The effect of different pesticides on reproduction of entomopathogenic nematodes

Year 2013, Volume: 37 Issue: 4, 493 - 502, 01.08.2013

Atwa Ahmed Atwa Muhammed Mustafa Shamseldean Falah Abdulkader Yonis

Abstract

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae are generally considered beneficial nematodes. These beneficial nematodes can serve in integrated pest management (IPM) in agro-ecosystems. The effect of chemical insecticides (11 different pesticides) on Steinernema sp. (EBN-1e), and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (EBN-10k) was determined under laboratory conditions. Generally, EBN-1e Steinernema strain was more tolerant to different tested insecticides than Heterorhabditis strain. The survival of IJs was more than 90% after treatement with Captan, Methomyl, Mancozeb, Benomyl, Trimiltox forte and Diafenthiuron, for EBN-1e nematode strain, while Chlorfluazuron decreased its survival to less than 5%. In contrast, the survival of Heterorahbditis strain was less than the Steinernema strain. There were significant differences in reproduction rates between EBN-1e and EBN-10k exposed to different chemical insecticides. The EBN-1e strain had higher reproduction rate than EBN-10k in all treatments. In general, there was significant difference in reproductive rates between the species concentrations (500 IJs and 1000 IJs) exposed to different chemicals or between exposure times (48 h. and 96 h.)

Keywords

Entomopathogenic nematode survival, chemical pesticides, Steinernema and Heterorhabdities

Farklı pestisitlerin entomopatojenik nematodların üremesi üzerine etkisi

Abstract

Steinernematidae ve Heterorhabditidae familyasına ait entomopatojenik nematodlar ( EPN ) genellikle yararlı nematodlar olarak kabul edilir. Bu faydalı nematodlar agro-ekosistemlerde entegre zararlı yönetimi ( IPM ) içinde hizmet edebilirler. Kimyasal insektisitlerin (11 farklı pestisit) Steinernema sp. (EBN-1e), ve Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (EBN-10k) üzerindeki etkileri laboratuvar koşullarında belirlenmiştir. Genellikle, EBN-1e Steinernema ırkı Heterorhabditis ırkına göre farklı insektsitlerde yapılan testlerde daha dayanıklı olmuştur. EBN-1e nematod ırkı infektif larvaları Captan, Methomyl, Mancozeb, Benomyl, Trimiltox forte ve Diafenthiuron ile uygulama yapıldığında canlılığı %90’dan fazla olmuş, Chlorfluazuron uygulamasında ise %5’in altına düşmüştür. Bunun aksine, Heterorahbditis ırkının canlı kalma oranı Steinernema ırkına göre daha az olmuştur. EBN-1e ve EBN.-10k üreme oranları arasında farklı kimyasal insektisit uygulamalarında önemli farklılıklar vardır. EBN-1e ırkının tüm uygulamalarında EBN.-10k ırkından daha yüksek üreme olmuştur. Genel olarak, türler arasındaki konsantrasyonlarda (500 IJs ve 1000 IJs), farklı kimyasallara maruz kalması veya maruz bırakma süreleri (48 ve 96 saat) ile üreme oranları açısından anlamlı bir fark yoktur

Keywords

Entomopathogenic nematod, canlı kalma, kimyasal pestisitler, Steinernema ve Heterorhabdities

