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Toxicity of carbon dioxide to different developmental stages of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Year 2013, Volume: 37 Issue: 1, 57 - 64, 01.02.2013

Dilek Pandır Fahriye Sümer Ercan Hatice Baş (57-64)

Abstract

The use of carbon dioxide (CO) is a very effective method for controlling insect pests. The effects of CO on developmental stages of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were determined in this study. We aimed to establish a technique that can be used for controlling the stored-product pest, E. kuehniella with a natural enemy, T. embryophagum. Egg, larva, pupa and adult stages of E. kuehniella and T. embryophagum were exposed to 0, 10 and 20% CO gases in a COincubator at 27 o C and atmospheric pressure for different exposure times. The adult stage of E. kuehniella was more sensitive than its egg, larva and pupa in either percentage of CO or increasing exposure time. But the adult of T. embryophagum was the most sensitive stage at only highest dose of CO. On the other hand the larvae of T. embryophagum were the most resistant stage at 10% CO. Consequently, the developmental stages of two insect species had different susceptibility to increasing percentage of CO. These results suggest that a low percentage of CO may be used with T. embryophagum for controlling the stored-product pest, E. kuehniella.

Keywords

Carbon dioxide Ephestia kuehniella Trichogramma embryophagum developmental stages

References

  • Adler, C., 1999. ‘‘Efficacy of modified atmospheres against diapausing larvae of the Indian Meal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), 685-691’’. Proceedings of the 7 th International Working Conference on Stored-Product Protection (14-19 October 1998, Beijing, China), 1998 pp.
  • AliNiazee, M. T. & D. L. Lindgren, 1970. Egg hatch of Tribolium confusum and T. castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in different carbon dioxide and nitrogen atmospheres. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63 (4): 1010–1012.
  • Annis, P. C., 1986. ‘‘Towards rational controlled atmosphere dosage schedules: a review of current knowledge, 128148’’. Proceedings of the Fourth International Working Conference on Stored-product Protection (21–26 September 1986, Tel Aviv, Israel), 668 pp.
  • Annis, P. C. & R. Morton, 1997. The acute mortality effects of carbon dioxide atmosphere on staling and water relations in bread. Journal of Food Science, 55:413-416.
  • Azizoglu, U., S. Yılmaz, S. Karaborklu & A. Ayvaz, 2011. Ovicidal activity of microwave and UV radiations on Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 35 (3): 437-446.
  • Bachrouch, O., J. M. B. Jemaa, I. Chaieb, T. Talou & B. Marzouk, 2010. Insecticidal activity of Pistacia lentiscus essential oil on Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) as alternative to chemical control in storage. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protect, 5: 63-70.
  • Bailey, S. W., 1965. Air-tight storage of grain; its effect on insect pest-IV Rhyzoperta dominica (F.) and some other Coleoptera that infested stored grain. Journal of Stored Products Research, 1: 25-33.
  • Bell, C. H., 1976. The tolerance of developmental stages of four stored product moths to phosphine. Journal of Stored Products Research, 12: 77-86.
  • Donahaye, E., 1990. Laboratory selection for resistance by the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) to an atmosphere of low oxygen concentration. Phytoparasitica, 18: 189-202.
  • Gerard, D., J. Kraus, K.V. Qumn & R. Wohlgemuth, 1988. Anwendung von Kohlendioxid (CCh) unter Druck zur Bekampfung vorratsschadlicher Insekten und Milben. Pharrnazeutische Industne, 50:1298-1300.
  • Gunasekaran, N. & S. Rajendran, 2005. Toxicity of carbondioxide to drugstore beetle Stegobium paniceum and cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne. Journal of Stored Products Research, 41(3): 283-294.
  • Hodges, R. J., 1999. ‘‘Biological control methods for insect pests of stored grain in the tropics-constraints and prospects for developing countries, 1193-1204’’. Proceedings of the 7 th International Working Conference of Stored-Product Protection ( 14-19 October 1998, Beijing, China), 1998 pp .
  • Jayas, D. S., B. Khangura & N. D. G. White, 1991. Controlled atmosphere storage of grains. Postharvest News and Information, 2: 423–427.
  • Knutson, A., 1998. The Trichogramma manual, Agricultural communication, The Texas A &M University System, Texas. 42 pp.
  • Locatelli D. P., L. Suss & M. Frati, 1999. ‘‘The use of high pressure carbon dioxide (20 bar) to control some insects of foodstuff, 671-675’’. Proceedings of the 7 th International Working Conference of Stored-Product Protection (14-19 October 1998, Beijing, China), 1998 pp.
