Research Article
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Year 2018, Volume: 52 Issue: 2, 99 - 104, 01.05.2018

Abstract

References

  • 1. Cevik P, Eraslan O. Effects of the addition of titanium dioxide and silaned silica nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicones. J Prosthodont 2017; 26: 611-5. 2. dos Santos DM, Goiato MC, Sinhoreti MA, Moreno A, Dekon SF, Haddad MF, Pesqueira AA. Influence of natural weathering on colour stability of materials used for facial prosthesis. J Med Eng Technol 2012; 36: 267-70. 3. Akash RN, Guttal SS. Effect of incorporation of nano-oxides on color stability of maxillofacial silicone elastomer subjected to outdoor weathering. J Prosthodont 2015; 24: 569-75. 4. Akay C, Cevik P, Karakis D, Sevim H. In vitro cytotoxicity of maxillofacial silicone elastomers: Effect of nano-particles. J Prosthodont 2018; 27: 584-7. 5. Goiato MC, Pesqueira AA, Ramos da Silva C, Gennari Filho H, Micheline Dos Santos D. Patient satisfaction with maxillofacial prosthesis. Literature review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009; 62: 175-80. 6. Hatamleh MM, Haylock C, Watson J, Watts DC. Maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation in the uk: A survey of maxillofacial prosthetists’ and technologists’ attitudes and opinions. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 39: 1186-92. 7. Han Y, Kiat-amnuay S, Powers JM, Zhao Y. Effect of nano-oxide concentration on the mechanical properties of a maxillofacial silicone elastomer. J Prosthet Dent 2008; 100: 465-73. 8. O’Brein WJ. Dental materials and their selection. Michigan: Quintessence Publishing, 2002, p.23. 9. Polyzois GL, Tarantili PA, Frangou MJ, Andreopoulos AG. Physical properties of a silicone prosthetic elastomer stored in simulated skin secretions. J Prosthet Dent 2000; 83: 572-7. 10. Dootz ER, Koran A, 3rd, Craig RG. Physical properties of three maxillofacial materials as a function of accelerated aging. J Prosthet Dent 1994; 71: 379-83. 11. Veres EM, Wolfaardt JF, Becker PJ. An evaluation of the surface characteristics of a facial prosthetic elastomer. Part I: Review of the literature on the surface characteristics of dental materials with maxillofacial prosthetic application. J Prosthet Dent 1990; 63: 193-7. 12. Polyzois GL. A study of the effect of crosslinking of hydroxyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Wales, 1987. 13. Hatamleh MM, Polyzois GL, Silikas N, Watts DC. Effect of extraoral aging conditions on mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicone elastomer. J Prosthodont 2011; 20: 439-46. 14. Haug SP, Andres CJ, Munoz CA, Okamura M. Effects of environmental factors on maxillofacial elastomers: Part III--physical properties. J Prosthet Dent 1992; 68: 644-51. 15. Haug SP, Moore BK, Andres CJ. Color stability and colorant effect on maxillofacial elastomers. Part II: Weathering effect on physical properties. J Prosthet Dent 1999; 81: 423-30. 16. Wiens JP. A comparative study of selected elastomers subjected to accelerated and outdoor weathering. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1980. 17. Polyzois GL, Eleni PN, Krokida MK. Effect of time passage on some physical properties of silicone maxillofacial elastomers. J Craniofac Surg 2011; 22: 1617-21. 18. Chen MS, Udagama A, Drane JB. Evaluation of facial prostheses for head and neck cancer patients. J Prosthet Dent 1981; 46: 538-44. 19. Hooper SM, Westcott T, Evans PL, Bocca AP, Jagger DC. Implant-supported facial prostheses provided by a maxillofacial unit in a U.K. Regional hospital: Longevity and patient opinions. J Prosthodont 2005; 14: 32-8. 20. Jani RM, Schaaf NG. An evaluation of facial prostheses. J Prosthet Dent 1978; 39: 546-50. 21. Jebreil K. Accetability of orbital prostheses. J Prosthet Dent 1980; 43: 82-5. 22. Visser A, Raghoebar GM, van Oort RP, Vissink A. Fate of implant-retained craniofacial prostheses: Life span and aftercare. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2008; 23: 89-98. 23. Hulterstrom AK, Ruyter IE. Changes in appearance of silicone elastomers for maxillofacial prostheses as a result of aging. Int J Prosthodont 1999; 12: 498-504. 24. Montgomery PC, Kiat-Amnuay S. Survey of currently used materials for fabrication of extraoral maxillofacial prostheses in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. J Prosthodont 2010; 19: 482-90. 25. Polyzois G, Lyons K. Monitoring shore a hardness of silicone facial elastomers: The effect of natural aging and silicone type after 1 year. J Craniofac Surg 2014; 25: 1217-21. 26. Conroy B, Haylock C, Hulterstrom AK, Pratt G, Winter RW. Report of a four year research and development programme involving the institute of maxillofacial technology and the university of wales institute of science and technology aimed at the production of a new facial prosthetic system. Proc Inst Maxillofac Technol 1979; 218–45. 27. Al-Harbi FA, Ayad NM, Saber MA, ArRejaie AS, Morgano SM. Mechanical behavior and color change of facial prosthetic elastomers after outdoor weathering in a hot and humid climate. J Prosthet Dent 2015; 113: 146-151. 28. Aziz T, Waters M, Jagger R. Development of a new poly(dimethylsiloxane) maxillofacial prosthetic material. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2003; 65: 252-61. 29. Andreopoulos AG, Evangelatou M, Tarantili PA. Properties of maxillofacial silicone elastomers reinforced with silica powder. J Biomater Appl 1998; 13: 66-73. 30. Karayazgan-Saracoğlu B. Silika ile güçlendirilmiş maksillofasiyal silikon elastomerlerin fiziksel özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. Cumhuriyet Dent J 2010; 13: 34-9. 31. Frogley MD, Ravich D, Wagner HD. Mechanical properties of carbon nanoparticle-reinforced elastomers. Comp Sci Technol 2003; 63: 1647-54. 32. Watson S, Beydoun D, Scott J. Preparation of nanosized crystalline TİO2 particles at low temperature for photocatalysis. J Nano Res 2004; 6: 193-207. 33. Mirabedini SM, Mohseni M, PazokiFard SH, Esfandeh M. Effect of TİO2 on the mechanical and adhesion properties of rtv silicone elastomer coatings. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008; 317: 80-6. 34. Bankoglu M, Oral I, Gul EB, Yilmaz H. Influence of pigments and pigmenting methods on color stability of different silicone maxillofacial elastomers after 1-year dark storage. J Craniofac Surg 2013; 24: 720-4. 35. Takamata T, Moore BK, Chalian VA. Evaluation of color changes of silicone maxillofacial materials after exposure to sunlight. Dent Mater J 1989; 8: 260-70. 36. Hatamleh MM, Watts DC. Effect of extraoral aging conditions on color stability of maxillofacial silicone elastomer. J Prosthodont 2010; 19: 536-43. 37. Guiotti AM, Goiato MC, dos Santos DM. Evaluation of the shore a hardness of silicone for facial prosthesis as to the effect of storage period and chemical disinfection. J Craniofac Surg 2010; 21: 323-7. 38. Pieter G, Jacques S. Oxygen uptake measurements to identify the cause of unexpected differences between accelerated and outdoor weathering. Angew Makromol Chem 1998; 261-262: 77-82. 39. Mouzakis DE, Papadopoulos TD, Polyzois GL, Griniari PG. Dynamic mechanical properties of a maxillofacial silicone elastomer incorporating a ZnO additive: The effect of artificial aging. J Craniofac Surg 2010; 21: 1867-71. 40. Lai JH, Hodges JS. Effects of processing parameters on physical properties of the silicone maxillofacial prosthetic materials. Dent Mater 1999; 15: 450-5. 41. Raptis CN, Yu R, Knapp JG. Properties of silicone maxillofacial elastomer processed in stone and metal. J Prosthet Dent 1980; 44: 447-50.

