Effects of cold storage on the developmental biology of Tenebrio molitor L., 1758 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) at different larval stages

Year 2021, , 269 - 278, 01.06.2021

Evrim Sönmez

https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.855011

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Being able to store insects at low temperature is important in the mass breeding of insects for commercial purposes. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of cold storage on pupal and adult weight, adult emergence time and proportion and adult deformation proportion of different weight Tenebrio molitor L., 1758 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae. This study was conducted between 2018-2019 in the Biology Laboratory of Science Teaching Department, Sinop University. Trials were performed at 27 ± 2 and 4ºC, 65 ± 5% RH and continuous darkness. After the larvae began to form, they were weighed and divided into three groups according to their weight. They were exposed to 4ºC for 5, 10, 20, 30 and 60 d in separate Petri dishes. With increased cold storage time, the proportion of deformation increased and the proportion of adult emergence decreased. Adult weight, pupal weight and longevity depended on both larval weight and cold exposure time. In conclusion, it is recommended that mass producers or researchers pay attention to the size of the larvae and the cold exposure times to obtain the best quality product and high production efficiency.

Keywords

Cold exposure, deformation rate, insect, insect development, temperature, Tenebrio molitor

Thanks

The author is greatly indebted to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Alp Eri̇lli (Cumhuriyet University, Department of Econometrics, Turkey) for support in evaluating and interpreting the results. The linguistic support of Prof. Dr. Staffan Bensch (Lund University, Department of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Sweden) and Dr. Arzu Gürsoy-Ergen (Ankara University, Department of Biology, Turkey) during preparation of this paper is gratefully acknowledged.

Soğukta depolamanın farklı dönemlerdeki Tenebrio molitor L., 1758 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvalarının gelişimsel biyolojisine etkileri

Abstract

Böcekleri düşük sıcaklıklarda depolamak, böceklerin ticari amaçla kitlesel olarak yetiştirilmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmadaki amaç düşük sıcaklıkta depolamanın farklı ağırlıktaki Tenebrio molitor L., 1758 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvalarının pupa ve ergin ağırlığı, ergin çıkış süresi ve yüzdesi ve ergin deformasyon yüzdelerine etkisini araştırmaktır. Bu çalışma 2018-2019 yılları arasında Sinop Üniversitesi, Fen Bilgisi Eğitimi, Biyoloji Laboratuvarında yapılmıştır. Denemeler 27 ± 2 ve 4ºC, %65 ± 5 bağıl nem ve devamlı karanlık şartlarında yapılmıştır. Larvalar oluşmaya başladıktan sonra tartılarak ağırlıklarına göre 3 gruba ayrılmıştır. Gruplara ayrılan larvalar ayrı petrilerde 5, 10, 20, 30 ve 60 gün olmak üzere 4ºC’ye soğuğa maruz bırakılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, soğukta depolama süresi arttıkça deformasyon yüzdesinin arttığı ve ergin çıkış yüzdesinin azaldığı görülmüştür. Ergin ağırlığı, pupa ağırlığı ve ömür uzunluğu ise larva ağırlıklarına ve soğuğa maruz kalma süresine bağlı olarak değişmiştir. Kitlesel üretim yapacak üreticiler veya araştırıcıların en iyi kaliteyi ve verimi alabilmek için larvaların büyüklüklerine dikkat etmeleri önerilmektedir.

Keywords

Soğuğa maruz bırakma, deformasyon oranı, böcek, böcek gelişimi, sıcaklık, Tenebrio molitor

