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Determination of the efficacy of some entomopathogenic nematodes on Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in laboratory conditions

Year 2024, Volume: 48 Issue: 3, 251 - 259
https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1474895

Abstract

Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyfag pest causing losses all over the world. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) have a regulatory role on insect populations in the soil ecosystem. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of commercial biopreparations of some EPNs on fifth instar larvae of S. littoralis at different doses and days. Biopreparations containing Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar, 1975) (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser, 1955) and Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev, 1934) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) were used in the study. These biopreparations were adjusted at doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 IJs/5ml of tap water and applied to 50 g of sterilized sandy soil in a plastic container, and one individual of S. littoralis larvae was released on it. The study was conducted in 2022 at 27±2°C under laboratory conditions for 5 days. According to the results of the study, the highest average mortality rates were 100 and 95% in the S. carpocapsae preparation application at 400 and 200 IJs doses on the 5th day, respectively. In the application of S. feltiae preparation, 90% mortality rate on average was observed at 200 and 400 IJs doses on the 5th day. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora preparation treatment showed the highest mean mortality rate of 75% at 400 IJs dose and on the 5th day. This study is an acceptable step in determining the possibilities of using EPNs in the control of S. littoralis.

Thanks

We would like to thank Bioglobal AŞ for providing the entomopathogenic nematode biopreparations; Prof. Dr. Umut Toprak, Dr. Cenk Yücel and Cansu Doğan for providing the Spodoptera littoralis population; Prof. Dr. Feza Can for species identification of S. littoralis individuals; Prof. Dr. İsmail Alper Susurluk and Hümeyra Çakir for providing Galleria mellonella population. We would also like to extent our heartfelt thanks to Esmeray Ayhan Cafarlı, Deniz Yaşar, Ayten Özay, İrem Dağ in the Nematology Laboratory for their support in conducting this study.

