The Role of Economic Factors in Turkey's Carbon Neutrality Target

Year 2023, , 102 - 129, 31.03.2023

Münevvere Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1207540

Cited By: 3

Abstract

Environmental degradation, which has increased in recent years, adversely affects the lives of many living beings in the world. While countries are increasing their level of prosperity, they often ignore the damage they cause to the world. However, climate change and extraordinary weather events that have left their mark on the last decade have once again revealed the seriousness of the problem. Undoubtedly, one of the most important reasons for this situation is the economic activities of the countries. In this context, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of economic growth and financial development on carbon neutrality in Turkey. In the analyses carried out with the data of the 1980-2020 period, the ARDL boundary testing was used to determine the cointegration relationship. FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR cointegration regressions were applied to check the robustness of long-term estimates of the ARDL test. According to the short- and long-term coefficient estimates, both financial development and economic growth positively affect carbon neutrality and prevent Turkey from achieving its carbon neutrality target for 2050. In addition, the validity of the EKC hypothesis for Turkey has been demonstrated. The results of the causality test show the presence of bidirectional causality between all variables in the short and long term. The study provides suggestions for policymakers by contributing to the carbon neutrality literature in Turkey.

Keywords

Carbon Neutrality, Financial Development, Economic Growth, ARDL

Türkiye’nin Karbon Nötrlüğü Hedefinde Ekonomik Faktörlerin Rolü

Abstract

Son yıllarda artış gösteren çevresel bozulmalar, dünyada pek çok canlının hayatını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Ülkeler refah düzeylerini artırırken, dünyaya verdikleri zararı çoğu zaman göz ardı etmektedirler. Ancak son on yıla damgasını vuran iklim değişikliği ve sıra dışı hava olayları sorunun ciddiyetini bir kez daha gözler önüne sermiştir. Şüphesiz bu durumun en önemli sebeplerinden birisi ülkelerin ekonomik faaliyetleridir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada Türkiye’de ekonomik büyüme ve finansal gelişmenin karbon nötrlüğü üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. 1980-2020 dönemi verileri ile gerçekleştirilen analizlerde eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin tespit edilmesi amacıyla ARDL sınır testi kullanılmıştır. ARDL testi uzun dönem tahminlerinin sağlamlık kontrolü için FMOLS, DOLS ve CCR eşbütünleşme regresyonları uygulanmıştır. Uzun ve kısa dönem katsayı tahminlerine göre hem finansal gelişme hem de ekonomik büyüme karbon nötrlüğünü pozitif yönde etkilemekte ve Türkiye’nin 2050 yılı karbon nötrlüğü hedefine ulaşmasını engellemektedir. Ayrıca Türkiye için EKC hipotezinin geçerliliği ortaya konulmuştur. Nedensellik testi sonuçları kısa ve uzun dönemde tüm değişkenler arasında çift yönlü nedenselliğin varlığını göstermektedir. Çalışma, Türkiye’de karbon nötrlüğü literatürüne katkı sağlayarak politika yapıcılar için öneriler sunmaktadır.

