, B. E., D. B. Orr & H. M. Linker, 2008. Effect of floral resources on fitness of the parasitoids Trichogramma exiguumm (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Cotesia congregata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Biological Control, 47 (2): 180-186.
46. Yılmaz, S., S. Karabörklü & A. Ayvaz, 2007. Effect of cold temperature durations on the performance of the adult Trichogramma evanescens (Westwood, 1833) Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi 31 (4): 269-278.
47. Yu, D. S. K., E. A. C. Hagley & J. E. Laing, 1984. Biology of Trichogramma minutum Riley collected from apples in southern Ontario. Environmental Entomology, 13: 1324-1329.
48. Zhang, G. R., O. Zimmermann, & S. A. Hassan, 2004. Pollen as a source of food for egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 14: 201-209.
49. Zhu, P. Y., G. M. Gurr, Z. X. Lu, K. L. Heong, G. H. Chen, X. S. Zheng, H. X. Xu & Y. J. Yang, 2013. Laboratory screening supports the selection of sesame (Sesamum inducum) to enhance Anagrus spp. Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) of rice planthoppers. Biological Control, 64 (1): 83-89.
50. Zhu, P., G. Wang, Z. Xusong, T. Junce, Z. Lu, K. L. Heong, H. Xu, G. Chen, Y. Yang & G. M. Gur, 2015. Selective enhancement of parasitoids of rice Lepidoptera pests by sesame (Sesamum indicum) flowers. BioControl, 60: 157-167.