References

• Arbab, A., 2019. Effect of temperature on pupal development in meal worm Tenebrio molitor L. Indian Journal of Entomology, 81 (4): 640-646.
• Ayvaz, A. & S. Karabörklü, 2008. Effect of cold storage and different diets on Zeller (Lep: Pyralidae). Journal of Pest Science, 81 (1): 57-62.
• Beukeboom, L. W., 2018. Size matters in insects-an introduction. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 166 (1): 2-3.
• Bovera, F., G. Piccolo, L. Gasco, S. Marono, R. Loponte, V. Vassalotti, G. Mastellone, P. Lombardi, Y. A. Attia & A. Nizza, 2015. Yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor, L.) as a possible alternative to soybean meal in broiler diets. British Poultry Science, 56 (5): 569-575.
• Bowler, K., 1967. Changes in temperature tolerance with adult age in Tenebrio molitor. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 10 (1): 16-22.
• Çalışlar, S., 2017. Nutrient content of Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.) and the utilization possibilities in poultry nutrition. Nevşehir Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 6 (ICAFOF 2017 Special Issue): 226-232.
• Chapman, R. F., 2013. The Insects: Structure and Function (Ed. S. J. Simpson). Cambridge University Press, New York, USA, 929 pp.
• Chown, S. L. & K. J. Gaston, 2010. Body size variation in insects: a macroecological perspective. Biological Reviews, 85 (1): 139-169.
• Chown, S. L. & S. W. Nicolson, 2004. Insect Physiological Ecology: Mechanism and Patterns. Oxford University Press Inc., New York, USA, 256 pp.
• Colinet, H., B. J. Sinclair, P. Vernon & D. Renault, 2015. Insects in fluctuating thermal environments. Annual Review of Entomology, 60 (1): 123-140.
• Costa, V. H. D., M. A. Soares, S. A. Jr Assis, R. D. Silveira, T. C. Reis & E. M. Pires, 2016. Egg storage of Podisus nigrispinus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) predators at low temperatures. Revista Árvore, Viçosa-MG, 40 (5): 877-884.
• Denlinger, D. L. & R. E. Lee, 2010. Low Temperature Biology in Insects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 404 pp.
• Foerster, L. A. & A. K. Doetzer, 2006. Cold storage of the egg parasitoids Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) and Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Biological Control, 36 (2): 232-237.
• Gagneâ, I. & D. Coderre, 2001. Cold storage of Coleomegilla maculata larvae. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 11 (3): 361-369.
• Geng, S., H. Hou & C. Jung, 2019. Effect of diets and low temperature storage on adult performance and immature development of Phyllonorycter ringoniella in laboratory. Insects, 10 (11): 2-13.
• Graham, A. L., V. K. Walker & P. L. Davies, 2000. Developmental and environmental regulation of antifreeze proteins in the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor. Europan Journal of Biochemistry, 267 (21): 6452-6458.
• Gülel, A., 1982. Studies on the biology of the Dibrachys boarmiae (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) parasitic on Galleria mellonella (L.). Zeitschrift Angewandte Entomologie, 94 (1-5): 138-149.
• Kalyoncu, L., T. Üstüner & A. Aktümsek, 2005. Effects of different temperature degrees on ratio of adult emergence of Galleria mellonella (L.) pupae. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Dergisi, 26 (1): 71-74.
• Karabörklü, S. & A. Ayvaz, 2007. Effects of cold storage on the life stages of Trichogamma evanescens Westwood (Hym: Trichogrammatidae) reared on different host eggs. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 23 (1): 30-36.
• Khaliq, A., M. Javed, M. Sohail & M. Sagheer, 2014. Environmental effects on insects and their population dynamics. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2 (2): 1-7.
• Kim, S. Y., Y. B. Lee, J. B. Park & N. J. Kim, 2015. Growth characteristics of mealworm Tenebrio molitor. Journal of Sericultural & Entomological Science, 53 (1): 1-5.
• Klowden, M., 2013. Physiological Systems in Insects. 3th Edition. Elsevier Inc., London, UK, 696 pp.
• Koo, H., K. Seon-Gon, O. Hyung-Keun, K. Jung-Eun, C. Duck-Soo, K. Do-Ik & K. Iksoo, 2013. Temperature-dependent development model of larvae of mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 52 (4): 387-394.
• Kostal, V., J. Vambera & J. Bastl, 2004. On the nature of pre-freeze mortality in insects: water balance, ion homeostasis and energy charge in the adults of Pyrrhocoris apterus. Journal of Experimental Biology, 207 (9): 1509-1521.
• Leather, S. R., 1990. Life spain and ovarian dynamics of the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea (D&S): The effect of low temperatures after adult emergence on reproductive success. Physiological Entomology, 15 (3): 347-353.
• Levie, A., P. Vernon & T. Hance, 2005. Consequences of acclimation on survival and reproductive capacities of cold-stored mummies of Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae). Journal of Economical Entomology, 98 (3): 704-708.
• Li, K., B. Fu, J. Lin, Y. Fu, Z. Peng & Q. Jin, 2014. Effect of temperature and cold storage on performance of Tetrastichus brontispae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid of Brontispa longissima (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of Insect Science, 14 (257): 1-5.