Keywords

ARDL, Karbon Nötrlüğü, Finansal Gelişme, Ekonomik Büyüme

References

• Abid, A., Mehmood, U., Tariq, S. and Haq, Z.U. (2022). The effect of technological innovation, FDI, and financial development on CO2 emission: Evidence from the G8 countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 11654–11662. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-15993-x
• Acheampong, A.O. (2019). Modelling for insight: Does financial development improve environmental quality? Energy Economics, 83, 156-179. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2019.06.025
• Adebayo, T.S, Agyekum, B.E., Kamel, S., Zawbaa, H.M. and Altuntaş, M. (2022). Drivers of environmental degradation in Turkey: Designing an SDG framework through advanced quantile approaches. Energy Reports, 8(29), 2008-2021. doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.020
• Adebayo, T.S., Kirikkaleli, D., Adesholac, I., Oluwajanad, D., Akinsolae, G.D. and Osemeahonf, O.S. (2021). Coal consumption and environmental sustainability in South Africa: The role of financial development and globalization. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 10(3), 527-536. doi: 10.14710/ijred.2020.34982
• Akca, H. (2021). Environmental Kuznets Curve and financial development in Turkey: Evidence from augmented ARDL approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 69149–69159. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-15417-w
• Alam, K.M., Li, X., Baig, S., Ghanem, O. and Hanif, S. (2021). Causality between transportation infrastructure and economic development in Pakistan: An ARDL analysis. Research in Transportation Economics, 88, 100974. doi:10.1016/j.retrec.2020.100974
• Anwar, A., Sinha, A., Sharif, A., Siddique, M., Irshad, S., Anwar, W. and Malik, S. (2022). The nexus between urbanization, renewable energy consumption, financial development, and CO2 emissions: Evidence from selected Asian countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24(5), 6556–6576. doi:10.1007/s10668-021-01716-2
• Aslan, A., Altinoz, B. and Polat Atay, M. (2021). The nexus among climate change, economic growth, foreign direct investments, and financial development: New evidence from N-11 countries. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 40(3), e13585. doi:10.1002/ep.13585
• Aydın, M. (2020). Askeri harcamalar, ekonomik büyüme ve çevre kirliliği arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye için yapısal kırılmalı nedensellik testinden kanıtlar. Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 261-275. doi:10.30784/epfad.710276
• Baydoun, H. and Aga, M. (2021). The effect of energy consumption and economic growth on environmental sustainability in the GCC countries: Does financial development matter? Energies, 14, 5897. doi:10.3390/en14185897
• Cao, H., Khan, M.K., Rehman, A., Dagar, V., Oryani, B. and Tanveer, A. (2022). Impact of globalization, institutional quality, economic growth, electricity and renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide emission in OECD countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 24191–24202. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-17076-3
• CAT. (2022). Climate action tracker. Retrieved from https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/turkey/policies-action/
• Cetin, M., Ecevit, E. and Yucel, A.G. (2018). Structural breaks, urbanization and CO2 emissions: Evidence from Turkey. Journal of Applied Economics and Business Research (JAEBR), 8(2), 122-139. Retrieved from http://www.aebrjournal.org/
• Chunyu, L., Zain-ul-Abidin, S., Majeed, W. Raza, S.M.F. and Ahmad, I. (2021) The non-linear relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, financial development and energy consumption in developing European and Central Asian economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 63330–63345. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-15225-2
• Churchill, S.A., Inekwe, J., Ivanovskic, K. and Smyth, R. (2019). Dynamics of oil price, precious metal prices and the exchange rate in the long-run. Energy Economics, 84, 104508. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2019.104508
• Çetin, M., Aslan, A. and Sarıgül, S.S. (2022). Analysis of the dynamics of environmental degradation for 18 upper middle-income countries: The role of financial development. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 64647–64664. doi:10.1007/s11356-022-20290-2
• Çetin, M. and Ecevit, E. (2015). Urbanization, energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Sub-Saharan countries: A panel cointegration and causality analysis. Journal of Economics and Development Studies, 3(2), 66-76. doi:10.15640/jeds.v3n2a7
• Çetin, M., Kırcı, B., Saygın, S. ve Alaşahan, Y. (2018). Ekonomik büyüme, finansal gelişme, enerji tüketimi ve dış ticaretin çevre kirliliği üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye ekonomisi için bir nedensellik analizi (1960-2013). Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(13), 26-43. Erişim adresi: http://acikerisim.nku.edu.tr
• Çetin, M., Saygın, S. ve Demir, H. (2020). Tarım sektörünün çevre kirliliği üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye ekonomisi için bir eşbütünleşme ve nedensellik analizi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(3), 329-345. doi:10.33462/jotaf.678764
• Çetin, M., Seker, F. and Cavlak, H. (2015). The impact of trade openness on environmental pollution: A panel cointegration and causality analysis. E. Sorhun, Ü. Hacıoğlu and H. Dinçer (Eds.), Regional economic integration and the global financial system (pp. 221-232). doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-7308-3.ch017
