Küreselleşme, İnsani Gelişme ve Yozlaşmanın Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: E7 Ekonomilerinden Kanıtlar

Abstract

Bu çalışma, E7 ekonomilerinde küreselleşme, beşerî kalkınma ve yolsuzluğun ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektedir. 1995–2022 dönemine ait yıllık veriler kullanılarak, Momentler Kantil Regresyon (MMQREG) Metodu’yla büyümenin dinamik yapısı farklı koşullarda değerlendirilmiştir. Ampirik bulgular, beşerî kalkınmanın ekonomik büyüme üzerinde tüm kantillerde güçlü ve pozitif bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Küreselleşme ise ekonomik büyümeyi sadece yüksek kantillerde ve negatif etkilerken düşük ve orta düzey kantillerde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etki tespit edilmemiştir. Diğer yandan yolsuzluk algısındaki artış büyümeyi özellikle alt ve orta kantillerde daha belirgin biçimde negatif etkilerken üst kantillerde bu etkinin düzeyi oldukça azalmaktadır. Yabancı doğrudan yatırımlar ve diğer kontrol değişkenleri de kantiller arasında farklılaşan katkılar sunarak büyüme dinamiklerinin heterojen bir yapıya sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuç olarak, çalışma E7 ülkelerinde ekonomik büyüme; beşerî kalkınmanın artırılması, yolsuzlukla etkin bir mücadele, sağlıklı bir küresel entegrasyon politikası geliştirme ve teknoloji tabanlı yabancı yatırımların ülkeye çekilmesiyle mümkün olabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. MMQREG yaklaşımı ise birbirlerine yakın ekonomik büyüme düzeyine sahip ülkelerde bile politikaların etki dağılımının bağlam ve düzeye göre değişebildiğini ortaya koyarak literatüre önemli bir katkı sağlamaktadır.

Keywords

• Yolsuzluk
• İnsan Sermayesi
• Ekonomik Gelişme
• Küreselleşme
• E7 Ülkeleri

Effects of Globalization, Human Development and Corruption on Economic Growth: Evidence from E7 Economies

Abstract

This study examines the effects of globalization, human development, and corruption on economic growth in the E7 economies. Using annual data for the period 1995–2022, the Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQREG) is applied to evaluate the dynamic structure of growth under different conditions. Empirical findings indicate that human development has a strong and positive impact on economic growth across all quantiles. While globalization affects economic growth negatively only in high-growth quantiles, no statistically significant effect has been found in low- and middle-growth quantiles. In contrast, whereas the rise in corruption perception adversely affects growth more strongly in the lower and intermediate quantiles, the strength of this effect diminishes considerably in the upper quantiles. Foreign direct investment and other control variables also contribute differentially across quantiles, demonstrating a heterogeneous structure in growth dynamics. This study concludes that economic growth in the E7 nations can be attained through enhanced human development, effective anti-corruption measures, the formulation of robust global integration policies, and the attraction of technology-driven foreign investment. The MMQREG methodology significantly enhances the literature by illustrating that, even among countries with similar economic development, the distribution of policy effects can differ depending on context and level.

Keywords

• Corruption
• Human Capital
• Economic Development
• Globalization
• E7 Countries

References

1. Abedin, M.T., Sen, K.K. and Hossain, M.S. (2019). Human development and economic growth in Asia: A dynamic panel cointegration and causality analysis. International Journal of Happiness and Development, 5(2), 160-182. https://doi.org/ 10.1504/IJHD.2019.099365
2. Acemoglu, D. and Verdier, T. (1998). Property rights, corruption and the allocation of talent: A general equilibrium approach. Economic Journal, 108, 1381-1403. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2566185
3. Acheampong, A.O., Boateng, E., Amponsah, M. and Dzator, J. (2021). Revisiting the economic growth–energy consumption nexus: Does globalization matter? Energy Economics, 102, 105472. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105472
4. Aissaoui, R. and Fabian, F. (2022). Globalization, economic development, and corruption: A cross-lagged contingency perspective. Journal of International Business Policy, 5, 1-28. https://doi.org/ 10.1057/s42214-020-00091-5
5. Alfaro, L., Chanda, A., Kalemli-Ozcan, Ş. and Sayek, S. (2004) FDI and economic growth: The role of local financial markets. Journal of International Economics, 64, 89-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(03)00081-3
6. Awad, A., Yussof, I., Ismail, R. and Sarmidi, T. (2014). Economic growth and human development – what do time series data say for Sudan? Middle East Development Journal, 6(2), 151-174. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/17938120.2014.961329
7. Barro, R. and Lee, J.W. (2013). A new data set of educational attainment in the world, 1950–2010. Journal of Development Economics, 104(C), 184-198. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.10.001
8. Bayley, D.H. (1966). The effects of corruption in a developing nation. Western Political Quarterly, 19(4), 719-732. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/106591296601900410

