The Relationship between the Sectoral Structure of Female Employment and Economic Growth and Income Distribution in Türkiye: Empirical Evidence from Fourier-Based Cointegration and Causality Analyses

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the contribution of female labour force to the economy in a more comprehensive framework by analysing the relationship between the sectoral structure of female employment in Türkiye and economic growth and income distribution. Using data from the Turkish economy (1991–2023), the study employs FADL and RALS-FADL cointegration tests to analyze long-term relationships and the Fourier Toda-Yamamoto test to assess causality. The findings indicate significant long-run relationships between women's employment in total, services, industry, and agriculture with economic growth and income distribution. While increased female employment in all sectors improves income distribution, agricultural employment negatively impacts economic growth, and the effect of total female employment on growth remains limited. The causality analysis findings reveal that income distribution is a determining factor for female employment in the service sector and total female employment, while industrial female employment is effective on income distribution. There is also evidence that economic growth affects women's employment in the agricultural sector. These findings indicate that policies targeting female employment have sectorally differentiated impacts on economic growth and income distribution, thus underscoring the necessity for sector-specific targeted strategies.

Keywords

• Female Employment
• Sectoral Structure
• Economic Growth
• Income Distribution

Türkiye’deki Kadın İstihdamının Sektörel Yapısı ile Ekonomik Büyüme ve Gelir Dağılımı Arasındaki İlişki: Fourier Tabanlı Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Analizlerinden Ampirik Kanıtlar

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'deki kadın istihdamının sektörel yapısı ile ekonomik büyüme ve gelir dağılımı arasındaki ilişkiyi analiz ederek, kadın işgücünün ekonomiye olan katkısının daha kapsamlı bir çerçevede değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Türkiye ekonomisine ait 1991-2023 veriler kullanılarak yapılan çalışmada, değişkenler arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişkiler FADL ve RALS-FADL eşbütünleşme testleriyle, nedensellik ilişkisi ise Fourier Toda-Yamamoto testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular toplam, hizmet, sanayi ve tarım sektörlerindeki kadın istihdamı ile ekonomik büyüme ve gelir dağılımı değişkenleri arasında uzun dönemli ilişkiler bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, tüm sektörlerdeki ve toplam kadın istihdamındaki artış gelir dağılımını iyileştirirken, tarım sektöründeki kadın istihdamı ekonomik büyümeyi olumsuz etkilemekte ve toplam kadın istihdamının büyüme üzerindeki etkisi sınırlı kalmaktadır. Nedensellik analizi bulguları, gelir dağılımının hizmet sektöründe ve toplam kadın istihdamı üzerinde belirleyici bir faktör olduğunu, sanayi sektöründeki kadın istihdamının ise gelir dağılımı üzerinde etkili olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca, ekonomik büyümenin tarım sektöründeki kadın istihdamını etkilediğine dair ampirik kanıtlar elde edilmiştir. Bu bulgular, kadın istihdamına yönelik politikaların ekonomik büyüme ve gelir dağılımı üzerindeki etkilerinin sektörel düzeyde farklılık gösterdiğini ortaya koymakta olup, politika yapıcılar için sektörel bazda hedeflenmiş stratejiler geliştirilmesi gerekliliğine vurgu yapmaktadır.

Keywords

• Kadın İstihdamı
• Sektörel Yapı
• Ekonomik Büyüme
• Gelir Dağılımı

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