References

  • Acharya, R., H. S. Hwang, M. M. Mostafiz, Y. S. Yu & K. Y. Lee, 2020a. Susceptibility of various developmental stages of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, to entomopathogenic nematodes. Insects, 11 (12): 868 (1-13).
  • Acharya, R., Y. S. Yu, J. K. Shim & K. Y. Lee, 2020b. Virulence of four entomopathogenic nematodes against the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura Fabricius. Biological Control, 150: 104348 (1-5).
  • Adams, B. J. & K. B. Nguyen, 2002. “Taxonomy and Systematics, 1-33”. In: Entomopathogenic Nematology (Eds. R. Gaugler). CABI Publishing, Wallingford UK, 388 pp.
  • Altıkat, A., T. Turan, F. E. Torun & Z. Bingül, 2009. Türkiye’de pestisit kullanımı ve çevreye olan etkileri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 40 (2): 87-92 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
  • Atwa, A. A. & S. H. Hassan, 2014. Bio efficacy of two entomopathogenic nematodes against Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval (Lepidoptera) and Temnorhynchus baal Reiche (Coleoptera) larvae. Journal of Biopesticides, 7 (2): 104-109.
  • Aydın, H., 2002. Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)’e Karşı Bazı Tanacetum spp. (Compositae) Ekstraktlarının Biyolojik Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, (Unpublished) Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 100 s (in Turkish with abstract in English).
  • Baker, B. P., T. A. Green & A. J. Loker, 2020. Biological control and integrated pest management in organic and conventional systems. Biological Control, 140: 104095.
  • Barzman, M., P. Bàrberi, E. N. A. Birch, P. Boonekamp, S. Dachbrodt-Saaydeh, B. Graf, B. Hommel, J. E. Jensen, J. Kiss, P. Kudsk, J. R. Lamichhane, A. Messêan, A. C. Moonen, A. Ratnadass, P. Ricci, J. L. Sarah & M. Sattin, 2015. Eight principles of integrated pest management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35 (4): 1199-1215.
  • Bedding, R. A. & A. S. Molyneux, 1982. Penetration of insect cuticle by infective juveniles of Heterorhabditis spp. (Heterorhabiditae, Nematoda). Nematologica, 28 (3): 354-359.
  • Burnell, A. M. & S. P. Stock, 2000. Heterorhabditis, Steinernema and their bacterial symbionts-lethal pathogens of insects. Nematology, 2 (1): 31-42.
  • Campos-Herrera, R. & C. Gutiérrez, 2009. Screening Spanish isolates of Steinernematid nematodes for use as biological control agents through laboratory and greenhouse microcosm studies. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 100 (2): 100-105.
  • Doğan, C., G. Güney, K. K. Güzel, A. Can, D. D. Hegedus & U. Toprak, 2021. What you eat matters: nutrient inputs alter the metabolism and neuropeptide expression in Egyptian cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Frontiers in Physiology, 12: 773688 (1-14).
  • Ehlers, R. U., 1996. Current and future use of nematodes in biocontrol: Practice and commercial aspects in regard to regulatory policies. Biocontrol, Science and Technology, 6 (3): 303-316.
  • Gaugler, R., E. Lewis & R. J. Stuart, 1997. Ecology in the service of biological control: the case of entomopathogenic nematodes. Oecologia, 109: 483-489.
  • Hadim, N. & M. O. Gürkan 2007. “Pamuk yaprak kurdu (Spodoptera littoralis Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)’nda sentetik pyretroitlere karşı ortaya çıkan direncin biyokimyasal mekanizmaları, 60”. Türkiye II. Bitki Koruma Kongresi (27-29 Ağustos 2007 Isparta, Türkiye) Bildirileri, 342 s (in Turkish).
  • Hazir, S., N. Keskin, S. P. Stock, H. K. Kaya & S. Özcan, 2003. Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Turkey. Biodiversity & Conservation, 12 (2): 375-386.
  • Kaya, H. K. & R. Gaugler, 1993. Entomopathogenic nematodes. Annual Reviews in Entomology, 38: 181-206.
  • Kaya, H. K. & S. P. Stock, 1997. “Techniques in Insect Nematology, 281-324”. In: Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology (Ed. L. Lacey). Academic Press, San Diego, 409 pp.
  • Klein, M. G., 1993. “Biological Control of Scarabs with Entomopathogenic Nematodes, 49-58”. In: Nematodes and the Biological Control of Insect Pests (Eds. R. A. Bedding, R. J. Akhurst & H. K. Kaya). CSIRO Publications, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 178 pp.
  • Koppenhöfer, A. M., P. S. Grewal & H. K. Kaya, 2000. Synergism of entomopathogenic nematodes and imidacloprid against white grubs: greenhouse and field evaluation. Biological Control, 19 (3): 245-251.
  • Liu, J., G. O. Poinar & R. E. Berry, 2000. Control of insect pests with entomopathogenic nematodes: The impact of molecular biology and phylogenetic reconstruction. Annual Review of Entomology, 4 (5): 287-306.
  • Lu, Y., K. Wu, Y. Jiang, Y. Guo & N. Desneux, 2012. Widespread adoption of Bt cotton and insecticide decrease promotes biocontrol services. Nature, 487 (7407): 362-365.
  • Mbata, G. N. & D. I. Shapiro-Ilan, 2005. Laboratory evaluation of virulence of Heterorhabditid nematodes to Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Environmental Entomology, 34 (3): 676-682.
  • Nouh, G. M., 2022. Laboratory valuation of the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against some insect pests of the Potato crop (Solanum tuberosum L.). Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology, 15 (2): 69-77.
  • Stern, V. M. R. F., R. Smith, R. Van den Bosch & K. Hagen, 1959. The integration of chemical and biological control of the spotted alfalfa aphid: the integrated control concept. Hilgardia, 29 (2): 81-101.
  • Stock, S. P., 2005. Insect-parasitic nematodes: From lab curiosities to model organisms. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 89 (1): 57-66.
  • Susurluk, A., & R. U. Ehlers. 2008. Field persistence of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in different crops. BioControl, 53 (4): 627-641.
  • TAGEM, 2008. Zirai Mücadele Teknik Talimatları Cilt 2. Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara, 260 s (in Turkish).
  • TAGEM, 2011. Pamuk Entegre Mücadele Teknik Talimatı. Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara,101 s (in Turkish).
  • Ünlü, L. & S. Kornoşor, 2003. Şanlıurfa ilinde saptanan Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) familyası türleri ve morfolojik özellikleri. Harran Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 7 (3-4): 19-28 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
  • Waage, J. K. & D. J. Greathead, 1988. Biological control: challenges and opportunities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences, 318 (1189): 111-128.
  • Wang, Y. & R. Gaugler, 1998. Host and penetration site location by entomopathogenic nematodes against Japanese beetle larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 72 (3): 313-318.
  • Waterhouse, D. F. & K. R. Norris, 1987. Biological Control: Pacific Prospects. Melbourne, Inkata Press, 454 pp.
  • Yağcı, M., C. Yücel, F. D. Erdoğuş, G. Benk & İ. Kepenekci, 2022. Biological control potential of local entomopathogenic nematodes against the different stage larvae of cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 32 (1): 59 (1-8).
  • Yıldırım, E. M. & H. Başpınar, 2008, Aydın ili çilek alanlarında saptanan Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) familyası türleri, yayılışı, zararı ve popülasyon dalgalanmaları üzerinde çalışmalar. ADÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 5 (2): 115-121 (in Turkish with abstract in English).