  • Lum, P. T. M. & B. R. Flaherty, 1972. Effect of carbon dioxide on production and hatchability of eggs of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 65: 976-977.
  • Nakakita, H. & Kawashima, K., 1994. ‘‘A new method to control stored product insects using carbon dioxide with high pressure followed by sudden pressure loss, 126-129’’. Proceedings 6 th International Working Conference on Stored-Product Protection (17-23 April 1994, Canberra, Australia), 1274 pp.
  • Nicolas, G. & D. Sillans, 1989. Immmediate and latent effects of carbon dioxide on insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 34: 97-116.
  • Noomhorm, A., P. Sirisoontaralak, J. Uraichuen & I. Ahmad, 2009. Effects of pressurized carbon dioxide on controlling Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and the quality of milled rice. Journal of Stored Products Research, 45 (3): 201-205.
  • Prozell, S., & C., Reichmuth, 1990. Wirkung von Kohlendioxid unter Hochdruck auf den Kornkäfer Sitophilus granarius (L.) [Effect of carbon dioxide under high pressure on the granary weevil Sitophilus granarius (L.). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Phytomedizinischen Gesellschaft, 20, 14.
  • Prozell, S. & C. Reichmuth, 2001. ‘‘Carbon dioxide under high pressure for stored-product protection in temperate climates, 719-725’’. Proceedings International Conference Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products (29 October - 3 November 2000, Fresno, USA) 841 pp.
  • Razavi, S. M., 2012. Chemical composition and some allelopathic aspects of essential oils of (Prangos ferulacea L.) Lindl at different stages of growth. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 14: 349-356.
  • Reichmuth, C., 1991. ‘‘New techniques in fumigation research today, 709-724’’. Proceedings 5 th International Working Conference on Stored-Product Protection (9-14 September 1990, Bordeaux, France), 2064 pp. Reichmuth, C. & R. Wohlgemuth, 1994. ‘‘Carbon dioxide under high pressure of 15 bar and 20 bar to control the eggs of the Indianmeal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as the most tolerant stage at 25 o C, 63-172’’. Proceedings of the 6 th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection (17-23 April 1994, Canberra, Australia) 1274 pp.
  • Riudavets, J., C. Castañé, O. Alomar, M. J. Pons & R. Gabarra, 2010. The use of carbon dioxide at high pressure to control nine stored-product pests. Journal of Stored Products Research, 46: 228-233.
  • Sabio, G., S. Navarro, J.E. Donahaye, M. Rindner, A. Azrieli & R. Dias, 2001. ‘‘Control of Ephestia cautella with low levels of methyl bromide and carbon dioxide gas mixtures, 113-117’’. Proceedings of the International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products (29 October-3 November 2000, Fresno, USA) 841 pp.
  • Schöller, M. & P. Fields, 2002. ‘‘Screening of North American species of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) for control of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), 1-10’’. Proceedings of the Eighth International Working Conference of Stored-Product Protection (22-26 July 2002, York, United Kingdom). 1071 pp.
  • SPSS., 2001. SPSS version 10.0.SPSS Inc, 233 S.Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois.
  • Stahl, E., G. Rau & H. Adolphi, 1985. Entwesung von Drogen durch Kohlendioxide-druchbehandlung. Pharmazeutische Industne, 47:528-530.
  • Tuncbilek, A. S., U. Canpolat & F. Sumer, 2009. Suitability of irradiated and cold-stored eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) and Sitotroga cerealella (Gelechidae: Lepidoptera) for stockpiling the egg-parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens (Trichogrammatidae: Hymenoptera) in diapause. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 19 (1):127-138.
  • Ulrichs, C. & C. Reichmuth, 1997. Emfluss physikalischere Parameter auf die Bekampfung des Tabakkafers Lasioderma serricorne Fab. (Col.: Anobudae) mit Kohlenstoffdioxid unter Hochdruck. Anzeiger fur Schadlmgskunde, 70:81–86.
  • Valles, S. M. & P.G. Koehler, 1994. Influence of Carbon Dioxide Anesthesia on Chlorpyrifos Toxicity in the German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 87(3): 709-713.
  • Wang, F., D. S. Jayas, N. D. G. White & P. Fields, 2009. Combined effect of carbon monoxide mixed with carbon dioxide in air on the mortality of stored-grain insects. Journal of Stored Products Research, 45:247-253. White, N. D. G. & D. S. Jayas, 1991. Controll of insects and mites with carbon dioxide in wheat stored at cool temperatures in non-airtight bins. Journal of Economic Entomology, 84: 1933-1942.

Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) ve Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)'un farklı gelişme evrelerine karşı karbon dioksitin toksik etkisi

Year 2013, Volume: 37 Issue: 1, 57 - 64, 01.02.2013

Dilek Pandır Fahriye Sümer Ercan Hatice Baş (57-64)

Abstract

Zararlı böceklerin kontrolünde karbon dioksit (CO) kullanımı oldukça etkili bir yöntemdir. Bu çalışmada Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) ve Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)’un gelişim evreleri üzerine CO‘in etkisi belirlenmiştir. Depolanmış ürün zararlısı E. kuehniella’nın kontrolü için doğal düşman T. embryophagum ile birlikte kullanılacak bir yöntem geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. E. kuehniella ve T. embryophagum’un yumurta, larva pupa ve ergin evreleri COinkübatörü içerisinde o C ve atmosferik basınç altında değişik uygulama sürelerinde % 0, 10 ve 20’lik COgazına maruz bırakılmıştır. Artan uygulama süresinde ve her iki COkonsantrasyonunda E. kuehniella’nın ergin evresi yumurta, larva ve pupadan daha duyarlıdır. Fakat T. embryophagum için sadece en yüksek CO dozunda en duyarlı evre ergin evredir. Diğer taraftan %10 CO uygulamasında T. embryophagum’un larva evresi en dirençli evredir. Sonuç olarak, artan CO konsantrasyonuna karşı farklı iki böcek türünün gelişim evreleri farklı duyarlılığa sahiptir. Bu sonuçlar depolanmış ürün zararlısı E. kuehniella’nın kontrolü için düşük COdozunun T. embryophagum’la birlikte kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

