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Entomopatojen fungus ve sentetik insektisit karışımlarının Musca domestica L.’nın biyolojik dönemleri üzerinde lethal ve sublethal etkileri

Year 2016, Volume: 40 Issue: 3, 0 - 0, 22.06.2016

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (Metschnikof) Sorokin ve Isaria fumosorosea (Wize) Brown&Smith entomopatojen funguslarının bazı sentetik insektisitler ile birlikte kullanımıyla Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae)’ya karşı etkinliğini değerlendirmek amacı ile 2015 yılında Bahauddin Zakariya Üniversitesi, department of Entomoloji Bölümü (Multan, Pakistan)’nde yapılmıştır. Kapsamlı, tipik bir doza bağlı tepki aralığı, sineklerde fungus ve sentetik insektisit kombinasyonlarına karşı bir tuzak yem metodu kullanılarak gösterilmiştir. Acetamiprid, emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid ve lufenuron gibi insektisitlerin böcek patojeni funguslar ile birlikte kombinasyonu, önemli düzeyde sinerjistik etkileşimlerle beklenenden daha yüksek ölüm göstermiştir. Ayrıca, karışımların Musca domestica’nın, ömür, doğurganlık, yumurta açılımı, larva dönemleri süresi, pupa oluşturma yüzdesi, pupa ağırlığı, pupa süresi, ergin çıkışı ve eşey oranı gibi biyolojik parametreleri üzerinde subletal etkileri de değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, ergin çıkışı dışında M. domestica tüm biyolojik parametreleri üzerinde fungus ve sentetik insektisit karışımlarının önemli bir etkisi (P <0.05) olduğunu göstermiştir. Ömür, doğurganlık, yumurtadan açılımı, pupa oluşturma yüzdesi ve pupa ağırlığında dikkate değer bir azalma gözlenirken, larva ve pupa dönemlerinin süreleri uzamıştır. Sonuçlar M. domestica kontrolü için entomopatojen fungus ve sentetik insektisitlerin kombine kullanımının potansiyelini vurgulamaktadır. Bundan başka, entomopatojen fungus ve sentetik insektisit kombinasyonu, aynı sonuca ulaşmak için gerekli olan aktif bileşen konsantrasyonları ayrı olarak uygulandığına göre daha azaltılabilir. Ancak, M. domestica için entegre zararlı yönetimi programının bir bileşeni olarak tavsiye edilmeden önce, entomopatojen fungus ve sentetik insektisit karışımlarının etkilerini doğrulamak için arazi denemeleri de yapılmalıdır.

