Türkiye Planococcus citri Risso, 1813 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) popülasyonlarının genetik çeşitliliği

Öz

Turunçgil unlubiti, Planococcus citri Risso, 1813 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)’nin genetik çeşitliliği ve popülasyon genetiği, mitokondriyal DNA bölgesine göre araştırılmıştır. Türkiye’de 2011-2015 yıllarında farklı konukçu bitkilerden toplam 108 birey toplanmıştır. Sitokrom C oksidaz alt birim geninin kısmi gen dizileri Türkiye'de beş haplotip olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır, bunlardan biri (Hap 1) yaygın haplotip olarak 102 örnekte saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, 90 homolog nükleotit P. citri sekansları analizlerimize dahil edilmiş ve Türkiye izolatlarına ait diziler ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Moleküler çeşitlilik indeksleri, bu popülasyonlar için genel olarak yüksek mitokondriyal DNA çeşitliliğini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Ayrıca, Tajima’nın D testi ve Fu’nun Fs testi Güney Asya hariç popülasyonların nötral değişim endeksinde sapmaları ve son popülasyon yayılmasını ifade eden negatif değerler göstermiştir. Çalışılan P. citri popülasyonları arasında genetik farklılaşmayı gösteren, ikili sabitleme endeksi kullanan farklı popülasyonların ikili karşılaştırmaları bazı bölgeler için önemli bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma ve daha önceki çalışmalardan elde edilen bulgulara dayanarak, antropojenik hareketlerle P. citri'de demografik genişlemenin meydana geldiği varsayılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Turunçgil unlubiti
• haplotip çeşitliliği
• Akdeniz
• mtDNA
• moleküler filogenetik

Genetic diversity of Turkish populations of Planococcus citri Risso, 1813 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Abstract

The genetic diversity and population genetics of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri Risso, 1813 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), were investigated based on sequencing of mitochondrial DNA. A total of 108 individuals were collected from different host plants in Turkey during 2011-2015. Partial sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene revealed five haplotypes in Turkey, with one of these (Hap 1) as the common haplotype, being present in 102 individuals. Additionally, 90 homologous nucleotide sequences retrieved from GenBank were incorporated into the analyses and compared with sequences of isolates from Turkey. Molecular diversity indices revealed overall high mitochondrial DNA diversity for these populations. Further, Tajima’s D test and Fu’s Fs test showed negative values, except in South Africa, indicating deviations from neutrality and suggesting recent population expansion for the populations. Pairwise comparisons of the different populations using the pairwise fixation indext was significant for some comparisons, indicating genetic differentiation among the P. citri populations studied. Based on these findings and those from earlier studies, it was hypothesize that demographic expansion has occurred in P. citri via the introduction of mealybugs by anthropogenic movements.

Keywords

• Citrus mealybug
• haplotype diversity
• Mediterranean
• mtDNA
• molecular phylogenetic

References

1. Abd-Rabou, S., H. Shalaby, J. F. Germain, N. Ris, P. Kreiter & T. Malausa, 2012. Identification of mealybug pest species (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Egypt and France, using a DNA barcoding approach. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 102 (5): 515-523.
2. Atakan, E., M. Ölçülü, S. Pehlivan & S. Satar, 2015. Türkiye’de yeni zararlı bir thrips türü: Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan, 1913) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni, 5 (2): 77-84.
3. Bandelt, H. J., P. Forster & A. Röhl, 1999. Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 16 (1): 37-48.
4. Bartlett, B. R., 1978. “Pseudococcidae,137-170”. In: Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds; A World Review (Ed. C. P. Clausen) Agricultural Handbook of United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., 545 pp.
5. Baumann, L. & P. Baumann, 2005. Cospeciation between the primary endosymbionts of mealybugs and their hosts. Current Microbiology 50 (2): 84-87.
6. Beltrà, A., A. Soto & T. Malausa, 2012. Molecular and morphological characterization of Pseudococcidae surveyed on crops and ornamental plants in Spain. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 102 (2): 165-172.
7. Ben-Dov, Y., 1994. A Systematic Catalogue of the Mealybugs of the World (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with Data on Geographical Distribution, Host Plants, Biology and Economic Importance. Intercept Ltd., Andover, United Kingdom, 686 pp.
8. Bodenheimer, F. S., 1951. Citrus Entomology in the Middle East with Special References to Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Syrian, Turkey. Dr. W. Junk Publisher, The Hauge, Netherlands, 663 pp.