• Çetin, M. ve Yüksel, Ö. (2018). Türkiye ekonomisinde enerji tüketiminin karbon emisyonu üzerindeki etkisi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 169-186. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.409119
• Çıraklı, Ü. (2019). Türkiye’de ekonomik göstergeler ile intihar hızı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Ekonometrik bir analiz. Sağlık ve Hemşirelik Yönetimi Dergisi, 3(6), 218-227. doi:10.5222/ shyd.2019.92053
• Demir, S., Demir, H., Karaduman, C. and Cetin, M. (2023). Environmental quality and health expenditures efficiency in Türkiye: The role of natural resources. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 15170–15185. doi:10.1007/s11356-022-23187-2
• Dickey, D.A. and Fuller, W.A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49, 1057-1072. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912517
• Doğanlar, M., Mike, F., Kızılkaya, O. and Karlılar, S. (2021). Testing the long-run effects of economic growth, financial development and energy consumption on CO2 emissions in Turkey: New evidence from RALS cointegration test. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 32554–32563. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-12661-y
• Dong, F., Li, Y., Gao, Y., Zhu, J., Qin, C. and Zhang, X. (2022). Energy transition and carbon neutrality: Exploring the non-linear impact of renewable energy development on carbon emission efficiency in developed countries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 177. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106002
• Engle, R.F. and Granger, C.W.J. (1987). Cointegration and error correction: Representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55 (2), 251-276. doi:10.2307/1913236
• Eren, B.M., Katircioglu, S. and Gokmenoglu, K.K. (2022). The moderating role of informal economy on financial development induced EKC hypothesis in Turkey. Energy & Environment, 33(6), 1203–1226. doi:10.1177/0958305X211070775
• Farooq, A., Anwar, A., Ahad, M., Shabbir, G. and Imran, Z.A. (2021). A validity of environmental Kuznets curve under the role of urbanization, financial development index and foreign direct investment in Pakistan. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-10-2021-0219
• Gokmenoglu, K.K., Taspinar, N. and Rahman, M.M. (2021). Military expenditure, financial development and environmental degradation in Turkey: A comparison of CO2 emissions and ecological footprint. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 26(1), 986-997. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1831
• Gözbaşı, O., Altınöz, B. and Öcal, O. (2021). The effect of financial development, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and international tourism on greenhouse gas emission in high-income countries from different continents. Journal of Research in Economics, Politics & Finance, 6(2), 371-384. doi:10.30784/epfad.959039
• Grainger, A. and Smith, G. (2021). The role of low carbon and high carbon materials in carbon neutrality science and carbon economics. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 49, 164–189. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2021.06.006
• Grossman, G.M. and Krueger, A.B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement (NBER Working Paper No. 3914). Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/ w3914
• Hung, N.T., Trang, N.T. and Thang, N.T. (2022). Quantile relationship between globalization, financial development, economic growth, and carbon emissions: Evidence from Vietnam. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 60098–60116. doi:10.1007/s11356-022-20126-z
• Karaaslan, A. and Çamkaya, S. (2022). The relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, health expenditure, and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption: Empirical evidence from Turkey. Renewable Energy, 190, 457-466. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.139
• Khan, S., Khan, M.K. and Muhammad, B. (2021). Impact of financial development and energy consumption on environmental degradation in 184 countries using a dynamic panel model. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 9542–9557. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-11239-4
• Kılavuz, E. and Doğan, İ. (2021). Economic growth, openness, industry and CO2 modelling: Are regulatory policies important in Turkish economies? International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 16(2), 476–487. doi:10.1093/ijlct/ctaa070
• Kihombo, S., Ahmed, Z., Chen, S., Adebayo, T.S. and Kirikkaleli, D. (2021). Linking financial development, economic growth, and ecological footprint: What is the role of technological innovation? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 61235–61245. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-14993-1
• Kirikkaleli, D., Güngör, H. and Adebayo, T.S. (2022). Consumption-based carbon emissions, renewable energy consumption, financial development and economic growth in Chile. Business Strategy and the Environment, 31(3), 1123-1137. doi:10.1002/bse.2945
• Lahiani, A., Mefteh-Wali, S., Shahbaz, M. and Vo, X.V. (2021). Does financial development influence renewable energy consumption to achieve carbon neutrality in the USA? Energy Policy, 158, 112524. doi:10.1016/J.ENPOL.2021.112524