References

  • Abbas, N., S. A. Shad & M. Ismail, 2015. Resistance to conventional and new chemistry insecticides in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from poultry facilities in Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Economic Entomology, 108: 826-833.
  • Abbott, W. S. 1925. A method for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18: 265-267.
  • Akiner, M. & M. Caglar, 2006. The status and seasonal changes of organophosphate and pyrethroid resistance in Turkish populations of the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Vector Ecology, 31: 426–432.
  • Archana, M. R. & K. Ramaswamy, 2012. Interactive effect of entomopathogenic fungi Paecilomyces fumosorosea with few organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides: an in vitro study. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 2: 10-17.
  • Asi, M. R., M. H. Bashir, M. Afzal, M. Ashfaq & S. T. Sahi, 2010. Compatibility of entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces fumosorosea with selective insecticides. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42: 4207-4214.
  • Bandeira, G. N., C. A. G. da Camara, M. M. de Moraes, R. Barros, S. Muhammad & Y. Akhtar, 2013. Insecticidal activity of Muntingia calabura extracts against larvae and pupae of diamondback, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Journal of King Saud University of Science, 25: 83-89.
  • Bell, H. A., K. A. Robinson & R. J. Weaver, 2010. First report of cyromazine resistance in a population of UK M. domestica (Musca domestica) associated with intensive livestock production. Pest Management Science, 66: 693–695.
  • Cao, M. X., F. L. Song, T. Y. Zhao, Y. D. Dong, C. H. Sun & B. L. Lu, 2006. Survey of deltamethrin resistance in houseflies (Musca domestica) from urban garbage dumps in Northern China. Environmental Entomology, 35: 1-9.
  • Dimbi, S., N. K. Maniania & S. Ekesi, 2013. Horizontal transmission of Metarhizium anisopliae in fruit flies and effect of fungal infection on egg laying and fertility. Insects, 4: 206-216.
  • El-Razik, M. A. A. A., M. H. Rashwan & L. T. M. Zidan, 2013. Insecticidal activity of pyridalyl, spinosad alone and combined with vegetable oils on growth development and reproductive performance of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Nature and Science, 11: 118-127.
  • Enríquez, R.C., S. Pineda, J. I. Figueroa, M. I. Schneider & A. M. Martínez, 2010. Toxicity and sublethal effects of methoxyfenozide on Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 103: 662-667.
  • Ericsson, J. D., J. T. Kabaluk, M. S. Goettel & J. H. Myers, 2007. Spinosad interacts synergistically with the insect pathogen Metarhizium anisopliae against the exitic wireworm Agriotes lineatus and Agriotes obscurus (Coleoptera: Elatridae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 100: 31–38.
  • Farenhorst, M., B. G. J. Knols, M. B. Thomas, A. F. V. Howard, W. Takken, M. N. Rowland & R. Guessan, 2010. Synergy in efficacy of fungal entomopathogens and permethrin against west African insecticide-resistant Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. PLoS ONE 5: e12081.
  • Fletcher, M. G., R. C. Axtell & R. E. Stinner, 1990. Longevity and fecundity of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) as a function of temperature. Journal of Medical Entomology, 27: 922–926.
  • Flores, A. E., G. P. Garcia, M. H. Badil, L. R. Tovar & I. F. Salas, 2004. Effects of sublethal concentrations of vectovac® on biological parameters of Aedes aegypti. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association, 20: 412–417.
  • Freed, S., F. L. Jin & S. X. Ren, 2011a. Determination of genetic variability among the isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae from different geographical origins. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 27: 359-370.
  • Freed, S., F. L. Jin & S. X. Ren, 2011b. Phylogenetics of entomopathogenic fungi isolated from the soils of different ecosystems. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 43: 417-425.
  • Hiromori, H. & J. Nishigak, 2001. Factor analysis of synergistic effect between the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and synthetic insecticides. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 36: 231-236.
  • Kassab, S. O., E. D. S. Loureiro, C. Rossoni, F. F. Pereira, R. H. Barbosa, D. P. Costa & J. C. Zanuncio, 2014. Combinations of Metarhizium anisopliae with chemical insecticides and their effectiveness in Mahanarva fimbriolata (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) control on sugarcane. Florida Entomologist, 97: 146-154.
  • Kaufman, P. E., C. Reasor, D. A. Rutz, J. K. Ketzis & J. J. Arends, 2005. Evaluation of Beauveria bassiana applications against adult house fly, Musca domestica, in commercial caged-layer poultry facilities in New York State. Biological Control, 33: 360–367.
  • Khan, H. A. A., S. A. Shad, W. Akram, 2012. Effect of livestock manures on the fitness of house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Parasitology Research, 111: 1165–1171.
  • Khan, H. A. A., S. A. Shad & W. Akram, 2013. Resistance to new chemical insecticides in the house fly, Musca domestica L., from dairies in Punjab, Pakistan. Parasitology Research, 112: 2049–2054.
  • Khazanie, R. 1979. Elementary Statistics. Good Year Publishing Cooperation, California, USA.
  • Koppenhöfer, A. M. & H. K. Kaya, 1998. Synergism of imidacloprid and entomopathogenic nematodes: A novel approach to white grub control in turfgrass. Journal of Economic Entomology, 91: 618-623.
  • Li, S. & F. J. Sutaenberger, 2000. House fly (Musca domestica) as a possible vector for Helicobactor pyroli at agricultural sites. Journal of Environment Health Research, 10: 141–52.
  • Malarvannan, S., P. D. Murali, S. P. Shanthakumar, V. R. Prabavathy & S. Nair, 2010. Laboratory evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana against the Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera). Journal of Biopesticide, 3: 126-131.
  • Mansour, S. A., R. F. A. Bakr, R. I. Mohamed & N. M. Hasaneen, 2011. Larvicidal activity of some botanical extracts, commercial insecticides and their binary mixtures against the housefly, Musca domestica L. Open Toxicology Journal, 4: 1-13.
  • Mishra, S., P. Kumar, A. Malik & S. Satya, 2011. Adulticidal and larvicidal activity of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae against housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) in laboratory and simulated field bioassays. Parasitology Research, 108: 1483-1492.
  • Pachamuthu, P. & S. T. Kamble, 2000. In vivo study on combined toxicity of Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) strain ESC-1 sublethal doses of chlorpyrifos, propetamphos, and cyfluthrin against German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 93: 60-70.
  • Pelizza, S. A., A. C. Scorsetti & M. C. Tranchida, 2013. The sublethal effects of the entomopathic fungus Leptolegnia chapmaniion some biological parameters of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti. Journal of Insect Science, 13: 1-8.
  • Phillip, E., J. G. Kaufman, J.G. Scott & R.A. Donald, 2001. Monitoring insecticide resistance in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from New York dairies. Pest Management Science, 57: 514-21.
  • Prasad, A. & B. Veerwal, 2012. Toxicological effect of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. against malaria vector Anopheles stephensi (L.). International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 3: 625-637.
  • Purwar, J. P. & G. C. Sachan, 2006. Synergistic effect of entomogenous fungi on some insecticides against Bihar hairy caterpillar Spilarctia oblique (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Microbiology Research, 161: 38-42.
  • Ruiu, L., G. Delrio, D. J. Ellar, I. Floris, B. Paglietti, S. Rubino & A. Satta, 2006. Lethal and sublethal effects of Brevibacillus laterosporus on the house fly (Musca domestica). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 118: 137-144.
  • Serebrov, V. V., V. P. Khodyrev, O. N. Gerber & V. P. Tsvetkova, 2005. Perspectives of combined use of entomopathogenic fungi and chemical insecticides against Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Mikologiya I Fitopatologiya, 39: 89-98.
  • Shaalan, E. A. S., D. V. Canyon, M. W. F. Younes, W. H. Abdel & A. H. Mansour, 2005. Effects of sub-lethal concentrations of synthetic insecticides and Callitris glaucophylla extracts on the development of Aedes aegypti. Journal of Vector Ecology, 30: 295-298.
  • Sharififard, M., M. S. Mossadegh, B. Vazirianzadeh & A. Z. Mahmoudabadi, 2011. Interactions between entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae and sublethal doses of spinosad for control of housefly, Musca domestica. Iranian Journal of Arthropod Borne Diseases, 5: 28-36.
  • Shi, J., Z. Lan. & X. G. Zhang, 2011. Characterisation of spinosad resistance in the housefly Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Pest Management Science, 67: 335-340.