9. Cox, J. M., 1989. The mealybug genus Planococcus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Entomology), 58 (1): 1-78.
10. Cox, J. M. & M. N. Wetton, 1988. Identification of the mealybug Planococcus halli Ezzat & McConnell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) commonly occurring on yams (Dioscorea spp.) in Africa and the West Indies. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 78 (4): 561-571.
11. Daane, K. M., M. C. Middleton, R. Sforza, M. L. Cooper, V. M. Walton, D. B. Walsh, T. Zaviezo & R. P. Almeida, 2011. Development of a multiplex PCR for identification of vineyard mealybugs. Environmental Entomology, 40 (6): 1595-1603.
12. de Lotto G., 1964. Observations on african mealy bugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Bulletin of British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, 14 (8): 343-397.
13. de Moraes, L. A., C. Muller, R. C. O. de Freitas Bueno, A. Santos, V. H. Bello, B. R. De Marchi, L. F. M. Watanabe, J. M. Marubayashi, B. R. Santos, V. A. Yuki, H. M. Takada, D. R. de Barros, C. G. Neves, F. N. Silva, M. J. Gonçalves, M. Ghanim, L. Boykin, M. A. Pavan & R. Krause-Sakate, 2018. Distribution and phylogenetics of whiteflies and their endosymbiont relationships after the Mediterranean species invasion in Brazil. Scientific Reports, 8 (1): 1-13.
14. Douglas, N. & K. Kruger, 2008. Transmission efficiency of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (glrav-3) by the mealybugs Planococcus ficus and Pseudococcus longispinus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). European Journal of Plant Pathology, 122 (2): 207-212.
15. Felsenstein, J., 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution, 39 (4): 783-791.
16. Ferris, G. F., 1950. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America. Series V. The Pseudococeidae (Part I). Stanford University Press, California; London, G. Cumberlege, Oxford University Press, vii+278 pp.
17. FinchTV, 2019. FinchTV v1.4.0. (Web page: www.geospiza.com/Products/finchtvdlrequest.shtml) (Date accessed: February 2019).
18. Forbes, A. A., S. Satar, G. Hamerlinck, A. E. Nelson & J. J. Smith, 2012. DNA barcodes and targeted sampling methods identify a new species and cryptic patterns of host specialization among North American Coptera (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 105 (4): 608-612.
19. García Morales, M., B. D. Denno, D. R. Miller, G. L. Miller, Y. Ben-Dov & N. B. Hardy, 2016. ScaleNet: A literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database, 2016 (bav118): 1-5.
20. Gmitter, F. G. & X. Hu, 1990. The possible role of Yunnan, China, in the origin of contemporary Citrus species (Rutaceae). Economic Botany, 44 (2): 267-277.
21. Hardy, N. B., P. J. Gullan & C. J. Hodgson, 2008. A subfamily-level classification of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) based on integrated molecular and morphological data. Systematic Entomology, 33 (1): 51-71.
22. He, Y., Y. Liu, K. Wang, Y. Zhang, Q. Wu & S. Wang, 2019. Development and Fitness of the Parasitoid, Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), on the B and Q of the Sweet potato Whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 112 (6): 2597-2603.
23. Huang, P., L. Lin, Z. Fang, L. Lin & F. Liao, 2017. Identification of Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcus) using 28S rDNA species-specific primers. Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology, 54 (4): 646-651.
24. Kansu, İ. A. & N. Uygun, 1980. Possibilities of integrated control against citrus pests in Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. University of Çukurova, Agricultural Faculty Publications, 141 (33): 63 pp.
25. Karacaoğlu, M., 2016. Akdeniz ve Ege Bölgesi Turunçgil Bahçelerinde Unlubit Türlerinin Belirlenmesi ile Turunçgil Unlubiti [Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)]’nin Bazı Biyo-Ekolojik Özellikleri Üzerine Araştırmalar. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü (Unpublished) Doktora Tezi, 148 s.
26. Karacaoğlu, M., B. Kaydan & S. Satar, 2016. “Detected mealybug species from citrus plantation in Aegean and Mediterranean Regions, 379”. Proceedings of Turkey 6th Plant Protection Congress with International Participation (September 5-8, 2016, Konya, Turkey), 379 pp.
27. Karacaoğlu, M. & S. Satar, 2017a. Bioecological characteristics of Planococcus citri Risso, 1813 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) under constant and alternating temperatures. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 41 (2): 147-157.
28. Karacaoğlu, M. & S. Satar, 2017b. Population fluctuations of Citrus mealybug [Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)] in grapefruit orchards in Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Plant Protection Bulletin, 57 (2): 123-136.
29. Khosla, S., G. Mendiratta & V. Brahmachari, 2006. Genomic imprinting in the mealybugs. Cytogenetic Genome Research, 113 (1-4): 41-52.
30. Kimura, M., 1980. A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16 (29): 111-120.
31. Kozar, F. & M. Kosztarab, 1988. Scale Insects of Central Europe. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 456 pp. Leigh, J. W. & D. Bryant, 2015. Popart: full‐feature software for haplotype network construction. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6 (9): 1110-1116.
32. Librado, P. & J. Rozas, 2009. DnaSP v5: A software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics, 25 (11): 1451-1452.
33. Lodos, N., 1986. Türkiye Entomolojisi Cilt 2. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayın No: 429, İzmir, 580 s.