• Liu, X., Wahab, S., Hussain, M., Sun, Y. and Kirikkaleli, D. (2021). China carbon neutrality target: Revisiting FDI-trade-innovation nexus with carbon emissions. Journal of Environmental Management, 294, 113043. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113043
• Malik, M.A. (2021). Economic growth, energy consumption, and environmental quality nexus in Turkey: Evidence from simultaneous equation models. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(31), 41988-41999. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-13468-7
• Menegaki, A.N. (2019). The ARDL method in the energy-growth nexus field; best implementation strategies. Economies, 7(4), 105.doi:10.3390/economies7040105
• Murshed, M., Mahmood, H., Ahmad, P., Rehman, A. and Alam, M.S. (2022). Pathways to Argentina's 2050 carbon-neutrality agenda: The roles of renewable energy transition and trade globalization. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(20), 29949–29966. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-17903-7
• Narayan, P.K. (2005). The saving and investment nexus for China: Evidence from cointegration tests. Applied Economics, 37(17), 1979-1990. doi:10.1080/00036840500278103
• Nazir, M.I., Nazir, M.R., Hashmi, S.H. and Ali, Z. (2018). Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for Pakistan: Empirical evidence form ARDL bound testing and causality approach. International Journal of Green Energy, 15(14-15), 947-957. doi:10.1080/15435075.2018.1529590
• Nosheen, M., Iqbal, J. and Khan, H.U. (2021). Analyzing the linkage among CO2 emissions, economic growth, tourism, and energy consumption in the Asian economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 16707–16719 (2021). doi:10.1007/s11356-020-11759-z
• Nurgazina, Z., Ullah, A., Ali, U., Koondhar, M.A. and Lu, Q. (2021). The impact of economic growth, energy consumption, trade openness, and financial development on carbon emissions: Empirical evidence from Malaysia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 60195–60208. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-14930-2
• Ohajionu, U.C., Gyamfi, B.A., Haseki, M.I. and Bekun, F.V. (2022). Assessing the linkage between energy consumption, financial development, tourism and environment: Evidence from method of moments quantile regression. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 30004–30018. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-17920-6
• Ozturk, I. and Acaravci, A. (2010). The causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP in Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania: Evidence from ARDL bound testing approach. Applied Energy, 87, 1938–1943. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.10.010
• Ozturk, I. and Acaravci, A. (2013). The long-run and causal analysis of energy, growth, openness and financial development on carbon emissions in Turkey. Energy Economy, 36, 262–67. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.025
• Ozturk, S., Cetin, M. and Demir, H. (2022). Income inequality and CO2 emissions: Nonlinear evidence from Turkey. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24, 11911–11928. doi:10.1007/s10668-021-01922-y
• Öcal, O., Altınöz, B. and Aslan, A. (2020). The effects of economic growth and energy consumption on ecological footprint and carbon emissions: Evidence from Turkey. Journal of Research in Economics, Politics & Finance, 5(3), 667-681. doi:10.30784/epfad.773461
• Özdemir, B.K. ve Koç, K. (2020). Türkiye’de karbon emisyonları, yenilenebilir enerji ve ekonomik büyüme. Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(1), 66-86. doi:10.18354/esam.665191
• Panayotou, T. (2003). Economics growth and environment. Economic Survey of Europe, 2, 45-72. Retrived from https://unece.org/
• Park, J. (1992). Canonical cointegrating regressions. Econometrica, 60, 119-143. doi:10.2307/2951679
• Pejović, B., Karadžić, V., Dragašević, Z. and Backović, T. (2021). Economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the countries of the European Union and the Western Balkans. Energy Reports, 7, 2775-2783. doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2021.05.011
• Pesaran, M. and Shin, Y. (1999). An autoregressive distributed lag modeling approach to cointegration analysis. In S. Strom (Ed.), Econometrics and economic theory in the 20th century: The Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium (pp. 371-413). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R.J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/
• Phillips, P. and Hansen, B. (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I(1) processes. Review of Economic Studies, 57, 99-125. doi:10.2307/2297545
• Phillips, P.C.B. and Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regressions. Biometrika, 75, 335-346. doi:10.2307/2336182
• Qashou, Y., Samour, A. and Abumunshar, M. (2022). Does the real estate market and renewable energy induce carbon dioxide emissions? Novel evidence from Turkey. Energies, 15, 763. doi:10.3390/en15030763
• Qin, L., Hou, Y., Miao, X., Zhang, X., Rahim, S. and Kirikkaleli, D. (2021). Revisiting financial development and renewable energy electricity role in attaining China's carbon neutrality target. Journal of Environmental Management, 297, 113335. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113335
• Qudrat-Ullah, H. and Nevo, C.M. (2022). Analysis of the dynamic relationships among renewable energy consumption, economic growth, financial development, and carbon dioxide emission in five Sub-Saharan African countries. Energies, 15, 5953. doi:10.3390/en15165953