Lethal and sublethal effects of mixtures of entomopathogenic fungi and synthetic insecticides on biological aspects of Musca domestica L.

Year 2016, Volume: 40 Issue: 3, 0 - 0, 22.06.2016

Abstract

The current study was performed to assess the effectiveness of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (Metschnikof) Sorokin and Isaria fumosorosea (Wize) Brown&Smith applied in combination with some synthetic insecticides against the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) at Department of Entomology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan during 2015. An extensive, typically dose-dependent range of responses was shown by flies towards fungus-synthetic insecticide combinations using a bait method. The insecticides acetamiprid, emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid and lufenuron in combination with insect pathogenic fungi showed higher mortality than expected with significant synergistic interactions. In addition, the mixtures were also assessed for sublethal effects on biological parameters of M. domestica, namely adult longevity, fecundity, egg hatching, larval duration, percent pupation, pupal weight, pupal duration, adult emergence and sex ratio. The results showed a considerable impact of fungi and synthetic insecticide mixtures on all biological parameters of M. domestica (P<0.05) except adult emergence. A noteworthy reduction in adult longevity, fecundity, egg hatching, percent pupation and pupal weight was observed, while larval and pupal durations were prolonged. The results highlight the potential of combined use of entomopathogenic fungi and synthetic insecticides for the control of M. domestica. Moreover, the combination of entomopathogenic fungi and synthetic insecticides can reduce the concentrations of the active ingredient required to achieve the same result as when these are applied separately. However, field trials are required to validate the effects of entomopathogenic fungi and synthetic insecticides mixtures before they can be recommended as elements of an integrated pest management program for M. domestica.