Karbon dioksit Ephestia kuehniella Trichogramma embryophagum gelişim evreleri

References

  • Adler, C., 1999. ‘‘Efficacy of modified atmospheres against diapausing larvae of the Indian Meal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), 685-691’’. Proceedings of the 7 th International Working Conference on Stored-Product Protection (14-19 October 1998, Beijing, China), 1998 pp.
  • AliNiazee, M. T. & D. L. Lindgren, 1970. Egg hatch of Tribolium confusum and T. castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in different carbon dioxide and nitrogen atmospheres. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63 (4): 1010–1012.
  • Annis, P. C., 1986. ‘‘Towards rational controlled atmosphere dosage schedules: a review of current knowledge, 128148’’. Proceedings of the Fourth International Working Conference on Stored-product Protection (21–26 September 1986, Tel Aviv, Israel), 668 pp.
  • Annis, P. C. & R. Morton, 1997. The acute mortality effects of carbon dioxide atmosphere on staling and water relations in bread. Journal of Food Science, 55:413-416.
  • Azizoglu, U., S. Yılmaz, S. Karaborklu & A. Ayvaz, 2011. Ovicidal activity of microwave and UV radiations on Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 35 (3): 437-446.
  • Bachrouch, O., J. M. B. Jemaa, I. Chaieb, T. Talou & B. Marzouk, 2010. Insecticidal activity of Pistacia lentiscus essential oil on Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) as alternative to chemical control in storage. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protect, 5: 63-70.
  • Bailey, S. W., 1965. Air-tight storage of grain; its effect on insect pest-IV Rhyzoperta dominica (F.) and some other Coleoptera that infested stored grain. Journal of Stored Products Research, 1: 25-33.
  • Bell, C. H., 1976. The tolerance of developmental stages of four stored product moths to phosphine. Journal of Stored Products Research, 12: 77-86.
  • Donahaye, E., 1990. Laboratory selection for resistance by the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) to an atmosphere of low oxygen concentration. Phytoparasitica, 18: 189-202.
  • Gerard, D., J. Kraus, K.V. Qumn & R. Wohlgemuth, 1988. Anwendung von Kohlendioxid (CCh) unter Druck zur Bekampfung vorratsschadlicher Insekten und Milben. Pharrnazeutische Industne, 50:1298-1300.
  • Gunasekaran, N. & S. Rajendran, 2005. Toxicity of carbondioxide to drugstore beetle Stegobium paniceum and cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne. Journal of Stored Products Research, 41(3): 283-294.
  • Hodges, R. J., 1999. ‘‘Biological control methods for insect pests of stored grain in the tropics-constraints and prospects for developing countries, 1193-1204’’. Proceedings of the 7 th International Working Conference of Stored-Product Protection ( 14-19 October 1998, Beijing, China), 1998 pp .
  • Jayas, D. S., B. Khangura & N. D. G. White, 1991. Controlled atmosphere storage of grains. Postharvest News and Information, 2: 423–427.
  • Knutson, A., 1998. The Trichogramma manual, Agricultural communication, The Texas A &M University System, Texas. 42 pp.
  • Locatelli D. P., L. Suss & M. Frati, 1999. ‘‘The use of high pressure carbon dioxide (20 bar) to control some insects of foodstuff, 671-675’’. Proceedings of the 7 th International Working Conference of Stored-Product Protection (14-19 October 1998, Beijing, China), 1998 pp.
  • Lum, P. T. M. & B. R. Flaherty, 1972. Effect of carbon dioxide on production and hatchability of eggs of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 65: 976-977.
  • Nakakita, H. & Kawashima, K., 1994. ‘‘A new method to control stored product insects using carbon dioxide with high pressure followed by sudden pressure loss, 126-129’’. Proceedings 6 th International Working Conference on Stored-Product Protection (17-23 April 1994, Canberra, Australia), 1274 pp.
  • Nicolas, G. & D. Sillans, 1989. Immmediate and latent effects of carbon dioxide on insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 34: 97-116.
  • Noomhorm, A., P. Sirisoontaralak, J. Uraichuen & I. Ahmad, 2009. Effects of pressurized carbon dioxide on controlling Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and the quality of milled rice. Journal of Stored Products Research, 45 (3): 201-205.
  • Prozell, S., & C., Reichmuth, 1990. Wirkung von Kohlendioxid unter Hochdruck auf den Kornkäfer Sitophilus granarius (L.) [Effect of carbon dioxide under high pressure on the granary weevil Sitophilus granarius (L.). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Phytomedizinischen Gesellschaft, 20, 14.
  • Prozell, S. & C. Reichmuth, 2001. ‘‘Carbon dioxide under high pressure for stored-product protection in temperate climates, 719-725’’. Proceedings International Conference Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products (29 October - 3 November 2000, Fresno, USA) 841 pp.
  • Razavi, S. M., 2012. Chemical composition and some allelopathic aspects of essential oils of (Prangos ferulacea L.) Lindl at different stages of growth. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 14: 349-356.
  • Reichmuth, C., 1991. ‘‘New techniques in fumigation research today, 709-724’’. Proceedings 5 th International Working Conference on Stored-Product Protection (9-14 September 1990, Bordeaux, France), 2064 pp. Reichmuth, C. & R. Wohlgemuth, 1994. ‘‘Carbon dioxide under high pressure of 15 bar and 20 bar to control the eggs of the Indianmeal moth Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as the most tolerant stage at 25 o C, 63-172’’. Proceedings of the 6 th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection (17-23 April 1994, Canberra, Australia) 1274 pp.
  • Riudavets, J., C. Castañé, O. Alomar, M. J. Pons & R. Gabarra, 2010. The use of carbon dioxide at high pressure to control nine stored-product pests. Journal of Stored Products Research, 46: 228-233.
  • Sabio, G., S. Navarro, J.E. Donahaye, M. Rindner, A. Azrieli & R. Dias, 2001. ‘‘Control of Ephestia cautella with low levels of methyl bromide and carbon dioxide gas mixtures, 113-117’’. Proceedings of the International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products (29 October-3 November 2000, Fresno, USA) 841 pp.
  • Schöller, M. & P. Fields, 2002. ‘‘Screening of North American species of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) for control of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), 1-10’’. Proceedings of the Eighth International Working Conference of Stored-Product Protection (22-26 July 2002, York, United Kingdom). 1071 pp.
  • SPSS., 2001. SPSS version 10.0.SPSS Inc, 233 S.Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois.
  • Stahl, E., G. Rau & H. Adolphi, 1985. Entwesung von Drogen durch Kohlendioxide-druchbehandlung. Pharmazeutische Industne, 47:528-530.
  • Tuncbilek, A. S., U. Canpolat & F. Sumer, 2009. Suitability of irradiated and cold-stored eggs of Ephestia kuehniella (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) and Sitotroga cerealella (Gelechidae: Lepidoptera) for stockpiling the egg-parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens (Trichogrammatidae: Hymenoptera) in diapause. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 19 (1):127-138.
  • Ulrichs, C. & C. Reichmuth, 1997. Emfluss physikalischere Parameter auf die Bekampfung des Tabakkafers Lasioderma serricorne Fab. (Col.: Anobudae) mit Kohlenstoffdioxid unter Hochdruck. Anzeiger fur Schadlmgskunde, 70:81–86.
  • Valles, S. M. & P.G. Koehler, 1994. Influence of Carbon Dioxide Anesthesia on Chlorpyrifos Toxicity in the German Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 87(3): 709-713.
  • Wang, F., D. S. Jayas, N. D. G. White & P. Fields, 2009. Combined effect of carbon monoxide mixed with carbon dioxide in air on the mortality of stored-grain insects. Journal of Stored Products Research, 45:247-253. White, N. D. G. & D. S. Jayas, 1991. Controll of insects and mites with carbon dioxide in wheat stored at cool temperatures in non-airtight bins. Journal of Economic Entomology, 84: 1933-1942.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Dilek Pandır This is me

