Lepidopter zararlılara karşı kullanılan bazı insektisitlerin sera koşullarında Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter, 1895) (Hemiptera: Miridae)’e yan etkileri

Öz

Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter, 1895) (Hemiptera: Miridae), başta Domates güvesi olmak üzere domates zararlılarına karşı en yaygın kullanılan biyolojik mücadele etmenidir. Bu çalışmada, 2018 yılı yaz ve sonbahar dönemlerinde Malatya İli sera koşullarında spinetoram, chlorantraniliprole + abamectin, chlorantraniliprole + thiamethoxam, emamectin benzoate ve dimethoate etken maddeli 5 farklı pestisitin N. tenuis’e yan etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. İnsektisit uygulamaları yapıldıktan sonra 1, 4, 7, 14, 21 ve 28. günlerde N. tenuis sayımları yapılmıştır. İnsektisitlerin yan etkileri IOBC toksisite kategorisine göre sınıflandırılmıştır. İki sezonun ortalaması dikkate alındığında, spinetoram, sırasıyla yaz ve sonbahar denemelerinde %24 ve 52 ölüme neden olmuş ve aynı zamanda N. tenuis ile de uyumlu olduğu saptanmıştır. Böylece IPM programlarında önerilebilir. Chlorantraniliprole + abamectin yaz denemesinde %45 ölüm oranı ile zararsız veya az zararlı sınıfında yer alırken, sonbahar denemesinde ise %79 ölüme neden olmuş ve zararlı olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Serin şartlarda görülen bu etki IPM programları hazırlanırken dikkate alınmalıdır. Chlorantraniliprole + thiamethoxam yaz ve sonbahar denemelerinde, özellikle sonbahar denemesinde son sayım gününe kadar artmaya devam eden %62 ve 63 ölüme neden olmuşken, emamectin benzoate ise %86 ve 87 oranında yüksek ölüme neden olmuştur. Bu yüzden, bu iki insektisitin de N. tenuis ile uyumlu olmadığı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyolojik mücadele
• aşılama salımı
• insektisitler
• örtüaltı yetiştiriciliği
• yan etki
• domates

Non-target effects of insecticides commonly used against lepidopteran pests on the predator, Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter, 1895) (Hemiptera: Miridae), under greenhouse conditions

Abstract

Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter, 1895) (Hemiptera: Miridae) is the most widely used biological control agent of tomato pests, particularly tomato leafminer. Five treatments, spinetoram, chlorantraniliprole + abamectin, chlorantraniliprole + thiamethoxam, emamectin benzoate and dimethoate were tested on N. tenuis under greenhouse conditions in summer and autumn of 2018 in Malatya Province, Turkey. After insecticide application, N. tenuis were counted on days 1, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28. The non-target effects of insecticides are classified according to IOBC toxicity categories. Spinetoram caused 24 and 52% mortality in summer and autumn experiments, respectively and is compatible with N. tenuis considering mortality in both seasons. Therefore, it is recommended for IPM. Chlorantraniliprole + abamectin was classified as slightly harmful in the summer experiment as it resulted in 45% mortality, however, in autumn conditions, it was resulted in 79% mortality and classified as harmful. This effect seen under cooler conditions should be consider in planning IPM. Chlorantraniliprole + thiamethoxam caused 62 and 63% mortality which was increasing up to the final day of autumn assessment, whereas emamectin benzoate caused high mortality of 86 and 87% in summer and autumn, respectively. Thus, it is concluded that these latter two insecticides are not compatible with N. tenuis.

Keywords

• Biological control
• inoculative releasing
• insecticides
• protected cultivation
• side effects
• tomato

