Contact toxicity of pine, laurel and juniper essential oils to spirodiclofen-resistant and -susceptible Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae) populations

Abstract

Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae) causes significant losses in agricultural production because of it is a polyphagous pest and develops resistance to pesticides in a short time. This study was conducted in 2017-2018 in Isparta, Turkey. Contact toxicities of pine, laurel and juniper essential oils to different developmental stages of a highly spirodiclofen-resistant and a spirodiclofen-susceptible population of T. urticae were investigated. The was aim was to contribute to the development of alternative methods to control in resistant populations. The essential oil solutions were applied using a spray tower at 100 kPa to the leaf surface at 1.2-1.6 mg/cm². The experiments were conducted with three replicates, with 15 individuals each treatment replicate. The highest mortality in adults was 100%for pine, juniper and laurel oil in the susceptible population, and 59.5% for pine oil, 57.5% for laurel oil and 51.2% for juniper oil in the spirodiclofen-resistant population. In addition, the highest mortality for nymphs was 81.6% for pine oil, 95.2% for laurel oil, 95.7% for juniper oil in the susceptible population, and 50.0% for pine oil, 56.3% for laurel oil and 58.0% for juniper oil in the spirodiclofen-resistant population. In toxicity tests on egg the highest mortality was lower than 55.0% in both populations. As a result, the three essential oils were showed to have a significant effect in the T. urticaepopulation with high level resistance to spirodiclofen.

Keywords

• essential oil
• juniper
• laurel
• pine
• spirodiclofen
• Tetranychus urticae

Çam, defne ve ardıç eterik yağlarının spirodiklofen’e dirençli ve hassas Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae) popülasyonlarına kontak toksisitesi

Öz

Tetranychus urticaeKoch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae) polifag bir zararlı olması ve pestisitlere kısa sürede direnç geliştirmesinden dolayı tarımsal üretim alanlarında önemli kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada 296 kat spirodiclofen dirençli ve hassas T. urticae popülasyonlarında çam, defne ve ardıç uçucu yağlarının zararlının farklı dönemleri üzerindeki kontakt toksisiteleri araştırılmıştır. Denemeler 2017-2018 yılları arasında yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışmada dirençli popülasyonlarda alternatif mücadele yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesine katkı sağlanması amaçlanmıştır. Uçucu yağ çözeltileri ilaçlama kulesi yardımıyla 100 kPa basınçta yaprak yüzeyine 1.2-1.6 mg/cm² olacak şekilde püskürtülmüştür. Denemelerde her doz için 3 tekerrür ve her tekerrürde 15 birey kullanılmıştır. Uçucu yağların T. urticae popülasyonlarının her ikisinde de larva ve erginler üzerindeki en yüksek etkileri 20 ml/l konsantrasyonda ve 96. saat sonunda elde edilmiştir. Erginlerde en yüksek etki hassas popülasyon için, çam, ardıç ve defne yağında %100; spirodiclofen dirençli popülasyonda ise çam yağında %59.5, defne yağında %57.5, ardıç yağında %51.2 olarak belirlenmiştir. Larvalarda ise en yüksek etki hassas popülasyon için, çam yağında %81.6, defne yağında %95.2, ardıç yağında %95.7; spirodiclofen dirençli popülasyonda ise çam yağında %50.0, defne yağında %56.3, ardıç yağında %58.0 olarak belirlenmiştir. Toksisite testlerinde yumurtalar üzerindeki en yüksek ölüm oranları her üç uçucu yağ için de %55.0’ten düşük bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak spirodiclofen’e yüksek seviyede dirençlibir T. urticae popülasyonunda bu üç uçucu yağın kayda değer bir etkisi olduğu bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• uçucu yağ
• ardıç
• defne
• çam
• spirodiklofen
• Tetranychus urticae

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