Oenopia conglobata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)’nın hızlı ve ekonomik kitle üretiminde optimum kap büyüklüğü ve yetiştirme yoğunluğunun belirlenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışma, 2017 yılında Şanlıurfa ilinde (Türkiye) Oenopia conglobata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)'nın laboratuvar koşullarında ekonomik ve hızlı kitle üretimi için optimum kap büyüklüğü ve yetiştirme yoğunluğunu belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Farklı şekil ve büyüklükte üç farklı kap (106, 120 ve 785 ml; sırasıyla küçük, orta ve büyük olarak isimlendirilen) ve dört farklı O. conglobata yetiştirme yoğunluğu (1, 5, 10 ve 20 larva/kap; sırasıyla düşük, orta, orta-yüksek ve yüksek yoğunluk olarak isimlendirilen) çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Oenopia conglobata çalışma boyunca Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) yumurtaları ile beslenmiştir. En yüksek (%100) larva canlılık oranı düşük yetiştirme yoğunluğunun denenen tüm kapların interaksiyonunda belirlenirken, en düşük (%31,5-35,0) larva canlılık oranı ise, orta ve yüksek yetiştirme yoğunluğunun orta büyüklükteki kap ile interaksiyonunda kaydedilmiştir. Düşük yoğunluk ve orta boy kap en kısa larva gelişim periyoduna (8,6 gün) sahipken, en kısa pupa gelişim periyodu (4,3-4,4 gün) sırasıyla orta ve orta-yüksek yoğunluğun orta ve büyük kap interaksiyonunda kaydedilmiştir. En yüksek yetiştirme maliyeti, düşük yoğunluğun küçük ve orta boy kap interaksiyonu için belirlenirken, en düşük yetiştirme maliyeti, yüksek yoğunluğa sahip büyük kaplarda olmuştur. Hayatta kalma oranları, gelişme dönemleri ve meydana gelen ekonomik maliyet dikkate alındığında; O. conglobata'nın ekonomik ve hızlı kitle üretimi için büyük kaplarda yüksek yetiştirme yoğunluklu üretim önerilmektedir.

Keywords

• Kap büyüklüğü,Ephestia kuehniella,kitle üretimi,Oenopia conglobata,yetiştirme yoğunluğu

Optimizing container size and rearing density for rapid and economic mass rearing of Oenopia conglobata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Abstract

A study was conducted to determine the optimum container size and rearing density to economize and optimize the mass rearing of Oenopia conglobata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) during 2017 in Şanlıurfa, Turkey. The experiment consisted of three types of containers of varying size (106, 310 and 785 ml, regarded as small, medium and large, respectively) and four different rearing densities of O. conglobata (1, 5, 10 and 20 larvae/container, regarded as low, moderate, medium and high rearing density, respectively). Oenopia conglobata was fed with the eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) throughout the study. The highest (100%) larval survival rate was recorded for all containers with low rearing density, whereas the lowest (31.5-35.0%) larval survival was observed in medium containers with medium and high rearing density. Medium containers at low rearing density had the shortest larval development period (8.6 d), while the shortest pupal development period (4.3-4.4 d) was in medium and large containers at medium and moderate density, respectively. The highest rearing cost wascomputed for small and medium containers at low rearing density, whereas the lowest rearing cost was incurred with largecontainers at high rearing density. Considering the survival rates, development periods and economic cost incurred; large containers with high rearing density is recommended for the economic and rapid mass rearing of O. conglobata.

Keywords

• Container size,Ephestia kuehniella,mass rearing,Oenopia conglobata,rearing density

References

1. Abdel-Salam, A. H. & N. F. Abdel-Baky, 2001. Life table and biological studies of Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Col., Coccinellidae) reared on the grain moth eggs of Sitotroga cerealella Olivier (Lep., Gelechiidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 125 (8): 455-462.
2. Almatni, W. & N. Khalil, 2008. “A primary survey of aphid species on almond and peach, and natural enemies of Brachycaudus amygdalinus in As Sweida, southern Syria, 109-115”. Proceedings Ecofruit, 13th International Conference on Cultivation Technique and Phytopathological Problems in Organic Fruit- Growing (18-20 February, 2008, Weinsberg, Germany), 347 pp.
3. Aslan, M. M. & N. Uygun, 2005. The Aphidophagus Coccinellid (Col.: Coccinellidae) Species in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 29: 1-8.
4. Bista, M., G. Mishra & O. Omkar, 2012. Influence of crowding and diet on the development and survival of the ladybird Brumoides suturalis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) reared on two aphid species. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 32 (1): 64-68.
5. Bolu, H., 2004. Coccinellidae species, their distribution areas and their impact on population fluctuations of Agonoscena pistaciae at Pistachio orchards in Southeastern Anatolia Region in Turkey. Turkish Bulletin of Entomology, 44 (1-4): 69-77.
6. Bolu, H. & N. Uygun, 2005. Population development of Suturaspis pistaciae Lindinger (Hem.: Diaspididae) and its natural enemies. Plant Protection Bulletin, 45 (1-4): 61-78.
7. Bulut, H. & N. Kılınçer, 1987. “Rearing of egg parasitoid Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zell. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and interaction of prey-parazitoid, 563-572’’. Proceeding of the First Turkish National Congress of Entomology (13-16 October, İzmir, Turkey), 753 pp.
8. Cock, M. J. W., J. C. Van Lenteren, J. Brodeur, B. I. P. Barratt, F. Bigler, K. Bolckmans, F. L. Cônsoli, F. Haas, P. G. Mason & J. R. P. Parra, 2010. Do new access and benefit sharing procedures under the convention on biological diversity threaten the future of biological control? BioControl, 55: 199-218.