Bazı entomopatojen nematodların Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)’e etkinliklerinin laboratuvar koşullarında belirlenmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 48 Issue: 3, 251 - 259
https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1474895

Abstract

Pamuk yaprak kurdu, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) tüm dünyada kayıplara sebep olan polifag bir zararlıdır. Entomopatojen nematodlar (EPN), toprak ekosistemi içinde böcek popülasyonlarını düzenleyici role sahiptirler. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bazı EPN’lerin ticari biyopreparatlarının, farklı dozlarda ve günlerde S. littoralis’in beşinci dönem larvaları üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesidir. Çalışmada, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar, 1975) (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser, 1955) ve Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev, 1934) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) türlerini içeren biyopreparatlar kullanılmıştır. Bu biyopreparatlar, 50, 100, 200 ve 400 IJs/5ml su dozlarında ayarlanarak, plastik kap içerisindeki 50 g sterilize edilmiş kumlu toprağa verilmiş, üzerine beşinci dönem S. littoralis larvalarından birer birey bırakılmıştır. Çalışma, 2022 yılında 27±2°C’de laboratuvar koşullarında 5 gün boyunca kontrolleri yapılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda en yüksek ortalama ölüm oranları S. carpocapsae preparatı uygulamasında, 5. günde 400 ve 200 IJs dozlarında sırası ile %100 ve 95 olarak görülmüştür. Steinernerma feltiae preparatı uygulamasında 5. günde, 200 ve 400 IJs dozunda %90 ortalama ölüm oranı görülmüştür. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora preparatı uygulaması ise en yüksek ortalama ölüm oranını, %75 ile 400 IJs dozunda ve 5. günde göstermiştir. Bu çalışma, S. littoralis ile mücadelede EPN’lerin kullanım olanaklarının belirlenmesinde kabul edilebilir bir adımdır.

Ethical Statement

Sayın Editör, Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi’ne gönderdiğimiz “Determination of the efficacy of some entomopathogenic nematodes on Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in laboratory conditions” isimli çalışma, hayvan deneyleri, anket, mülakat, odak grup çalışması vb çalışmaları içermediği için Etik Kurulu Onay’ı gerekmemektedir. Bilgilerinize saygılarımla sunarım