References

• Adams, B .J. & K. B. Nguyen, 2002. Taxonomy and systematics. In: Gaugler R (Ed.) Entomopathogenic Nematology. CABI, New York, NY, pp. 1–34.
• Akhurst, R. J., 1986. Xenorhabdus nematophilus spp. poinarii: Its interaction with insect pathogenic nematodes. Systematic and Applied Microbiolog, 8: 142-147.
• Atwa, A. A., 1999. Interaction of certain insecticides and entomopathogenic nematodes in controlling some insect pests on fruit and vegetable crops. M.Sc. thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ain Shams at Shobra El- Khaima, Cairo, Egypt. 161 pp.
• Atwa, A. A., 2003. Identification, mass culture, and utilization of entomopathogenic nematodes against insect pests. Ph. D. thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cairo at Giza, Egypt, 172 pp.
• Das, J.N., & B. J. Divakar, 1987. Compatibility of certain pesticides with DD-136 nematode. Plant Protection Bulletin, 39: 20-22.
• Downes, M. J. & C. T. Griffin, 1996. Dispersal behavior and transmission strategies of the entomopathogenic nematodes of Heterorhabditis and steinernema. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 6: 447-356.
• Dutky, S. R., J. V. Thompson & G. E. Cantwell, 1964. A technique for the mass propagation of the DD-136 nematode. Journal of Insect pathology, 6: 417-422.
• Fedorko, A., M. Kamionek, J. Kozolowska & E. Mianowska, 1977a. The effect of vydate-oxamyl on nematodes of different ecological groups. Polish Ecological Studies, 3: 89-93.
• Fedorko, A., M. Kamionek, J. Kozolowska & E. Mianowska, 1977b. The effects of some carbamide herbicides on nematodes from different ecological groups. Polish Ecological Studies, 3: 23-28.
• Gordon, R., J. Chippett & J. Tillay, 1996. Effects of two carbomates on infective juveniles of Steinernema carpocapsae all strain and Steinernema feltiae umea strain. Journal of Nematology, 28(3): 310-317.
• Grewal, P., R. U. Ehlers & D. I. Shapiro-Ilan (Eds.), 2005. Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK.
• Grewal, P. S., R. Gaugler, H. K. Kaya & M. Wusaty, 1993. Infectivity of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema scapterisci (Nematoda: Steinernematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 62: 22-28.
• Griffin, C. T., N. E. Boemare & E. E. Lewis, 2005. Biology and behaviour. In: Grewal, P. S. & D. I. Shapiro-Ilan (Eds). Nematodes as Biocontrol agents. Wallingford, UK, CABI, pp.47-59.
• Hara, A. H. & H. K. Kaya, 1983. Development of the entomogenous nematode, Neoaplectana carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), in insecticide-killed beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 76 (3): 423-426.
• Hominick, W. M., A. P. Reid & B. R. Briscoe, 1995. Prevalence and habitat specificity of steinernematid and heterohabditid nematodes isolated during soil surveys of the UK and the Netherlands. Journal of Helminthology, 69: 27-32.
• Kamionek, M., 1979. The influence of pesticides on the mortality and effectiveness of Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser. Pp. 87-88, In J. Weiser, (Ed.), Proceedings of the International colloquium on Invertebrate pathology and 11th Annual Meeting Society for Invertebrate Pathology (Prague. Czech.).
• Koppenhöfer, A. M. & P. S. Grewal, 2005. Compatibility and interactions with agrochemicals and other biocontrol agents. In: Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents. CABI, New York, NY, pp. 363-381.
• Koppenhöfer, A. M., & E. M. Fuzy, 2008. Effect of the anthranilic diamide insecticide, chlorantraniliprole, on Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) efficacy against white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Biological Control, 45: 93–102.
• Jandel Scientific. 1995. SigmaStat statistical software user's manual. Jandel Scientific, San Rafael, CA.
• Poinar Jr., G. O., 1990. Biology and taxonomy of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. In: Gaugler, R., & H. K. Kaya (Eds.), Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 23–62.
• Radová, Š. 2011. Effect of selected pesticides on survival and virulence of two nematodes species. Polish J. of Environ. Stud. 20 (1): 181-185.
• Rovesti, L. & Deseő, K. V., 1991. Compatibility of pesticides with the entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis heliothidis. Nematologica 37: 113-116.
• Rovesti, L., E. W., Heinzpeter, F. Tagliente & K. V. Deseő, 1988. Compatibility of pesticides with the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabiditidis bacteriophora Poinar (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae). Nematologica 34: 462-476.
• Saleh, M. M. E. & E. A. Sammour, 1995. Interactions of three insecitices and two entomopathogenic nematodes against Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) larvae. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 5(2): 119-122.
• Shamseldean, M. M., A. A. Atwa & F. A. Yonis, 2005. Effect of different pesticides on the survival of entomopathogenic nematodes. Proceeding of The Third Conference of applied entomology, March 23-24, Faculty of science, Cairo University. Pp. 111-123.
• Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., 2004. Entomopathogenic nematodes and insect management. In: Capinera, J.L. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Entomology, vol. 1. Kluwer Academic Publishing, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 781– 784.
• Steel, G. D. & G. H. Torrie, 1981. Principles and procedures of static’s. McGraw-Hill, second ed., 1981.
• Stuart, R. J. & R. Gugler, 1994. Patchiness in population of Entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 64: 39-45.
• White, C. F., 1927. A method for obtaining infective larvae from culture. Science 66: 302-303.
• Zhang, L., T. Shono, S. Yamanaka & H. Tanabe, 1994. Effects of insecticides on the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser. Applied Entomology and Zoology 29: 539-547.
• Zimmerman, R. J. & W. C. Cranshaw, 1990. Cmpatibility of three entomogenous nematodes (Rhabditida) in aqueous solutions of pesticides used in turf grass maintenance. J. of Economic Entomol, 83(1): 97-100.