References

  • Abbas, N., S. A. Shad & M. Ismail, 2015. Resistance to conventional and new chemistry insecticides in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from poultry facilities in Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Economic Entomology, 108: 826-833.
  • Abbott, W. S. 1925. A method for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18: 265-267.
  • Akiner, M. & M. Caglar, 2006. The status and seasonal changes of organophosphate and pyrethroid resistance in Turkish populations of the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Vector Ecology, 31: 426–432.
  • Archana, M. R. & K. Ramaswamy, 2012. Interactive effect of entomopathogenic fungi Paecilomyces fumosorosea with few organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides: an in vitro study. Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 2: 10-17.
  • Asi, M. R., M. H. Bashir, M. Afzal, M. Ashfaq & S. T. Sahi, 2010. Compatibility of entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces fumosorosea with selective insecticides. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42: 4207-4214.
  • Bandeira, G. N., C. A. G. da Camara, M. M. de Moraes, R. Barros, S. Muhammad & Y. Akhtar, 2013. Insecticidal activity of Muntingia calabura extracts against larvae and pupae of diamondback, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Journal of King Saud University of Science, 25: 83-89.
  • Bell, H. A., K. A. Robinson & R. J. Weaver, 2010. First report of cyromazine resistance in a population of UK M. domestica (Musca domestica) associated with intensive livestock production. Pest Management Science, 66: 693–695.
  • Cao, M. X., F. L. Song, T. Y. Zhao, Y. D. Dong, C. H. Sun & B. L. Lu, 2006. Survey of deltamethrin resistance in houseflies (Musca domestica) from urban garbage dumps in Northern China. Environmental Entomology, 35: 1-9.
  • Dimbi, S., N. K. Maniania & S. Ekesi, 2013. Horizontal transmission of Metarhizium anisopliae in fruit flies and effect of fungal infection on egg laying and fertility. Insects, 4: 206-216.
  • El-Razik, M. A. A. A., M. H. Rashwan & L. T. M. Zidan, 2013. Insecticidal activity of pyridalyl, spinosad alone and combined with vegetable oils on growth development and reproductive performance of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Nature and Science, 11: 118-127.
  • Enríquez, R.C., S. Pineda, J. I. Figueroa, M. I. Schneider & A. M. Martínez, 2010. Toxicity and sublethal effects of methoxyfenozide on Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 103: 662-667.
  • Ericsson, J. D., J. T. Kabaluk, M. S. Goettel & J. H. Myers, 2007. Spinosad interacts synergistically with the insect pathogen Metarhizium anisopliae against the exitic wireworm Agriotes lineatus and Agriotes obscurus (Coleoptera: Elatridae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 100: 31–38.
  • Farenhorst, M., B. G. J. Knols, M. B. Thomas, A. F. V. Howard, W. Takken, M. N. Rowland & R. Guessan, 2010. Synergy in efficacy of fungal entomopathogens and permethrin against west African insecticide-resistant Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. PLoS ONE 5: e12081.
  • Fletcher, M. G., R. C. Axtell & R. E. Stinner, 1990. Longevity and fecundity of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) as a function of temperature. Journal of Medical Entomology, 27: 922–926.
  • Flores, A. E., G. P. Garcia, M. H. Badil, L. R. Tovar & I. F. Salas, 2004. Effects of sublethal concentrations of vectovac® on biological parameters of Aedes aegypti. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association, 20: 412–417.
  • Freed, S., F. L. Jin & S. X. Ren, 2011a. Determination of genetic variability among the isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae from different geographical origins. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 27: 359-370.
  • Freed, S., F. L. Jin & S. X. Ren, 2011b. Phylogenetics of entomopathogenic fungi isolated from the soils of different ecosystems. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 43: 417-425.
  • Hiromori, H. & J. Nishigak, 2001. Factor analysis of synergistic effect between the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and synthetic insecticides. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 36: 231-236.
  • Kassab, S. O., E. D. S. Loureiro, C. Rossoni, F. F. Pereira, R. H. Barbosa, D. P. Costa & J. C. Zanuncio, 2014. Combinations of Metarhizium anisopliae with chemical insecticides and their effectiveness in Mahanarva fimbriolata (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) control on sugarcane. Florida Entomologist, 97: 146-154.