References

  • Acharya, R., H. S. Hwang, M. M. Mostafiz, Y. S. Yu & K. Y. Lee, 2020a. Susceptibility of various developmental stages of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, to entomopathogenic nematodes. Insects, 11 (12): 868 (1-13).
  • Acharya, R., Y. S. Yu, J. K. Shim & K. Y. Lee, 2020b. Virulence of four entomopathogenic nematodes against the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura Fabricius. Biological Control, 150: 104348 (1-5).
  • Adams, B. J. & K. B. Nguyen, 2002. “Taxonomy and Systematics, 1-33”. In: Entomopathogenic Nematology (Eds. R. Gaugler). CABI Publishing, Wallingford UK, 388 pp.
  • Altıkat, A., T. Turan, F. E. Torun & Z. Bingül, 2009. Türkiye’de pestisit kullanımı ve çevreye olan etkileri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 40 (2): 87-92 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
  • Atwa, A. A. & S. H. Hassan, 2014. Bio efficacy of two entomopathogenic nematodes against Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval (Lepidoptera) and Temnorhynchus baal Reiche (Coleoptera) larvae. Journal of Biopesticides, 7 (2): 104-109.
  • Aydın, H., 2002. Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)’e Karşı Bazı Tanacetum spp. (Compositae) Ekstraktlarının Biyolojik Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, (Unpublished) Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 100 s (in Turkish with abstract in English).
  • Baker, B. P., T. A. Green & A. J. Loker, 2020. Biological control and integrated pest management in organic and conventional systems. Biological Control, 140: 104095.
  • Barzman, M., P. Bàrberi, E. N. A. Birch, P. Boonekamp, S. Dachbrodt-Saaydeh, B. Graf, B. Hommel, J. E. Jensen, J. Kiss, P. Kudsk, J. R. Lamichhane, A. Messêan, A. C. Moonen, A. Ratnadass, P. Ricci, J. L. Sarah & M. Sattin, 2015. Eight principles of integrated pest management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35 (4): 1199-1215.
  • Bedding, R. A. & A. S. Molyneux, 1982. Penetration of insect cuticle by infective juveniles of Heterorhabditis spp. (Heterorhabiditae, Nematoda). Nematologica, 28 (3): 354-359.
  • Burnell, A. M. & S. P. Stock, 2000. Heterorhabditis, Steinernema and their bacterial symbionts-lethal pathogens of insects. Nematology, 2 (1): 31-42.
  • Campos-Herrera, R. & C. Gutiérrez, 2009. Screening Spanish isolates of Steinernematid nematodes for use as biological control agents through laboratory and greenhouse microcosm studies. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 100 (2): 100-105.
  • Doğan, C., G. Güney, K. K. Güzel, A. Can, D. D. Hegedus & U. Toprak, 2021. What you eat matters: nutrient inputs alter the metabolism and neuropeptide expression in Egyptian cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Frontiers in Physiology, 12: 773688 (1-14).
  • Ehlers, R. U., 1996. Current and future use of nematodes in biocontrol: Practice and commercial aspects in regard to regulatory policies. Biocontrol, Science and Technology, 6 (3): 303-316.
  • Gaugler, R., E. Lewis & R. J. Stuart, 1997. Ecology in the service of biological control: the case of entomopathogenic nematodes. Oecologia, 109: 483-489.
  • Hadim, N. & M. O. Gürkan 2007. “Pamuk yaprak kurdu (Spodoptera littoralis Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)’nda sentetik pyretroitlere karşı ortaya çıkan direncin biyokimyasal mekanizmaları, 60”. Türkiye II. Bitki Koruma Kongresi (27-29 Ağustos 2007 Isparta, Türkiye) Bildirileri, 342 s (in Turkish).
  • Hazir, S., N. Keskin, S. P. Stock, H. K. Kaya & S. Özcan, 2003. Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) in Turkey. Biodiversity & Conservation, 12 (2): 375-386.
  • Kaya, H. K. & R. Gaugler, 1993. Entomopathogenic nematodes. Annual Reviews in Entomology, 38: 181-206.
  • Kaya, H. K. & S. P. Stock, 1997. “Techniques in Insect Nematology, 281-324”. In: Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology (Ed. L. Lacey). Academic Press, San Diego, 409 pp.
  • Klein, M. G., 1993. “Biological Control of Scarabs with Entomopathogenic Nematodes, 49-58”. In: Nematodes and the Biological Control of Insect Pests (Eds. R. A. Bedding, R. J. Akhurst & H. K. Kaya). CSIRO Publications, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 178 pp.
  • Koppenhöfer, A. M., P. S. Grewal & H. K. Kaya, 2000. Synergism of entomopathogenic nematodes and imidacloprid against white grubs: greenhouse and field evaluation. Biological Control, 19 (3): 245-251.
  • Liu, J., G. O. Poinar & R. E. Berry, 2000. Control of insect pests with entomopathogenic nematodes: The impact of molecular biology and phylogenetic reconstruction. Annual Review of Entomology, 4 (5): 287-306.
  • Lu, Y., K. Wu, Y. Jiang, Y. Guo & N. Desneux, 2012. Widespread adoption of Bt cotton and insecticide decrease promotes biocontrol services. Nature, 487 (7407): 362-365.
  • Mbata, G. N. & D. I. Shapiro-Ilan, 2005. Laboratory evaluation of virulence of Heterorhabditid nematodes to Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Environmental Entomology, 34 (3): 676-682.
  • Nouh, G. M., 2022. Laboratory valuation of the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against some insect pests of the Potato crop (Solanum tuberosum L.). Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology, 15 (2): 69-77.
  • Stern, V. M. R. F., R. Smith, R. Van den Bosch & K. Hagen, 1959. The integration of chemical and biological control of the spotted alfalfa aphid: the integrated control concept. Hilgardia, 29 (2): 81-101.
  • Stock, S. P., 2005. Insect-parasitic nematodes: From lab curiosities to model organisms. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 89 (1): 57-66.
  • Susurluk, A., & R. U. Ehlers. 2008. Field persistence of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in different crops. BioControl, 53 (4): 627-641.
  • TAGEM, 2008. Zirai Mücadele Teknik Talimatları Cilt 2. Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara, 260 s (in Turkish).
  • TAGEM, 2011. Pamuk Entegre Mücadele Teknik Talimatı. Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara,101 s (in Turkish).
  • Ünlü, L. & S. Kornoşor, 2003. Şanlıurfa ilinde saptanan Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) familyası türleri ve morfolojik özellikleri. Harran Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 7 (3-4): 19-28 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
  • Waage, J. K. & D. J. Greathead, 1988. Biological control: challenges and opportunities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences, 318 (1189): 111-128.
  • Wang, Y. & R. Gaugler, 1998. Host and penetration site location by entomopathogenic nematodes against Japanese beetle larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 72 (3): 313-318.
  • Waterhouse, D. F. & K. R. Norris, 1987. Biological Control: Pacific Prospects. Melbourne, Inkata Press, 454 pp.
  • Yağcı, M., C. Yücel, F. D. Erdoğuş, G. Benk & İ. Kepenekci, 2022. Biological control potential of local entomopathogenic nematodes against the different stage larvae of cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 32 (1): 59 (1-8).
  • Yıldırım, E. M. & H. Başpınar, 2008, Aydın ili çilek alanlarında saptanan Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) familyası türleri, yayılışı, zararı ve popülasyon dalgalanmaları üzerinde çalışmalar. ADÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 5 (2): 115-121 (in Turkish with abstract in English).
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Nematology, Entomology in Agriculture
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Esra Partal 0000-0002-8754-8145