Fahriye Sümer Ercan This is me

Hatice Baş (57-64) This is me

Publication Date February 1, 2013
Submission Date February 8, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 37 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Pandır, D. ., Ercan, F. S. ., & (57-64), H. B. . (2013). Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) ve Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)’un farklı gelişme evrelerine karşı karbon dioksitin toksik etkisi. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 37(1), 57-64.
AMA Pandır D, Ercan FS, (57-64) HB. Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) ve Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)’un farklı gelişme evrelerine karşı karbon dioksitin toksik etkisi. TED. February 2013;37(1):57-64.
Chicago Pandır, Dilek, Fahriye Sümer Ercan, and Hatice Baş (57-64). “Ephestia Kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Ve Trichogramma Embryophagum Hartig (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)’un Farklı gelişme Evrelerine karşı Karbon Dioksitin Toksik Etkisi”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 37, no. 1 (February 2013): 57-64.
EndNote Pandır D, Ercan FS, (57-64) HB (February 1, 2013) Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) ve Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)’un farklı gelişme evrelerine karşı karbon dioksitin toksik etkisi. Turkish Journal of Entomology 37 1 57–64.
IEEE D. . Pandır, F. S. . Ercan, and H. B. . (57-64), “Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) ve Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)’un farklı gelişme evrelerine karşı karbon dioksitin toksik etkisi”, TED, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 57–64, 2013.
ISNAD Pandır, Dilek et al. “Ephestia Kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Ve Trichogramma Embryophagum Hartig (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)’un Farklı gelişme Evrelerine karşı Karbon Dioksitin Toksik Etkisi”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 37/1 (February 2013), 57-64.
JAMA Pandır D, Ercan FS, (57-64) HB. Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) ve Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)’un farklı gelişme evrelerine karşı karbon dioksitin toksik etkisi. TED. 2013;37:57–64.
MLA Pandır, Dilek et al. “Ephestia Kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Ve Trichogramma Embryophagum Hartig (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)’un Farklı gelişme Evrelerine karşı Karbon Dioksitin Toksik Etkisi”. Turkish Journal of Entomology, vol. 37, no. 1, 2013, pp. 57-64.
Vancouver Pandır D, Ercan FS, (57-64) HB. Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) ve Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)’un farklı gelişme evrelerine karşı karbon dioksitin toksik etkisi. TED. 2013;37(1):57-64.