Evaluation of Shore A hardness of maxillofacial silicones: the effect of dark storage and nanoparticles

Year 2018, Volume: 52 Issue: 2, 99 - 104, 01.05.2018

Abstract

DOI: 10.26650/eor.2018.469


Purpose



Little has been reported how the addition
of nanoparticles could affect the hardness of maxillofacial silicones. The
purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different types of
nanoparticle additives and dark storage for 2-years on the Shore A hardness of
two types of maxillofacial silicone elastomers.



Materials and Methods



A-2000 and A-2006 Room Temperature
Vulcanized (RTV) silicone elastomers were tested in this study. Silaned silica,
fumed silica and titanium dioxide nanoparticles at concentrations of 10% by
volume were used as fillers for the maxillofacial silicone elastomers. A total
of 64 silicone specimens were fabricated, which includes 8 samples, 30 x 10 mm
in size, from each silicone elastomers for each subgroup and also controls.
After the initial Shore A hardness measurements, specimens were kept in dark
conditions at room temperature for 2 years. The final measurements were then
taken from the silicone specimens. All data were statistically analyzed.



Results



For both types of silicones, there was
statistically significant differences among study groups (p<0.001). Fumed
silica group showed the lowest hardness values in A-2000 after storage.
However, no significant difference was observed between control and fumed silica
groups. Control group showed the lowest hardness values in A-2006, while the
highest hardness values were found in fumed silica group; there was no
significant difference between silica and silane groups.



Conclusion



Shore A values of the specimens were within
the acceptable range for the maxillofacial silicones after aging. Nanoparticle
addition did not prevent hardening of the silicone elastomers with time. 

