Comparative toxicity of two neonicotinoids and a pyrethroid to forager honeybees (Apis mellifera L., 1758) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) by different exposure methods

Abstract

Honeybees are exposed to insecticides by direct contact with spray droplets or residues on plant, or through ingestion of contaminated pollen or nectar. Direct contact with foliar spray might be the most common exposure route and contact bioassays are preferred as they better simulate field situation. Bioassays were conducted during 2018 at Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. The acute contact and oral toxicity of commercial formulations of deltamethrin 2.5 EC, thiamethoxam 25 WG and acetamiprid 20 SL to Apis mellifera subsp. lamarckii Cockerell 1906 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foragers were measured by three exposure methods (contact by a 1-µL droplet on thorax, contact by Potter spray tower and oral ingestion). Potter tower exposure gave significantly higher mortality at lower concentration of deltamethrin than contact exposure by single droplet on thorax. Thiamethoxam showed significantly higher mortality through oral exposure at all concentrations. HQ_oral values were also calculated. Acetamiprid did not give more than 50% mortality even with the highest concentration. Potter tower produced fine droplets (0.286±0.071 µm) and a total of 0.829 µL was deposited on a single honeybee. Forager honeybees are more likely be exposed to the very fine droplets in field and toxicological results obtained by Potter tower or similar devices will be more realistic than a single droplet on thorax.

Keywords

• Acetamiprid,Apis mellifera lamarckii,deltamethrin,exposure methods,thiamethoxam,toxicity

Toplayıcı bal arılarının (Apis mellifera L., 1758) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) farklı maruz kalma yöntemleri ile iki neonikotinoid ve bir piretroidin karşılaştırmalı toksisitesi

Öz

Bal arıları sprey damlamaları veya bitkilerdeki kalıntılarından doğrudan temas ile, ya da bulaşık polen veya nektar alımı ile insektisitlere maruz kalmaktadır. İlaçlama ile doğrudan teması en yaygın maruz kalma şeklidir ve arazideki durumu daha iyi simüle ettiği için temas biyolojik denemeleri tercih edilmektedir. Biyolojik denemeler, 2018 yılında Umman Sultan Qaboos Üniversitesi'nde yürütülmüştür. deltamethrin 2.5 EC, thiamethoxam 25 WG ve acetamiprid 20 SL’nin ticari formülasyonlarının Apis mellifera subsp. lamarckii Cockerell 1906 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) toplayıcılara akut teması ve ağızdan zehirlenmesi üç yöntem (thoraks üzerinde 1-µL damlacık ile temas, Potter sprey kulesi ile temas ve oral alınım) ile ölçülmüştür. Potter kule uygulaması, daha düşük deltametrin konsantrasyonunda, thoraks üzerindeki tek damlacık ile temasta etkilenmeye göre önemli ölçüde daha yüksek ölüm oranı sağlamıştır. Thiamethoxam, tüm konsantrasyonlarda oral yoldan maruz kalma ile önemli ölçüde daha yüksek ölüm oranı göstermiştir. HQ_oral değerleri de hesaplanmıştır. Acetamiprid, en yüksek konsantrasyonda bile %50'den fazla ölüm oranı vermemiştir. Potter kulesi, ince damlacıklar (0.286 ± 0.071 µm) üretmiştir ve tek bir bal arısı üzerinde toplam 0.829 µL biriktirilmiştir. Toplayıcı bal arıları, tarladaki çok ince damlacıklara maruz kalmaya daha yatkındır ve Potter kulesi veya benzer cihazları kullanarak elde edilen toksikolojik sonuçlar, thorakstaki tek bir damlacığa göre daha gerçekçi olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Acetamiprid,Apis mellifera lamarckii,deltamethrin,maruz kalma yöntemleri,thiamethoxam,toksisite

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