9. Belloumi, M. and Alshehry, A.S. (2021). The causal relationships between corruption, investments and economic growth in GCC countries. SAGE Open, 11(4), 21582440211054425. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/21582440211054425
10. Beri, P.B., Mhonyera, G. and Nubong, G.F. (2022). Globalization and economic growth in Africa: New evidence from the past two decades. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 25(1), a4515. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v25i1.4515
11. Bloom, D.E., Canning, D. and Fink, G. (2014). Disease and development revisited. Journal of Political Economy, 122(6), 1355–1366. https://doi.org/ 10.1086/677189
12. Borensztein, E., De Gregorio, J. and Lee, J. W. (1998). How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth? Journal of International Economics, 45(1), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(97)00033-0
13. Chang, C.P. and Lee, C.C. (2010). Globalization and economic growth: A political economy analysis for OECD countries. Global Economic Review, 39(2), 151-173. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/1226508X.2010.483835
14. Chikalipah, S. and Makina, D. (2019). Economic growth and human development: Evidence from Zambia. Sustainable Development, 27, 1023-1033. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1953
15. Chikalipah, S. and Okafor, G. (2019). Dynamic linkage between economic growth and human development: Time series evidence from Nigeria. Journal of International Development, 31(1), 22-38. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/jid.3390
16. Costantini, V. and Monni, S. (2008). Environment, human development and economic growth. Ecological Economics, 64(4), 867–880. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.05.011
17. Didžgalvytė-Bujauskė, M., Pereira, E.T. and Osteikaitė, A. (2019). The effect of globalization for economic growth of developing countries. Applied Economics: Systematic Research, 13(1), 13–28. https://doi.org/ 10.7220/AESR.2335.8742.2019.13.1.1
18. Dreher, A. (2006). Does globalization affect growth? Evidence from a new index of globalization. Applied Economics, 38(10), 1091-1110. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/00036840500392078
19. Dritsaki, M., Dritsaki, C. and Adamopoulos, A. (2004). A causal relationship between trade, foreign direct investment and economic growth for Greece. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 1(3), 230-235. https://doi.org/ 10.3844/ajassp.2004.230.235
20. Duflo, E. (2001). Schooling and labor market consequences of school construction in Indonesia: Evidence from an unusual policy experiment. American Economic Review, 91(4), 795-813. https://doi.org/ 10.1257/aer.91.4.795
21. Erum, N. and Hussain, S. (2019). Corruption, natural resources and economic growth: Evidence from OIC countries. Resources Policy, 63, 101429. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101429
22. Gatti, R. (1999). Corruption and trade tariffs, or a case for uniform tariffs (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2216). Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/223751468741371712
23. Ghoneim, A.F. and Ezzat, A.M. (2016). Growth and corruption in Arab countries: What type of relationship connects them? Journal of Economics and International Finance, 8(5), 44-55. https://doi.org/ 10.5897/JEIF2015.0675
24. Gözgör, G. and Can, M. (2017). Causal linkages among the product diversification of exports, economic globalization and economic growth. Review of Development Economics, 21, 888-908. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/rode.12301
25. Gründler, K. and Potrafke, N. (2019). Corruption and economic growth: New empirical evidence. European Journal of Political Economy, 60, 101810. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2019.08.001
26. Gupta, S., De Mello, L. and Saharan, R. (2001). Corruption and military spending. European Journal of Political Economy, 17, 749-777. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0176-2680(01)00054-4
27. Gyimah-Brempong, K. (2002). Corruption, economic growth, and income inequality in Africa. Economics of Governance, 3(3), 183-209. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s101010200045
28. Hafner, K.A. and Mayer-Foulkes, D. (2013). Fertility, economic growth, and human development causal determinants of the developed lifestyle. Journal of Macroeconomics, 38(A), 107-120. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jmacro.2013.04.001
29. Hassan, S.T., Xia, E., Huang, J., Khan, N.H. and Iqbal, K. (2019). Natural resources, globalization, and economic growth: Evidence from Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 15527-15534. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11356-019-04890-z
30. Huang, C.J. (2016). Is corruption bad for economic growth? Evidence from Asia-Pacific countries. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 35, 247-256. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.najef.2015.10.013
31. Huntington, S.P. (1968). Political order in changing societies. London: Yale University Press.
32. Kargin-Akkoc, G. and Durusu-Ciftci, D. (2024). The interrelationship between corruption, economic growth, and trade: Do they grease or sand each other’s wheels? Journal of Quantitative Economics, 22, 977-999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40953-024-00414-w