  • Kaufman, P. E., C. Reasor, D. A. Rutz, J. K. Ketzis & J. J. Arends, 2005. Evaluation of Beauveria bassiana applications against adult house fly, Musca domestica, in commercial caged-layer poultry facilities in New York State. Biological Control, 33: 360–367.
  • Khan, H. A. A., S. A. Shad, W. Akram, 2012. Effect of livestock manures on the fitness of house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Parasitology Research, 111: 1165–1171.
  • Khan, H. A. A., S. A. Shad & W. Akram, 2013. Resistance to new chemical insecticides in the house fly, Musca domestica L., from dairies in Punjab, Pakistan. Parasitology Research, 112: 2049–2054.
  • Khazanie, R. 1979. Elementary Statistics. Good Year Publishing Cooperation, California, USA.
  • Koppenhöfer, A. M. & H. K. Kaya, 1998. Synergism of imidacloprid and entomopathogenic nematodes: A novel approach to white grub control in turfgrass. Journal of Economic Entomology, 91: 618-623.
  • Li, S. & F. J. Sutaenberger, 2000. House fly (Musca domestica) as a possible vector for Helicobactor pyroli at agricultural sites. Journal of Environment Health Research, 10: 141–52.
  • Malarvannan, S., P. D. Murali, S. P. Shanthakumar, V. R. Prabavathy & S. Nair, 2010. Laboratory evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana against the Tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera). Journal of Biopesticide, 3: 126-131.
  • Mansour, S. A., R. F. A. Bakr, R. I. Mohamed & N. M. Hasaneen, 2011. Larvicidal activity of some botanical extracts, commercial insecticides and their binary mixtures against the housefly, Musca domestica L. Open Toxicology Journal, 4: 1-13.
  • Mishra, S., P. Kumar, A. Malik & S. Satya, 2011. Adulticidal and larvicidal activity of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae against housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) in laboratory and simulated field bioassays. Parasitology Research, 108: 1483-1492.
  • Pachamuthu, P. & S. T. Kamble, 2000. In vivo study on combined toxicity of Metarhizium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) strain ESC-1 sublethal doses of chlorpyrifos, propetamphos, and cyfluthrin against German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 93: 60-70.
  • Pelizza, S. A., A. C. Scorsetti & M. C. Tranchida, 2013. The sublethal effects of the entomopathic fungus Leptolegnia chapmaniion some biological parameters of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti. Journal of Insect Science, 13: 1-8.
  • Phillip, E., J. G. Kaufman, J.G. Scott & R.A. Donald, 2001. Monitoring insecticide resistance in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from New York dairies. Pest Management Science, 57: 514-21.
  • Prasad, A. & B. Veerwal, 2012. Toxicological effect of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. against malaria vector Anopheles stephensi (L.). International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 3: 625-637.
  • Purwar, J. P. & G. C. Sachan, 2006. Synergistic effect of entomogenous fungi on some insecticides against Bihar hairy caterpillar Spilarctia oblique (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Microbiology Research, 161: 38-42.
  • Ruiu, L., G. Delrio, D. J. Ellar, I. Floris, B. Paglietti, S. Rubino & A. Satta, 2006. Lethal and sublethal effects of Brevibacillus laterosporus on the house fly (Musca domestica). Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 118: 137-144.
  • Serebrov, V. V., V. P. Khodyrev, O. N. Gerber & V. P. Tsvetkova, 2005. Perspectives of combined use of entomopathogenic fungi and chemical insecticides against Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Mikologiya I Fitopatologiya, 39: 89-98.
  • Shaalan, E. A. S., D. V. Canyon, M. W. F. Younes, W. H. Abdel & A. H. Mansour, 2005. Effects of sub-lethal concentrations of synthetic insecticides and Callitris glaucophylla extracts on the development of Aedes aegypti. Journal of Vector Ecology, 30: 295-298.
  • Sharififard, M., M. S. Mossadegh, B. Vazirianzadeh & A. Z. Mahmoudabadi, 2011. Interactions between entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae and sublethal doses of spinosad for control of housefly, Musca domestica. Iranian Journal of Arthropod Borne Diseases, 5: 28-36.
  • Shi, J., Z. Lan. & X. G. Zhang, 2011. Characterisation of spinosad resistance in the housefly Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Pest Management Science, 67: 335-340.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Shoaib Freed

