Research Article

Credit and Exchange Rate Channels of Monetary Transmission under Multiple Policy Regimes: Evidence from Türkiye, 2011–2025

Volume: 11 Number: 2 June 30, 2026
TR EN

Credit and Exchange Rate Channels of Monetary Transmission under Multiple Policy Regimes: Evidence from Türkiye, 2011–2025

Abstract

Turkey’s unorthodox rate-cutting episode between 2021 and 2023, during which the policy rate was reduced from 19 percent to 9 percent while inflation increased from 19 percent to 85 percent, provides a natural experiment for examining the monetary transmission mechanism. This study estimates a six-variable vector error correction model (VECM) using monthly Turkish data covering the period from January 2011 to December 2025. The empirical analysis indicates that monetary transmission operates primarily through bank credit and the exchange rate rather than through a direct interest-rate effect on consumer prices. Toda–Yamamoto causality tests reveal a transmission chain running from the policy rate to bank credit and the nominal exchange rate, and from these variables to output and inflation, while the policy rate does not directly Granger-cause inflation. Forecast error variance decompositions show that credit and exchange rate movements jointly explain between 53 and 83 percent of inflation variability, whereas the direct contribution of the policy rate remains below one percent at all horizons. The estimated long-run reaction function implies a Taylor-rule coefficient on inflation of 0.23, well below unity. Gregory–Hansen tests identify a structural break in December 2021, and Markov-switching models confirm that the direct policy-rate-to-inflation effect is statistically insignificant across regimes.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Macroeconomics (Other), Theory of Economy

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

June 30, 2026

Submission Date

March 13, 2026

Acceptance Date

June 29, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 11 Number: 2

APA
Beşer, M., Yurttagüler, İ., & Kutlu Horvath, S. (2026). Credit and Exchange Rate Channels of Monetary Transmission under Multiple Policy Regimes: Evidence from Türkiye, 2011–2025. Ekonomi Politika Ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(2), 398-433. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1909100
AMA
1.Beşer M, Yurttagüler İ, Kutlu Horvath S. Credit and Exchange Rate Channels of Monetary Transmission under Multiple Policy Regimes: Evidence from Türkiye, 2011–2025. EPF Journal. 2026;11(2):398-433. doi:10.30784/epfad.1909100
Chicago
Beşer, Murat, İpek Yurttagüler, and Sinem Kutlu Horvath. 2026. “Credit and Exchange Rate Channels of Monetary Transmission under Multiple Policy Regimes: Evidence from Türkiye, 2011–2025”. Ekonomi Politika Ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi 11 (2): 398-433. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1909100.
EndNote
Beşer M, Yurttagüler İ, Kutlu Horvath S (June 1, 2026) Credit and Exchange Rate Channels of Monetary Transmission under Multiple Policy Regimes: Evidence from Türkiye, 2011–2025. Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi 11 2 398–433.
IEEE
[1]M. Beşer, İ. Yurttagüler, and S. Kutlu Horvath, “Credit and Exchange Rate Channels of Monetary Transmission under Multiple Policy Regimes: Evidence from Türkiye, 2011–2025”, EPF Journal, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 398–433, June 2026, doi: 10.30784/epfad.1909100.
ISNAD
Beşer, Murat - Yurttagüler, İpek - Kutlu Horvath, Sinem. “Credit and Exchange Rate Channels of Monetary Transmission under Multiple Policy Regimes: Evidence from Türkiye, 2011–2025”. Ekonomi Politika ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi 11/2 (June 1, 2026): 398-433. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.1909100.
JAMA
1.Beşer M, Yurttagüler İ, Kutlu Horvath S. Credit and Exchange Rate Channels of Monetary Transmission under Multiple Policy Regimes: Evidence from Türkiye, 2011–2025. EPF Journal. 2026;11:398–433.
MLA
Beşer, Murat, et al. “Credit and Exchange Rate Channels of Monetary Transmission under Multiple Policy Regimes: Evidence from Türkiye, 2011–2025”. Ekonomi Politika Ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 11, no. 2, June 2026, pp. 398-33, doi:10.30784/epfad.1909100.
Vancouver
1.Murat Beşer, İpek Yurttagüler, Sinem Kutlu Horvath. Credit and Exchange Rate Channels of Monetary Transmission under Multiple Policy Regimes: Evidence from Türkiye, 2011–2025. EPF Journal. 2026 Jun. 1;11(2):398-433. doi:10.30784/epfad.1909100