References

1. Amor, F., P. Medina, P. Bengochea, M. Cánovas, P. Vega, R. Correia, F. García, M. Gomez, F. Budia, E. Viñuela & J. A. López, 2012. Effect of emamectin benzoate under semi-field and field conditions on key predatory biological control agents used in vegetable greenhouses. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 22 (2): 219-232.
2. Anonymous, 2020. PPP Database Application. Republic of Turkey. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Food and Control. (Web page: https://bku.tarimorman.gov.tr/Kullanim/TavsiyeArama) (Date accessed: December 2020).
3. Arnó, J. & R. Gabarra, 2011. Side effects of selected insecticides on the Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) predators Macrolophus pygmaeus and Nesidiocoris tenuis (Hemiptera: Miridae). Journal of Pest Science, 84 (4): 513-520.
4. Bates, D., M. Mächler, B. Bolker & S. Walker, 2015. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software 67 (1): 1-48.
5. Biondi, A., N. Desneux, G. Siscaro & L. Zappala, 2012. Using organic-certified rather than synthetic pesticides may not be safer for biological control agents: Selectivity and side effects of 14 pesticides on the predator Orius laevigatus. Chemosphere, 87 (7): 803-812.
6. Biondi, A., R. N. C. Guedes, F. H. Wan & N. Desneux, 2018. Ecology, worldwide spread, and management of the invasive South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta: past, present, and future. Annual Review of Entomology, 63: 239-258.
7. Boller, E. F., H. Vogt, P. Ternes & C. Malavolta, 2006. Working document on selectivity of pesticides (2005). Internal newsletter issued by the publication commission for the IOBC/WRPS council and executive committee issue No: 40. (Web page: https://www.iobc-wprs.org/ip_ipm/archive/03021_IOBC_WorkingDocumentPesticides_Explanations.pdf) (Date accessed: January 2021).
8. Bueno, V. H. P. & J. C. van Lenteren, 2010. “Biological Control of Pests in Protected Cultivation: Implementation in Latin America and Successes in Europe, 261-269”. Memorias, XXXVII Congreso Sociedad Colombiana de Entomologia (30 June-2 July 2010, Bogota, Colombia), 370 pp.