33. Khan, N.H., Ju, Y. and Hassan, S.T. (2018). Modeling the impact of economic growth and terrorism on the human development index: Collecting evidence from Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 34661-34673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3275-5
34. Kılıç, C. (2015). Effects of globalization on economic growth: Panel data analysis for developing countries. Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti Bulletin, Technical Series, 67(1), 1-11. Retrieved from https://upg-bulletin-se.ro/
35. KOF Swiss Economic Institute. (n.d.). KOF globalisation index [Dataset]. Retrieved from https://kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-and-indicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html
36. Lalountas, D.A., Manolas, G.A. and Vavouras, I.S. (2011). Corruption, globalization and development: How are these three phenomena related? Journal of Policy Modeling, 33, 636-648. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jpolmod.2011.02.001
37. Lambsdorff, J.G. (2003). How corruption affects productivity. Kyklos, 56(4), 457-474. https://doi.org/ 10.1046/j.0023-5962.2003.00233.x
38. Liu, X., Latif, Z., Xiong, D., Yang, M., Latif, S. and Wara, K.U. (2021). The nexus among globalization, ICT and economic growth: An empirical analysis. Journal of Information Processing Systems, 17(6), 1044-1056. https://doi.org/10.3745/JIPS.04.0227
39. Lucarelli, S., Muço, K. and Valentini, E. (2024). Short run and long run effects of corruption on economic growth: Evidence from Balkan countries. Economies, 12(4), 86. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/economies12040086
40. Luqman, M., Li, Y., Khan, S.U.D. (2021). Quantile nexus between human development, energy production, and economic growth: The role of corruption in the case of Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 61460-61476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14744-2
41. Machado, J.A.F. and Silva, J.M.C. (2019). Quantiles via moments. Journal of Econometrics, 213(1), 145-173. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jeconom.2019.04.009.
42. Majidi, A.F. (2017). Globalization and economic growth: The case study of developing countries. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 7(6), 589-599. https://doi.org/ 10.18488/journal.aefr.2017.76.589.599
43. Maqbool-ur-Rahman, M. (2015). Impacts of globalization on economic growth – Evidence from selected South Asian countries. Journal of Management Sciences, 2(1), 185-204. https://doi.org/10.20547/jms.2014.1502103
44. Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(3), 681-712. https://doi.org/ 10.2307/2946696
45. Miah, M., Ratna, T. A. and Majumder, S.C. (2021). The impact of corruption on the economic growth in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan: An ARDL approach. Independent Journal of Management & Production, 12(8), 2079-2095. https://doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v12i8.1470
46. Mo, P.H. (2001). Corruption and economic growth. Journal of Comparative Economics, 29, 66-79. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcec.2000.1703
47. Mongi, C. and Saidi, K. (2024). The impact of corruption, government effectiveness, FDI, and GFC on economic growth: New evidence from global panel of 48 middle-income countries. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15, 10696-10721. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s13132-023-01509-0
48. Mundra, S. and Singh, M. (2017). Inter-linkages between human development and economic growth: A sustainable development analysis across Indian states. International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management, 15(2), 183-205. https://doi.org/ 10.1504/IJICBM.2017.086088
49. Nguyen, T.A.N. and Luong, T.T.H. (2020). Corruption, shadow economy and economic growth: Evidence from emerging and developing Asian economies. Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 16(4), 85-94. https://doi.org/ 10.14254/1800-5845/2020.16-4.7
50. Nguyen, V.C.T. and Le, H.Q. (2021). Globalization and economic growth: An empirical evidence from Vietnam. Journal of Organizational Behavior Research, 6(1), 173-188. https://doi.org/ 10.51847/1PIOmlpSNh
51. Olimpia, N. and Stela, D. (2017). Impact of globalization on economic growth in Romania: An empirical analysis of its economic, social and political dimensions. Studia Universitatis "Vasile Goldis" Arad – Economic Series, 27(1), 29-40. https://doi.org/ 10.1515/sues-2017-0003
52. Papaconstantinou, P., Tsagkanos, A.G. and Siriopoulos, C. (2013). How bureaucracy and corruption affect economic growth and convergence in the European Union: The case of Greece. Managerial Finance, 39(9), 837-847. https://doi.org/ 10.1108/MF-12-2009-0143
53. Picatoste, X., Novo-Corti, I. and Tîrcǎ, D.M. (2021). Human development index as an indicator of social welfare. In W.L. Filho et al. (Eds.), No poverty. Encyclopedia of the UN sustainable development goals (pp. 1-11). Berlin: Springer.
54. Radulović, M. and Kostić, M. (2024). Globalization and economic growth in Western Balkan countries. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 16(8), 100031. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.rspp.2024.100031