Galip Kaşkavalcı 0000-0001-9281-4703

Publication Date
Submission Date May 1, 2024
Acceptance Date June 20, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 48 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Partal, E., & Kaşkavalcı, G. (n.d.). Determination of the efficacy of some entomopathogenic nematodes on Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in laboratory conditions. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 48(3), 251-259. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1474895
AMA Partal E, Kaşkavalcı G. Determination of the efficacy of some entomopathogenic nematodes on Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in laboratory conditions. TED. 48(3):251-259. doi:10.16970/entoted.1474895
Chicago Partal, Esra, and Galip Kaşkavalcı. “Determination of the Efficacy of Some Entomopathogenic Nematodes on Spodoptera Littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Laboratory Conditions”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 48, no. 3 n.d.: 251-59. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1474895.
EndNote Partal E, Kaşkavalcı G Determination of the efficacy of some entomopathogenic nematodes on Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in laboratory conditions. Turkish Journal of Entomology 48 3 251–259.
IEEE E. Partal and G. Kaşkavalcı, “Determination of the efficacy of some entomopathogenic nematodes on Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in laboratory conditions”, TED, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 251–259, doi: 10.16970/entoted.1474895.
ISNAD Partal, Esra - Kaşkavalcı, Galip. “Determination of the Efficacy of Some Entomopathogenic Nematodes on Spodoptera Littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Laboratory Conditions”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 48/3 (n.d.), 251-259. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1474895.
JAMA Partal E, Kaşkavalcı G. Determination of the efficacy of some entomopathogenic nematodes on Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in laboratory conditions. TED.;48:251–259.
MLA Partal, Esra and Galip Kaşkavalcı. “Determination of the Efficacy of Some Entomopathogenic Nematodes on Spodoptera Littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Laboratory Conditions”. Turkish Journal of Entomology, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 251-9, doi:10.16970/entoted.1474895.
Vancouver Partal E, Kaşkavalcı G. Determination of the efficacy of some entomopathogenic nematodes on Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in laboratory conditions. TED. 48(3):251-9.