Distribution of nematodes on onion and their relationship with soil physicochemical characteristics in Karaman province, Turkey

Abstract

The distribution of plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes on onion rhizospheres and plant material and their relationship with soil physicochemical properties was investigated in Karaman province. Plant and soil samples totalling 100 were collected from onion fields during July, 2012. Nematode population density per three plants and 100 g of dry soil were determined for each sample. Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn 1857) (Tylenchida: Anguinidae) was found in 15% of plants and 61% of soil samples. Nematode numbers ranged between 0 and 140 (mean: 5) nematodes/three plants and 0–165 (mean: 33) nematodes/100 g dry soil. Other abundant plant-parasitic nematode genera were Paratylenchus (Micoletzky 1922) (Tylenchida: Paratylenchidae) (56%) and Tylenchus (Bastian 1865) (Tylenchida: Tylenchidae) (49%). The most abundant free-living nematodes were bacterivorous nematodes, which were found in 98% of samples, and were dominated by the Cephalobus (Bastian 1863) (Rhabditida: Cephalobidae) and Eucephalobus (Steiner 1936) (Rhabditida: Cephalobidae) genera. The majority of soil samples (68%) contained fungivorous nematodes belonging to the Aphelenchus (Bastian 1865) (Aphelenchida: Aphelenchidae) and Aphelenchoides (Fischer 1894) (Aphelenchida: Aphelenchoididae) genera. Omnivorous nematodes in the Dorilaimida order were found in 23% of soil samples. The distribution of plant- and bacterial-feeding nematodes were negatively related to the soil silt content and positively related to the soil sand content. Hyphal-feeding nematodes were negatively related to soil organic matter.

Keywords

• nematode, onion, soil physicochemical characteristics, Karaman

Türkiye Karaman ilinde soğan ekiliş alanlarında bulunan nematodların dağılımı ve toprak fizikokimyasal özellikleri ile ilişkileri

Öz

Soğan ekiliş alanlarındaki bitki paraziti ve serbest yaşayan nematodlar tespit edilmiş ve toprak fizikokimyasal özellikleriyle ilişkileri araştırılmıştır. Yüz soğan ekili alandan 2012 Temmuz ayında 100 adet bitki ve toprak örneği alınmıştır. Nematod sayıları 3 bitki başına ve 100 g kuru topraktaki nematod sayısı olarak verilmiştir. Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn 1857) (Tylenchida: Anguinidae) bitki örneklerinin %15’inde, toprak örneklerinin %61’inde bulunmuştur. Nematod sayıları 3 bitki başına 0-140 nematod, ortalama olarak 5 nematod, 100 g toprakta ise 0-165 arasında ortalama olarak 33 nematod olarak tespit edilmiştir. Paratylenchus (Micoletzky 1922) (Tylenchida: Paratylenchidae) (56%) ve Tylenchus (Bastian 1865) (Tylenchida: Tylenchidae) (49%) türleri yoğun olarak bulunan diğer bitki paraziti nematodlardır. Serbest yaşayan nematodlar içinde en yüksek %98 oranında bulunan bakterivor nematodlar içinde en fazla bulunan cinsler Cephalobus (Bastian 1863) (Rhabditida: Cephalobidae) ve Eucephalobus’(Steiner 1936) (Rhabditida: Cephalobidae) dur. Aphelenchus (Bastian 1865) (Aphelenchida: Aphelenchidae) ve Aphelenchoides (Fischer 1894) (Aphelenchida: Aphelenchoididae) cinslerine ait fungivor nematodlar örneklerin %86’sında bulunmuştur. Dorylaimida takımına ait omnivor nematodlar, örneklerin %23’ünde bulunmuştur. Bitki paraziti ve bakterivor nematodların dağılımı toprak mil içeriği ile ters ve kum içeriği ile doğrusal bir ilişki içerisindedir. Fungivor nematodlar ise toprak organik madde yoğunluğu ile negatif ilişki göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nematod, soğan, toprak fizikokimyasal özellikleri, Karaman

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