55. Ramesh, R. and Abebe, A. (2014). Has economic growth contributed to human development in Ethiopia? Journal of Asian and African Studies, 51(6), 1–15. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0021909614555348
56. Ranis, G., Stewart, F. and Ramirez, A. (2000). Economic growth and human development. World Development, 28(2), 197–219. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00131-X
57. Reyes, G.E. and Useche, A.J. (2019). Competitiveness, economic growth and human development in Latin American and Caribbean countries 2006-2015: A performance and correlation analysis. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 29(2), 139-159. https://doi.org/ 10.1108/CR-11-2017-0085
58. Rivera, M.A. (2017). The synergies between human development, economic growth, and tourism within a developing country: An empirical model for Ecuador. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 6(3), 221-232. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.04.002
59. Rock, M.T. and Bonnett, H. (2004). The comparative politics of corruption: Accounting for the East Asian paradox in empirical studies of corruption, growth and investment. World Development, 32(6), 999-1017. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.12.002
60. Santiago, R., Fuinhas, J.A. and Marques, A.C. (2020). The impact of globalization and economic freedom on economic growth: The case of the Latin America and Caribbean countries. Economic Change and Restructuring, 53(1), 61-85. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10644-018-9239-4
61. Sharma, C. and Mitra, A. (2019). Corruption and economic growth: Some new empirical evidence from a global sample. Journal of International Development, 31(8), 691-719. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/jid.3433
62. Sijabat, R. (2024). Impact of economic growth, village funds, and poverty on human development in Indonesia: An analytical study from 2015 to 2022. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 11(3), 238-250. https://doi.org/ 10.21833/ijaas.2024.03.023
63. Simo-Kengne, B.D. and Bitterhou, S. (2023). Corruption’s effect on BRICS countries’ economic growth: A panel data analysis. Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, 28(56), 257-272. https://doi.org/ 10.1108/JEFAS-04-2021-0041
64. Spyromitros, E. and Panagiotidis, M. (2022). The impact of corruption on economic growth in developing countries and a comparative analysis of corruption measurement indicators. Cogent Economics & Finance, 10, 2129368. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/23322039.2022.2129368
65. Strauss, J. and Thomas, D. (1995). Human resources: Empirical modeling of household and family decisions. In J. Behrman and T.N. Srinivasan (Eds.), Handbook of development economics Vol. 3A (pp. 1883–2023). Netherlands: North Holland.
66. Suri, T., Boozer, M.A., Ranis, G. and Stewart, F. (2011). Paths to success: The relationship between human development and economic growth. World Development, 39(4), 506-522. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.08.020
67. Tanzi, V. (1998). Corruption around the world: Causes, consequences, scope and cures (IMF Working Paper No. 98/63). Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/wp9863.pdf
68. Tanzi, V. and Davoodi, H. (1997). Corruption, public investment and growth (IMF Working Paper No. 97/139). Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/wp97139.pdf
69. Transparency International. (n.d.). Corruption perceptions index [Dataset]. Retrieved from https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi
70. Ulucak, R. (2019). The effect of globalization on economic growth: Evidence from emerging economies. In B. Christiansen, I. Sysoeva, A. Udovikina and A. Ketova (Eds.), Emerging economic models for global sustainability and social development (pp. 1–19). https://doi.org/ 10.4018/978-1-5225-5787-6.ch001
71. UNDP. (1990). Human development report 1990. Retrieved from https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-1990
72. UNDP. (2001). Human development report, United Nations development program. Retrieved from http://www.undp.org
73. Varona, L. and Gonzales, J.R. (2025). Human development, productivity, and economic growth. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 26(1), 33-58. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/19452829.2024.2439947
74. Virta, H. (2010). The linkage between corruption and shadow economy size: Does geography matter? International Journal of Development Issues, 9(1), 4-24. https://doi.org/ 10.1108/14468951011033770
75. Wedeman, A. (1997). Looters, rent-scrapers, and dividend-collectors: Corruption and growth in Zaire, South Korea, and the Philippines. Journal of Developing Areas, 31, 457-478. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/4192713
76. Zahonogo, P. (2017). Globalization and economic growth in developing countries: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. The International Trade Journal, 32(2), 189-208. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/08853908.2017.1333933
77. Zhang, J. and Danish (2019). The dynamic linkage between information and communication technology, human development index, and economic growth: Evidence from Asian economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 26982-26990. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11356-019-05926-0