• Raheem, I.D., Tiwari, A.K. and Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2020). The role of ICT and financial development in CO2 emissions and economic growth. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 1912–1922. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-06590-0
• Rahman, M.M. and Alam, K. (2022). CO2 emissions in Asia–Pacific region: Do energy use, economic growth, financial development, and international trade have detrimental effects? Sustainability, 14, 5420. doi:10.3390/su14095420
• Rjoub, H., Odugbesan, J.A., Adebayo, T.S. and Wong,W.-K. (2021). Sustainability of the moderating role of financial development in the determinants of environmental degradation: Evidence from Turkey. Sustainability, 13, 1844. doi:10.3390/su13041844
• Safi, A., Chen, Y., Wahab, S., Ali, S., Yi, X. and Imran, M. (2021). Financial instability and consumption-based carbon emission in E-7 countries: The role of trade and economic growth. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 27, 383-391. doi:10.1016/j.spc.2020.10.034
• SEFİA Raporu. (2021). Karbon nötr Türkiye yolunda ilk adım kömürden çıkış 2030 raporu (Sürdürülebilir Ekonomi ve Finans Araştırmaları Derneği). Erişim adresi: https://sefia.org/arastirmalar/karbon-notr-turkiye-yolunda-ilk-adim-komurden-cikis-2030/
• Shafik, N. and Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992). Economic growth and environmental quality: Time series and cross- country evidence (The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 0904). Retrieved from http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/833431468739515725/pdf/multi-page.pdf
• Shan, S., Yılmaz Genç, S., Kamran, H.W. and Dinca, G. (2021). Role of green technology innovation and renewable energy in carbon neutrality: A sustainable investigation from Turkey. Journal of Environmental Management, 294, 2021, 113004. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113004
• Shi, X., Zheng, Y., Lei, Y., Xue, W., Yan, G., Liu, X., … Wang, J. (2021). Air quality benefits of achieving carbon neutrality in China. Science of the Total Environment, 795, 148784. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148784
• Stock, J. and Watson, M. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrica, 61(4), 783-820. doi:10.2307/2951763
• Su, Z. W., Umar, M., Kirikkaleli, D. and Adebayo, T. S. (2021). Role of political risk to achieve carbon neutrality: Evidence from Brazil. Journal of Environmental Management, 298, 113463. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113463
• Szymczyk, K., Şahin, D., Bağcı, H. and Kaygın, C.Y. (2021). The effect of energy usage, economic growth, and financial development on CO2 emission management: An analysis of OECD countries with a high environmental performance index. Energies, 14(15), 4671. doi:10.3390/en14154671
• Tamazian, A., Chousa, J.P. and Vadlamannati, K.C. (2009). Does higher economic and financial development lead to environmental degradation: Evidence from BRIC countries. Energy Policy, 37(1), 246-253. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.08.025
• Tan, Z., Koondhar, M.A., Nawaz, K., Malik, M.N., Khan, Z.A. and Koondhar, M.A. (2021). Foreign direct investment, financial development, energy consumption, and air quality: A way for carbon neutrality in China. Journal of Environmental Management, 299, 113572. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113572
• Terzi, H. ve Bekar, S. (2019). Türkiye’de doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, turizm ve dışa açıklık arasındaki ilişki: 1974-2014 dönemi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 20(1), 15-30. doi:10.31671/ dogus.2019.414
• Thampanya, N., Wu, J. and Cowton, C. (2021). Carbon neutrality targets, optimal environmental management strategies & the role of financial development: New evidence incorporating non-linear effects and different income levels. Journal of Environmental Management, 297, 113352. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113352
• Tirgil, A., Acar, Y. and Ozgur, O. (2021). Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve: Evidence from Turkey. Environment Development Sustainability, 23, 14585–14604. doi:10.1007/s10668-021-01259-6
• Usman, M., Jahanger, A., Makhdum, M.S.A., Balsalobre-Lorente, D. and Bashir, A. (2022). How do financial development, energy consumption, natural resources, and globalization affect Arctic countries' economic growth and environmental quality? An advanced panel data simulation. Energy, 241, 122515. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.122515
• Weili, L., Khan, H., Khan, I. and Han, L. (2022). The impact of information and communication technology, financial development, and energy consumption on carbon dioxide emission: Evidence from the Belt and Road countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 27703–27718. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-18448-5
• Xu, Y., Umar, M., Kirikkaleli, D., Adebayo, T.S. and Altuntaş, M. (2022). Carbon neutrality target in Turkey: Measuring the impact of technological innovation and structural change. Gondwana Research, 109, 429–441. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2022.04.015
• Yıldırım, A.E. and Yıldırım, M.O. (2021). Revisiting the determinants of carbon emissions for Turkey: The role of construction sector. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 42325–42338. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-13722-y