References

  • 1. Cevik P, Eraslan O. Effects of the addition of titanium dioxide and silaned silica nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicones. J Prosthodont 2017; 26: 611-5. 2. dos Santos DM, Goiato MC, Sinhoreti MA, Moreno A, Dekon SF, Haddad MF, Pesqueira AA. Influence of natural weathering on colour stability of materials used for facial prosthesis. J Med Eng Technol 2012; 36: 267-70. 3. Akash RN, Guttal SS. Effect of incorporation of nano-oxides on color stability of maxillofacial silicone elastomer subjected to outdoor weathering. J Prosthodont 2015; 24: 569-75. 4. Akay C, Cevik P, Karakis D, Sevim H. In vitro cytotoxicity of maxillofacial silicone elastomers: Effect of nano-particles. J Prosthodont 2018; 27: 584-7. 5. Goiato MC, Pesqueira AA, Ramos da Silva C, Gennari Filho H, Micheline Dos Santos D. Patient satisfaction with maxillofacial prosthesis. Literature review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009; 62: 175-80. 6. Hatamleh MM, Haylock C, Watson J, Watts DC. Maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation in the uk: A survey of maxillofacial prosthetists’ and technologists’ attitudes and opinions. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010; 39: 1186-92. 7. Han Y, Kiat-amnuay S, Powers JM, Zhao Y. Effect of nano-oxide concentration on the mechanical properties of a maxillofacial silicone elastomer. J Prosthet Dent 2008; 100: 465-73. 8. O’Brein WJ. Dental materials and their selection. Michigan: Quintessence Publishing, 2002, p.23. 9. Polyzois GL, Tarantili PA, Frangou MJ, Andreopoulos AG. Physical properties of a silicone prosthetic elastomer stored in simulated skin secretions. J Prosthet Dent 2000; 83: 572-7. 10. Dootz ER, Koran A, 3rd, Craig RG. Physical properties of three maxillofacial materials as a function of accelerated aging. J Prosthet Dent 1994; 71: 379-83. 11. Veres EM, Wolfaardt JF, Becker PJ. An evaluation of the surface characteristics of a facial prosthetic elastomer. Part I: Review of the literature on the surface characteristics of dental materials with maxillofacial prosthetic application. J Prosthet Dent 1990; 63: 193-7. 12. Polyzois GL. A study of the effect of crosslinking of hydroxyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Wales, 1987. 13. Hatamleh MM, Polyzois GL, Silikas N, Watts DC. Effect of extraoral aging conditions on mechanical properties of maxillofacial silicone elastomer. J Prosthodont 2011; 20: 439-46. 14. Haug SP, Andres CJ, Munoz CA, Okamura M. Effects of environmental factors on maxillofacial elastomers: Part III--physical properties. J Prosthet Dent 1992; 68: 644-51. 15. Haug SP, Moore BK, Andres CJ. Color stability and colorant effect on maxillofacial elastomers. Part II: Weathering effect on physical properties. J Prosthet Dent 1999; 81: 423-30. 16. Wiens JP. A comparative study of selected elastomers subjected to accelerated and outdoor weathering. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1980. 17. Polyzois GL, Eleni PN, Krokida MK. Effect of time passage on some physical properties of silicone maxillofacial elastomers. J Craniofac Surg 2011; 22: 1617-21. 18. Chen MS, Udagama A, Drane JB. Evaluation of facial prostheses for head and neck cancer patients. J Prosthet Dent 1981; 46: 538-44. 19. Hooper SM, Westcott T, Evans PL, Bocca AP, Jagger DC. Implant-supported facial prostheses provided by a maxillofacial unit in a U.K. Regional hospital: Longevity and patient opinions. J Prosthodont 2005; 14: 32-8. 20. Jani RM, Schaaf NG. An evaluation of facial prostheses. J Prosthet Dent 1978; 39: 546-50. 21. Jebreil K. Accetability of orbital prostheses. J Prosthet Dent 1980; 43: 82-5. 22. Visser A, Raghoebar GM, van Oort RP, Vissink A. Fate of implant-retained craniofacial prostheses: Life span and aftercare. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2008; 23: 89-98. 