• Li, L. Y., Zhao, Z. R. & Liu, H, 2013. Feasibility of feeding yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) in bioregenerative life support systems as a source of animal protein for humans. Acta Astronautica, 92 (1): 103-109.
• Liu, J. J. & Y. Tian, 1987. Cold storage of Encarsia formosa Gahen. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 3 (1): 4-6.
• Ludwig, D., 1956. Effects of temperature and parental age on the life cycle of the mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 49 (1): 12-15.
• Mirth, C. K. & L. M. Riddiford, 2007. Size assessment and growth control: how adult size is determined in insects. BioEssays, 29 (4): 344-355.
• Mitchella, K. A., L. Boardmana, S. Clusella-Trullas & J. S. Terblanchea, 2017. Effects of nutrient and water restriction on thermal tolerance: a test of mechanisms and hypotheses. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 212 (4): 15-23.
• Morales-Ramos, J. A., 2010. Developmental plasticity in Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): analysis of instar variation in number and development time under different diets. Journal of Entomological Science, 45 (2): 75-90.
• Morales-Ramos, J. A., S. Kay, M. G. Rojas, D. I. Shapiro-Ilan & W. L. Tedders, 2015. Morphometric analysis of instar variation in Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 108 (2): 146-159.
• Morales-Ramos, J. A., M. G. Rojas, S. Kay, D. I. Shapiro-Ilan & W. L. Tedders, 2012. Impact of adult weight, density and age on reproduction of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Entomological Science, 47 (3): 208-220.
• Nurullahoğlu, Z. Ü. & L. Kalyoncu, 2000. Effects of low temperature on total lipid and fatty acid percentages of Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) pupae. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Fen Dergisi, 1 (16): 91-93.
• Packer, M. J. & P. S. Corbet, 1989. Size variation and reproductive success of female Aedes punctor (Diptera: Culicidae). Ecological Entomology, 14 (3): 297-309.
• Park, B. J., W. H. Choi, S. H. Kim, H. J. Jin, Y. S. Han, Y. S. Lee & N. J. Kim, 2014. Developmental characteristics of Tenebrio molitor larvae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in different instars. International Journal of Industrial Entomology, 28 (1): 5-9.
• Paul, A., M. Frederich, R. C. Megido, T. Alabi, P. Malik, R. Uyttenbroeck, F. Francis, C. Blecker, E. Haubruge, G. Lognay & S. Danthine, 2017. Insect fatty acids: a comparison of lipids from three Orthopterans and Tenebrio molitor L. larvae. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 20 (2): 337-340.
• Punzo, F. & J. A. Mutchmor, 1980. Effects of temperature, relative humidity and period of exposure on the survival capacity of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 53 (2): 260-27.
• Punzo F. & L. Rosen, 1984. Comparative temperature and water relations of Tenebrio obscurus larvae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, 77 (4): 779-784.
• Rathee, M. & P. Ram, 2018. Impact of cold storage on the performance of entomophagous insects: an overview. Phytoparasitica, 46 (6): 421-449.
• Riberio, N. T. G. M., 2017. Tenebrio molitor for food or feed. Rearing conditions and the effect of pesticides on its performance. Escola Superior Agraria, Politecnica de Coimbra, 1 (1): 1-70.
• Selaledi, L., C. A. Mbajiorgu & M. Mabelebele, 2020. The use of yellow mealworm (T. molitor) as alternative source of protein in poultry diets: a review. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 52 (1): 7-16.
• Shockley, M. & A. T. Dossey, 2014. Insects for Human Consumption, 617-652. In: Invertebrates and Entomopathogens: Mass Production of Beneficial Organisms (Eds. J. A. Morales-Ramos, M. G. Rojas & D. I. Shapiro-Ilan). Academic Press, London, UK, 764 pp.
• Sihyeon, K., S. J. Lee, J. C. Lim & J. S. Kim, 2016. Establishment of optimal rearing conditions for the production of Tenebrio molitor larvae. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 55 (4): 421-429.
• Sinclair, B., P. Vernon, J. Klok & S. L. Chown, 2003. Insects at low temperature: an ecological perspective. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 18 (5): 257-262.
• Smith, J. R., 2002. Effect of larval body size on overwinter survival and emerging adult size in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus investigator. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 80 (9): 1588-1593.
• Sönmez, E. & Y. Koç, 2019. Effects of cold exposure on Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) pupal period, proportion of adult emergence, weight and deformation percentage. Entomologica Fennica, 30 (4): 43-48.
• Taşkın, D. & E. Ergin, 2013. Effect of low temperature and age on adult emergence ratio, time, number of progeny, and sex ratio of Itoplectis melanocephala (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Adıyaman Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 3 (1): 38-48.
• Tunca, H., A. N. Yeşil & T. F. Çalışkan, 2014. Cold storage possibilities of a larval parasitoid, Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 38 (1): 19-29.