Fumigant toxicity of mustard essential oil and its main compound alone and combinations with modified atmosphere treatments against Tribolium confusum du Val., 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Abstract

This study was carried out in 2017 in Entomology Laboratory of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University to determine fumigant toxicity of mustard essential oil and its main compound (allyl isothiocyanate) alone and in combination with high concentration (92%) of CO₂ or N₂to all life stages of Tribolium confusum du Val., 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) was determined. Preliminary bioassay tests indicated that 10 µl/l of mustard essential oil and allyl isothiocyanate alone resulted in 100% mortality for all life stages of T. confusum without any necessity of CO₂ and N₂ combinations. Lethal concentration tests indicated that combinations of mustard essential oil or allyl isothiocyanate with 92% CO₂ produced 1.8 to 7.3 times reductions in LC₉₀values for larvae, pupae and adults of T. confusum. Generally, the combinations of mustard essential oil or allyl isothiocyanate with 92% CO₂ were more toxic to larvae, pupae and adults of T. confusum than those in combinations with 92% N₂ as evidenced by significant decrements in their LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values. It appears that high concentration of CO₂ or N₂might have a synergistic effect on larvae, pupae and adults of T. confusum when exposed together with mustard essential oil or allyl isothiocyanate. In conclusion, this study indicates that combinations of mustard essential oil or its main compound, allyl isothiocyanate with modified atmospheres can be a potential alternative to the most commonly used commercial fumigants, methyl bromide and phosphine.

Keywords

• Allyl isothiocyanate,essential oil,modified atmosphere,mustard,Tribolium confusum

Hardal uçucu yağı ve ana bileşiğinin tek başına ve değiştirilmiş atmosfer uygulamaları ile kombinasyonun Tribolium confusum du Val., 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)’a karşı fümigant etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışma 2017 yılında Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi’nin Entomoloji Laboratuvarı’nda hardal uçucu yağı ve bunun ana bileşiği olan allyl isothiocyanate’ın yüksek CO₂ veya N₂ile kombinasyonunun Tribolium confusum du Val., 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)’un tüm biyolojik dönemlerine karşı fümigant etkinlikleri belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Ön biyolojik etkinlik test sonuçları, hardal uçucu yağı veya allyl isothiocyanate’ın tek başına 10 µl/l konsantrasyonda T. confusum’un tüm biyolojik dönemlerinde %100 ölümüne neden olduğunu göstermiştir. Hardal uçucu yağı veya allyl isothiocyanate’ın %92 oranındaki CO₂ veya N₂ile birlikte uygulanması T. confusum’un larva, pupa ve erginlerine ait LC₉₀değerlerinde 1.8-7.3 arasında değişen oranlarda azalmalara neden olmuştur. Genel olarak hardal uçucu yağı veya allyl isothiocyanate’in %92 CO₂ ile kombinasyonun T. confusum’un larva, pupa ve erginlerine karşı bunların %92 N₂ ile kombinasyonuna kıyasla daha toksik olduğu belirlenmiştir. Biyolojik etkinlik testleri sonunda hardal uçucu yağı ve bunun ana bileşiği olan allyl isothiocyanate’ın yüksek konsantrasyonda CO₂ veya N₂ gazıyla birlikte uygulanmasının T. confusum’un larva, pupa ve erginlerine ait toksisite değerlerinde önemli azalmalara neden olduğu ve dolayısıyla CO₂ veya N₂ kullanımının sinerjik etki gösterebileceği görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, hardal uçucu yağı ve ana bileşiği olan allyl isothiocyanate’ın değiştirilmiş atmosfer ile kombinasyon halinde uygulanmasının depolanmış ürün zararlılarının mücadelesinde konvansiyonel fümigantlara potansiyel alternatif olabileceği değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Allyl isothiocyanate,uçucu yağ,değiştirilmiş atmosfer,hardal,Tribolium confusum

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