23. Hulterstrom AK, Ruyter IE. Changes in appearance of silicone elastomers for maxillofacial prostheses as a result of aging. Int J Prosthodont 1999; 12: 498-504. 24. Montgomery PC, Kiat-Amnuay S. Survey of currently used materials for fabrication of extraoral maxillofacial prostheses in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. J Prosthodont 2010; 19: 482-90. 25. Polyzois G, Lyons K. Monitoring shore a hardness of silicone facial elastomers: The effect of natural aging and silicone type after 1 year. J Craniofac Surg 2014; 25: 1217-21. 26. Conroy B, Haylock C, Hulterstrom AK, Pratt G, Winter RW. Report of a four year research and development programme involving the institute of maxillofacial technology and the university of wales institute of science and technology aimed at the production of a new facial prosthetic system. Proc Inst Maxillofac Technol 1979; 218–45. 27. Al-Harbi FA, Ayad NM, Saber MA, ArRejaie AS, Morgano SM. Mechanical behavior and color change of facial prosthetic elastomers after outdoor weathering in a hot and humid climate. J Prosthet Dent 2015; 113: 146-151. 28. Aziz T, Waters M, Jagger R. Development of a new poly(dimethylsiloxane) maxillofacial prosthetic material. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2003; 65: 252-61. 29. Andreopoulos AG, Evangelatou M, Tarantili PA. Properties of maxillofacial silicone elastomers reinforced with silica powder. J Biomater Appl 1998; 13: 66-73. 30. Karayazgan-Saracoğlu B. Silika ile güçlendirilmiş maksillofasiyal silikon elastomerlerin fiziksel özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. Cumhuriyet Dent J 2010; 13: 34-9. 31. Frogley MD, Ravich D, Wagner HD. Mechanical properties of carbon nanoparticle-reinforced elastomers. Comp Sci Technol 2003; 63: 1647-54. 32. Watson S, Beydoun D, Scott J. Preparation of nanosized crystalline TİO2 particles at low temperature for photocatalysis. J Nano Res 2004; 6: 193-207. 33. Mirabedini SM, Mohseni M, PazokiFard SH, Esfandeh M. Effect of TİO2 on the mechanical and adhesion properties of rtv silicone elastomer coatings. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008; 317: 80-6. 34. Bankoglu M, Oral I, Gul EB, Yilmaz H. Influence of pigments and pigmenting methods on color stability of different silicone maxillofacial elastomers after 1-year dark storage. J Craniofac Surg 2013; 24: 720-4. 35. Takamata T, Moore BK, Chalian VA. Evaluation of color changes of silicone maxillofacial materials after exposure to sunlight. Dent Mater J 1989; 8: 260-70. 36. Hatamleh MM, Watts DC. Effect of extraoral aging conditions on color stability of maxillofacial silicone elastomer. J Prosthodont 2010; 19: 536-43. 37. Guiotti AM, Goiato MC, dos Santos DM. Evaluation of the shore a hardness of silicone for facial prosthesis as to the effect of storage period and chemical disinfection. J Craniofac Surg 2010; 21: 323-7. 38. Pieter G, Jacques S. Oxygen uptake measurements to identify the cause of unexpected differences between accelerated and outdoor weathering. Angew Makromol Chem 1998; 261-262: 77-82. 39. Mouzakis DE, Papadopoulos TD, Polyzois GL, Griniari PG. Dynamic mechanical properties of a maxillofacial silicone elastomer incorporating a ZnO additive: The effect of artificial aging. J Craniofac Surg 2010; 21: 1867-71. 40. Lai JH, Hodges JS. Effects of processing parameters on physical properties of the silicone maxillofacial prosthetic materials. Dent Mater 1999; 15: 450-5. 41. Raptis CN, Yu R, Knapp JG. Properties of silicone maxillofacial elastomer processed in stone and metal. J Prosthet Dent 1980; 44: 447-50.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Original Research Articles
Authors

Pınar Çevik

Publication Date May 1, 2018
Submission Date May 22, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 52 Issue: 2

Cite

EndNote Çevik P (May 1, 2018) Evaluation of Shore A hardness of maxillofacial silicones: the effect of dark storage and nanoparticles. European Oral Research 52 2 99–104.