34. Lourenco, P., C. Brito, T. Backeljau, D. Thierry & M. A. Ventura, 2006. Molecular systematics of the Chrysoperla carnea group (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in European Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 44 (2): 180-184.
35. Malausa, T., A. Fenis, S. Warot, J. F. Germain, N. Ris, E. Prado & A. Couloux, 2011. DNA markers to disentangle complexes of cryptic taxa in mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 135 (1‐2): 142-155.
36. Meyer, J. B., G. G. F. Kasdorf, L. H. Nel & G. Pietersen, 2008. Transmission of activated-episomal banana streak ol (badna) virus (bsolv) to cv. Williams banana (Musa sp.) by three mealybug species. Plant Disease, 92 (8): 1158-1163.
37. Nagalakshmi, G., 2019. Molecular and Morphological Characterization of Major Mealybug Species (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Selected Horticultural Crops. Department of Biotechnology Jain University Bengaluru, (Unpublished) PhD Thesis, 228 pp.
38. Nakaune, R., S. Toda, M. Mochizuki & M. Nakano, 2008. Identification and characterization of a new vitivirus from grapevine. Archives of Virology, 153 (10): 1827-1832.
39. Nicolosi, E., 2007. “Origin and Taxonomy, 19-43”. In: Citrus Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology (Ed. I. A. Khan), CABI, London, 384 pp.
40. Padi, B., 1990. The Application of Morphometric Analyses and Gel Electrophoresis to the Identification of Mealybug Vectors (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) of Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus (CSSV) Disease. University of Wales, College of Cardiff, (Unpublished) PhD Thesis, Cardiff, UK, 509 pp.
41. Poveda-Martinez, D., M. B. Aguirre, G. Logarzo, L. Calderon, A. de la Colina, S. Hight, S. Triapitsyn, H. Diaz-Soltero & E. Hasson, 2019. Untangling the Hypogeococcus pungens species complex (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) for Argentina, Australia, and Puerto Rico based on host plant associations and genetic evidence. PloS one, 14 (7): e0220366.
42. Reynaud, P., V. Balmes & J. Pizzol, 2008. Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan, 1913) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), an Asian pest thrips now established in Europe. EPPO Bulletin, 38 (1): 155-160.
43. Roda, A., A. Francis, M. T. Kairo, M. Culik & J. E. Peña, 2013. “Planococcus minor (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): Bioecology, Survey and Mitigation Strategies, 288-300”. In: Potential Invasive Pests of Agricultural Crops (Ed. J. E. Peña). CAB International, Wallingford, 440 pp.
44. Roderick, G. K., 1996. Geographic structure of insect populations: gene flow, phylogeography, and their uses. Annual Review of Entomology, 41 (1): 325-352.
45. Rugman-Jones, P. F., J. G. Morse & R. Stouthamer, 2009. Rapid molecular identification of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on Mexican ‘Hass’ avocado. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102 (5): 1948-1953.
46. Rung, A., D. R. Miller & S. J. Scheffer, 2009. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method to distinguish three mealybug groups within the Planococcus citri - P. minor species complex (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 102 (1): 8-12.
47. Saitou, N. & M. Nei, 1987. The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 4: 406-425.
48. Satar, G., H. F. Ateş & S. Satar, 2013. Effects of different insecticides on life stages of Planococcus citri Risso (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). IOBC-WPRS Bulletin, 95: 183-190.
49. Sharma, M., B. A. Fomda, S. Mazta, R. Sehgal, B. B. Singh & N. Malla, 2013. Genetic diversity and population genetic structure analysis of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto complex based on mitochondrial DNA signature. PLoS One, 8 (12): e82904.
50. Soylu, O. Z. & N. Ürel, 1977. Investigations on parasites and predators of the pests that cause damage on citrus plantations in the South Anatolia Region. Plant Protection Bulletin, 17 (2-4): 77-112.
51. Tamura, K., G. Stecher, D. Peterson, A. Filipski & S. Kumar, 2013. MEGA 6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30: 2725-2729.
52. Telli, S. & A. Yiğit, 2019. Pseudococcidae (Hemiptera) species injurious in fruit trees in Turkey and their natural enemies. Turkish Journal of Biological Control, 10 (1): 41-59.
53. Uygun, N., 2001. Türkiye Turunçgil Bahçelerinde Entegre Mücadele, Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırma Projesi Yayınları. Adana, 157 s.
54. Wang, X. B., J. T. Zhang, J. Deng, Q. S. Zhou, Y. Z. Zhang & S. A. Wu, 2014. Planococcus citri isolate S4-004 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial. (Web page: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KP692645) (Date accessed: 04.07.2019).
55. Wang, X. B., J. T. Zhang, J. Deng, Q. S. Zhou, Y. Z. Zhang & S. A. Wu, 2016a. DNA barcoding of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) from mainland China. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 109 (3): 438-446.
56. Wang, Y., P. Zhou, H. Tian, F. Wan & G. Zhang, 2016b. Validity of DNA barcoding in identification of Planococcus minor (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a potential major invasive alien species to China. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 59 (7): 747-758.
57. Yayla, M. & S. Satar, 2012. Temperature influence on development of Sympherobius pygmaeus (Rambur) (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) reared on Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 36 (1): 11-22.