9. Bulut, E. & H. Göçmen, 2000. Pest and their natural enemies on greenhouse vegetables in Antalya. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin, 23 (1): 33-38.
10. Dáder, B., I. Colomer, Á. Adán, P. Medina & E. Viñuela, 2020. Compatibility of early natural enemy introductions in commercial pepper and tomato greenhouses with repeated pesticide applications. Insect Science, 27 (5): 1111-1124.
11. De Puysseleyr, V., S. De Man, M. Höfte & P. De Clercq, 2013. Plantless rearing of the zoophytophagous bug Nesidiocoris tenuis. BioControl, 58 (2): 205-213.
12. Desneux, N., A. Decourtye & J. M. Delpuech, 2007. The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology, 52: 81-106.
13. Devonshire, A. L. & L. M. Field, 1991. Gene amplification and insecticide resistance. Annual Review of Entomology, 36: 1-21.
14. FAO, 2018. FAOSTAT, Production statistics. (Web page: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC) (Date accessed: August 2020).
15. Henderson, C. F. & E. W. Tilton, 1955. Tests with acaricides against the brown wheat mite. Journal of Economic Entomology, 48 (2): 157-161.
16. IRAC, 2017. Insecticide Resistance Action Committee. Best management practices to control Tuta absoluta and recommendations to manage insect resistance. (Web page: https://irac-online.org/documents/bmpsbackground- controlling-tuta-absoluta-managing-resistance/) (Date accessed: August 2020).
17. IRAC, 2020. Insecticide Resistance Action Committee. The IRAC mode of action classification online (Web page: https://irac-online.org/modes-of-action) (Date accessed: December 2020).
18. Kandil, M. A. H., E. A. Sammour, N. F. Abdel-Aziz, E. A. E. M. Agamy, A. M. El-Bakry & N. M. Abdelmaksoud, 2020. Comparative toxicity of new insecticides generations against tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta and their biochemical effects on tomato plants. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44 (126) 1- 13.
19. Keçeci, M., S. Ceylan, L. Kahveci, Y. Ülker & N. Topakçı, 2007. “Antalya ilinde örtüaltı biber yetiştiriciliğinde zararlı türler ve populasyon yoğunlukları üzerinde araştırmalar, 216”. Türkiye II. Bitki Koruma Kongresi Bildirileri (27-29 Ağustos, Isparta, Türkiye), 342 s (in Turkish).
20. Keçeci̇, M. & A. Öztop, 2017. Possibilities for biological control of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the western Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 41 (2): 219-230.
21. Kılıç, T., 2010. First record of Tuta absoluta in Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 38 (3): 243-244.
22. Martinou, A. F., N. Seraphides & M. C. Stavrinides, 2014. Lethal and behavioral effects of pesticides on the insect predator Macrolophus pygmaeus. Chemosphere, 96: 167-173.
23. Nakahira K., R. Kashitani, M. Tomoda, R. Kodama, K. Ito, S. Yamanaka, M. Momoshita & R. Arakawa, 2010. Side effects of vegetable pesticides on a predatory mirid bug, Pilophorus typicus Distant (Heteroptera: Miridae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 45 (2): 239- 243.
24. Op de Beeck, L., J. Verheyen, K. Olsen & R. Stoks, 2017. Negative effects of pesticides under global warming can be counteracted by a higher degradation rate and thermal adaptation. Journal of Applied Ecology, 54 (6): 1847-1855.
25. Pérez-Hedo M. & A. Urbaneja, 2016. “The Zoophytophagous Predator Nesidiocoris tenuis: A Successful but Controversial Biocontrol Agent in Tomato Crops, 121-138”. In: Advances in Insect Control and Resistance Management (Eds. A. Horowitz & I. Ishaaya) Springer, Cham., 339 pp.
26. Portakaldalı, M. & S. Satar, 2015a. Bazı pestisitlerin laboratuvar koşullarında avcı böcek Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae)’e karşı etkileri. Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni, 5 (4): 209-216 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
27. Portakaldalı, M. & S. Satar, 2015b. Avcı böcek Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae)’e üç farklı pestisitin laboratuvar koşullarında yan etkileri. Türkiye Biyolojik Mücadele Dergisi, 6 (2): 115-126 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
28. Pozzebon, A., P. Tirello, R. Moret, M. Pederiva & C. Duso, 2015. A fundamental step in IPM on grapevine: Evaluating the side effects of pesticides on predatory mites. Insects, 6 (4): 847-857.
29. Sanchez, J. A., A. Lacasa, J. Arnó, C. Castane & O. Alomar, 2009. Life history parameters for Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Het., Miridae) under different temperature regimes. Journal of Applied Entomology, 133 (2): 125-132.
30. Soares, M. A., L. C. Passos, M. R. Campos, L. J. Collares, N. Desneux & A. G. Carvalho, 2019. Side effects of insecticides commonly used against Tuta absoluta on the predator Macrolophus basicornis. Journal of Pest Science, 92 (4): 1447-1456.
31. Sukhoruchenko, G. I., N. A. Belyakova, I. M. Pazyuk & G. P. Ivanova, 2015. The toxic effect of greenhouse insecticides on the predatory bugs Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter and Macrolophus pygmaeus H.-S. (Heteroptera, Miridae). Entomological Review, 95 (9): 1166-1173.
32. Thomson, L. J. & A. A. Hoffmann, 2006. Field validation of laboratory-derived IOBC toxicity ratings for natural enemies in commercial vineyards. Biological Control, 39 (3): 507-515.
33. Topakcı, N. & M. Keçeci, 2017. Türkiye’de örtüaltında zararlılara karşı biyolojik mücadele uygulamalarının gelişimi: Araştırmadan pratiğe Antalya örneği. Türkiye Biyolojik Mücadele Dergisi, 8 (2): 161-174 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
34. Tukey, J. W., 1997. “Exploratory Data Analysis”. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA, 688 pp.
35. Ulubilir, A. & C. Yabaş, 1996. Akdeniz Bölgesinde örtüaltında yetiştirilen sebzelerde görülen zararlı ve yararlı faunanın tespiti. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 20 (3): 217-228 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
36. van Lenteren, J. C., 2009. “IPM in Greenhouse Vegetables and Ornamentals, 354-365”. In: Integrated Pest Management Concepts, Tactics, Strategies and Case Studies (Eds. E. B. Radcliffe, W. D. Hutchinson & R. E. Cancelado), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 529 pp.
37. Yasarakıncı, N. & P. Hıncal, 1999. The development of pest populations and their beneficials over different growing periods in tomato greenhouses in the Aegean Region of Turkey. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS), 491: 469-474.
38. Yucel, S., M. Kececi, M. Yurtmen, R. C. Yildiz, A. Ozarslandan & C. Can, 2013. “Integrated Pest Management of Protected Vegetable Cultivation in Turkey, 7-13”. In: Vegetable science and biotechnology in Turkey (Ed. A. Balkaya). ISBN 978-4-903313-93-1, The European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology 7 (Special Issue), 69 pp.