9. DeBach, P., 1964. Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds. Chapman and Hall, London, UK, 844 pp.
10. Drea, J. J. & R. D. Gordon, 1990. “Coccinellidae in Armored Scale Insects: Their Biology, Natural Enemies, and Control, 19-40’’. In: Integrated Control of Citrus Pests in the Mediterranean Region (Ed. D. Rosen), Elsevier, New York, USA, 281 pp.
11. Eilenberg, J., A. Hajek & C. Lomer, 2001. Suggestions for unifying the terminology in biological control. BioControl, 46: 387-400.
12. Erler, F., 2004. Natural enemies of the pear psylla Cacopsylla pyri in treated vs. untreated pear orchards in Antalya Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 32 (3): 295-304.
13. Erol, T. & B. Yaşar, 1996. Studies on determination of harmful and beneficial fauna in the apple orchards in Van province. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 20 (4): 281-293.
14. Frazer, B. D., 1988. “Coccinellidae, 231-247”. In: Aphids, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control (Eds. A. K. Minks & P. Harrewijn), Elsevier, New York, USA, 364 pp.
15. Gerling, D., 1990. “Natural Enemies of Whiteflies: Predators and Parasitoids, 147-185”. In: Whiteflies, Their Bionomics, Pest Status and Management (Ed. D. Gerling), Intercept Ltd., Andover, UK. 348 pp.
16. Güncan, A., Z. Yoldaş & T. Koçlu, 2008. Studies on pest and beneficial insects of citrus in İzmir province (Turkey). Control in Citrus Fruit Crops. IOBC/wprs Bulletin, 38: 268-274.
17. Harada, T. & J. R. Spence, 2000. Nymphal density and life histories of two water striders (Hemiptera: Gerridae). The Canadian Entomologist, 132 (3): 353-363.
18. Herren, H. R. & P. Neuenschwander, 1991. Biological control of cassava pests in Africa. Annual Review of Entomology, 36: 257-83.
19. Hodek, I., 1973. Biology of Coccinellidae. Springer Netherlands, 260 pp.
20. Hodjat, S. H., 1969. The effects of crowding on the survival, rate of development, size, color and fecundity of Dysdercus fasciatus Sign. (Hem., Pyrrhocoridae) in the laboratory. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 58 (3): 487-504.
21. IBM, C., 2012. SPSS Statistics for Windows. IBM Corp. Released 2012, Version 20, 440 pp.
22. Ito, K., 2007. A simple mass-rearing method for predaceous Orius bugs in the laboratory. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 42 (4): 573-577.
23. Kiritani, K. & K. Kimura, 1966. A study on the nymphal aggregation of the cabbage stink bug, Eurydema rugosum Motschulsky (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 1 (1): 21-28.
24. Kumar, P., J. Kaur, J. C. Sekhar, S. P. Lakshmi & S. B. Suby, 2017. “Mass Production of Biocontrol Agents of Insect Pests, 451-465”. In: Industrial Entomology (Ed. O, Omkar), Springer, Singapore, 465 pp.
25. Kundoo, A. A. & A. A. Khan, 2017. Coccinellids as biological control agents of soft bodied insects: a review. Journal of Entomological and Zoological Studies, 5 (5): 1362-1373.
26. Lorito, M., S. L. Woo, G. E. Harman & E. Monte, 2010. Translational research on Trichoderma: from ‘omics to the field. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 48: 395-417.
27. Lucas, E., D. Coderre & C. Vincent, 1997. Voracity and feeding preferences of two aphidophagous coccinellids on Aphis citricola and Tetranychus urticae. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata, 85 (2): 151-159.
28. Mehrnejad, M. R., 2002. “Bionomics of the common pistachio psylla Agonoscena pistaciae in Iran, 535-539”. Proceedings of the, III. International Symposium on Pistachios and Almonds (30 November 2002, Zaragoza, Spain), 591 pp.
29. Mehrnejad, M. R. & M. A. Jalali, 2004. Life history parameters of the Coccinellid beetle, Oenopia conglobata contaminata, an important predator of the common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 14 (7): 701-711.
30. Michaud, J. P., 2002. Biological control of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera:Psyllidae) in Florida: A preliminary report. Entomological News, 113: 216-222.
31. Michaud, J. P., 2003. A comparative study of larval cannibalism in three species of ladybird. Ecological Entomology, 28 (1): 92-101.
32. Mojib-Haghghadam, Z., J. Jalali Sendi, S. E. Sadeghi & J. Hajizadeh, 2002. Effects of temperature on developmental time and oviposition rate of Oenopia conglobata L. (Col.: Coccinellidae) fed on Chaitophorus populeti. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 22 (1): 1-11.