Muzammil Farooq This is me

Publication Date June 22, 2016
Submission Date November 12, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 40 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Freed, S., & Farooq, M. (2016). Lethal and sublethal effects of mixtures of entomopathogenic fungi and synthetic insecticides on biological aspects of Musca domestica L. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 40(3).
AMA Freed S, Farooq M. Lethal and sublethal effects of mixtures of entomopathogenic fungi and synthetic insecticides on biological aspects of Musca domestica L. TED. August 2016;40(3).
Chicago Freed, Shoaib, and Muzammil Farooq. “Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Mixtures of Entomopathogenic Fungi and Synthetic Insecticides on Biological Aspects of Musca Domestica L”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 40, no. 3 (August 2016).
EndNote Freed S, Farooq M (August 1, 2016) Lethal and sublethal effects of mixtures of entomopathogenic fungi and synthetic insecticides on biological aspects of Musca domestica L. Turkish Journal of Entomology 40 3
IEEE S. Freed and M. Farooq, “Lethal and sublethal effects of mixtures of entomopathogenic fungi and synthetic insecticides on biological aspects of Musca domestica L”., TED, vol. 40, no. 3, 2016.
ISNAD Freed, Shoaib - Farooq, Muzammil. “Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Mixtures of Entomopathogenic Fungi and Synthetic Insecticides on Biological Aspects of Musca Domestica L”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 40/3 (August 2016).
JAMA Freed S, Farooq M. Lethal and sublethal effects of mixtures of entomopathogenic fungi and synthetic insecticides on biological aspects of Musca domestica L. TED. 2016;40.
MLA Freed, Shoaib and Muzammil Farooq. “Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Mixtures of Entomopathogenic Fungi and Synthetic Insecticides on Biological Aspects of Musca Domestica L”. Turkish Journal of Entomology, vol. 40, no. 3, 2016.
Vancouver Freed S, Farooq M. Lethal and sublethal effects of mixtures of entomopathogenic fungi and synthetic insecticides on biological aspects of Musca domestica L. TED. 2016;40(3).