33. Mojib-Haghghadam, Z., J. Jalali Sendi, S. E. Sadeghi & M. Uosefpour, 2009. Introduction of lady beetle Oenopia conglobata (L.) as predator of ulmus aphid Tinocallis saltans Nevsky in Guilan Province and biology of lady beetle in laboratory conditions. Iranian Journal of Biology, 22 (2): 363-370.
34. Obrycki, J. J. & T. J. Kring, 1998. Predaceous Coccinellidae in biological control. Annual Review of Entomology, 43: 295-321.
35. Omkar, O. & S. Pathak, 2009. Crowding affects the life attributes of an aphidophagous ladybird beetle, Propylea dissecta. Bulletin of Insectology, 62 (1): 35-40.
36. Özgen. İ. & Y. Karsavuran, 2005. “The investigations on the Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) species, their density and hosts in pistachio (Pistacia vera) agroecosystem in Siirt province (Turkey), 1393-1396”. GAP IV. Agricultural Congress, (21-23 September 2005, Şanlıurfa, Turkey), 1753 pp.
37. Parnell, J. J., R. Berka, H. A. Young, J. M. Sturino, Y. Kang, D. M. Barnhart & M. V. DiLeo, 2016. From the lab to the farm: an industrial perspective of plant beneficial microorganisms. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7: 1110.
38. Riddick, E. W. & Z. Wu, 2015. Effects of rearing density on survival, growth, and development of the Ladybird Coleomegilla maculata in culture. Insects, 6: 858-868.
39. Rodriguez, D. & J. Rabinovich, 1980. The effect of density on some population parameters of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) under laboratory conditions. Journal of Medical Entomology, 17 (2): 165-171.
40. Sahayaraj, K., 2002. Small scale laboratory rearing of a reduviid predator, Rhynocoris marginatus FAB. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) on Corcyra cephalonica Stainton larvae by larval card method. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 3 (2): 137-148.
41. Santos, S. A., J. A. Pereira, L. Torres & A. J. A. Nogueira, 2009. Voracity of coccinellid species on different phenological stages of the olive pest Saissetia oleae (Homoptera, Coccidae). Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 7 (4): 359-365.
42. Sasaki, R., F. Nakasuji, & K. Fujisaki, 2002. Environmental factors determining wing form in the Lygaeid bug, Dimorphopterus japonicus (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 37 (2): 329-333.
43. Shah, M. A., A. Manaf, M. Hussain, S. Farooq & M. Zafar-ul-Hye, 2013. Sulphur fertilization improves the sesame productivity and economic returns under rainfed conditions. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 15: 1301-1306.
44. Silva, C. C., R. A. Laumann, M. C. Blassioli, M. Pareja, & M. Borges, 2008. Euschistus heros mass rearing technique for the multiplication of Telenomus podisi. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, 43 (5): 575-580.
45. Steel, R. G. D., J. H. Torrie & D. A. Dickey, 1997. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biological Approach. McGraw-Hill, 666 pp.
46. Van den Bosch, R., P. S. Messenger & A. P. Gutierrez, 1982. An Introduction to Biological Control. Springer, Boston, USA, 247 pp.
47. Van Lenteren, J. C., 2000. A green house without pesticides: Fact of fantasy? Crop Protection, 19: 375-384.
48. Van Lenteren, J. C., 2012. The state of commercial augmentative biological control: plenty of natural enemies, but a frustrating lack of uptake. BioControl, 57: 1-20.
49. Van Lenteren, J. C. & H. C. J. Godfray, 2005. European science in the enlightenment and the discovery of the insect parasitoid life cycle in The Netherlands and Great Britain. Biological Control, 32: 12-24.
50. Van Lenteren, J. C., K. Bolckmans, J. Köhl, W. J. Ravensberg & A. Urbaneja, 2018. Biological control using invertebrates and microorganisms: plenty of new opportunities. BioControl, 63 (1): 39-59.
51. Villanueva, R. T., J. P. Michaud & C. C. Childers, 2004. Ladybeetles as predators of pest and predacious mites in citrus. Journal of Entomological Science, 39 (1): 23-29.
52. Yanık, E., 2011. Effect of different temperatures on biological characteristics of Oenopia conglobata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) reared on Ephestia kuehniella Zell. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs. Harran University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 15 (1): 21-28.