Measuring Decentering: Psychometric properties of the Turkish Version of Experiences Questionnaire

Abstract

The aim of the current study was to adapt Experiences Questionnaire (EQ) (Fresco et.al, 2007) which measures decentering, a common element of all mindfulness-based therapies, into Turkish. The participants of the study were 363 undergraduate students (251 females, 112 males) enrolled at a state university in Ankara. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was carried out to test the one factor structure of the Experiences Questionnaire. CFA results confirmed one factor structure of the questionnaire (Satorra-Bentler χ ²/df = 3.05 (p < .001), RMSEA = .07, NNFI = .93, CFI = .94, SRMR = .06 and NFI = .92). Cronbach alpha value for decentering factor of Experiences Questionnaire was found to be .80. Furthermore, in order to test the criterion-related validity of the EQ-Decentering, the relationship between EQ- Decentering and the Short form of the Ruminative Response Scale (Treynor, Gonzealez, & Nolen-Hoeksama, 2003) was investigated with the participation of 620 university students. Decentering was found to be significantly and negatively related to rumination. As a result, the current study conducted with the university students provided evidence for the reliability and validity of the Turkish form of EQ-Decentering. Findings were discussed in the light of the relevant literature. 

Keywords

• Decentering,experiences questionnaire,reliability,validity

Merkezsizleştirme Becerisini Değerlendirme: Yaşantılar Ölçeğinin Türkçe Formunun Psikometrik Özellikleri

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, bilinçli farkındalığa dayalı yaklaşımların ortak unsuru olarak görülen merkezsizleştirme becerisini ölçen Yaşantılar Ölçeğinin  (Fresco ve diğ., 2007) Türkçeye uyarlamasının yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Katlımcılar, Ankara’da bir devlet üniversitesinde okumakta olan 363 üniversite öğrencisinden (251 kadın, 112 erkek) oluşmaktadır. Yaşantılar Ölçeğinin tek faktörlü yapısını test etmek için Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. DFA bulguları, ölçeğin tek faktörlü yapısının doğrulandığını göstermiştir (Satorra-Bentler χ2/df = 3.05 (p < .001), RMSEA = .07, NNFI = .93, CFI = .94, SRMR = .06, NFI = .92 ). Yaşantılar Ölçeğinin, merkezsizleştirme boyutunun Cronbach-α katsayısı .80 olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca ölçeğin ölçüt bağıntılı geçerliğini test etmek için Ruminasyon Ölçeği Kısa Formu (Treynor, Gonzealez ve Nolen-Hoeksama, 2003) ve Yaşantılar Ölçeği – Merkezsizleştirme arasındaki ilişki 620 üniversite öğrencisinin katılımıyla incelenmiştir. Ruminasyon ve merkezsizleştirme arasında negatif yönde anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, üniversite öğrencilerinin katılımı ile gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada Yaşantılar Ölçeği - Merkezsizleştirme Türkçe formunun geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğuna dair bulgular elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular,  alan yazın ışığında tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

• merkezsizleştirme,yaşantılar ölçeği,geçerlilik,güvenirlilik

References

1. Albayrak. B. (2015).Üniversite öğrencilerinin bağlanma biçimleri, bilinçli farkındalık düzeyleri ve psikolojik belirtileri arasındaki ilişkiler (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi). http://tez2.yok.gov.tr/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
2. Baer, R. A., & Huss, D. B. (2008). Mindfulness-and acceptance-based therapy. J. L. Lebow (Ed.), Twenty-first century psychotherapies: Contemporary approaches to theory and practice içinde (s. 123-166). United States of America: John Wiley & Sons.
3. Baer, R. A., Walsh, E., & Lykins, E. L. (2009). Assessment of mindfulness. F. Didonna (Ed.), Clinical handbook of mindfulness içinde (s. 153-168). New York, NY: Springer.
4. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
5. Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Ed.), Testing Structural Equation Models içinde (s. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
6. Ciarrochi, J., Bilich, L., & Godsell, C. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a mechanism of change in acceptance and commitment therapy. R. A. Baer (Eds.), Assessing mindfulness and acceptance processes in clients: Illuminating the theory and practice of change içinde (s. 51-75). Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
7. Corcoran, K. M., Farb, N., Anderson, A., & Segal, Z. V. (2010). Mindfulness and emotion regulation. A. M. Kring & D. M. Sloan (Eds.), Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment içinde (s. 339-355). United States of America: Guilford Press.
8. Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N.E. (2006). How to design and to evaluate research in education (3rd ed.). United State: Mc Graw Hill.

9. Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., van Dulmen, M. H., Segal, Z. V., Ma, S. H., Teasdale, J. D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007). Initial psychometric properties of the Experiences Questionnaire: Validation of a self-report measure of decentering. Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 234-246. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.003
10. Fresco, D. M., Segal, Z. V., Buis, T., & Kennedy, S. (2007). Relationship of posttreatment decentering and cognitive reactivity to relapse in major depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(3), 447. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.75.3.447
11. Gecht, J., Kessel, R., Mainz, V., Gauggel, S., Drueke, B., Scherer, A., & Forkmann, T. (2014). Measuring decentering in self-reports: Psychometric properties of the Experiences Questionnaire in a German sample. Psychotherapy Research, 24(1), 67-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.10 80/10503307.2013.821635
12. Gregório, S., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Duarte, C., & Simões, L. (2015). Expanding research on decentering as measured by the portuguese version of the experiences questionnaire. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 18, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2015.18
13. Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
14. Hambleton, R. K. (2001). The next generation of the ITC Test Translation and Adaptation Guidelines. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 17(3), 164-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.17.3.164
15. Hayes, S. C. (2004). Acceptance and commitment therapy and the new behavior therapies: Mindfulness, acceptance, and relationship. S. C. Hayes, V. M. Follette, M. M. Linehan (Ed.), Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition içinde (s. 1-29). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
16. Hayes-Skelton, S., & Graham, J. (2012). Decentering as a common link among mindfulness, cognitive reappraisal, and social anxiety. Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1017 /S1352465812 000902
17. Heppner, P. P., Kivlighan, D. M., & Wampold, B. E. (2008). Research design in counseling. United State of America: Brooks/Cole
18. Herbert, J. D., & Forman, E. M. (2011). The evolution of cognitive behavior therapy: The rise of psychological acceptance and mindfulness. J. D. Herbert, & E. M. Forman (Ed.), Acceptance and mindfulness in cognitive behavior therapy: Understanding and applying the new therapies içinde (s. 3-25). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
19. Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011). How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 537-559.
20. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. doi:10.1080/107055199 09540118
21. Kurihara, A., Hasegawa, A., & Nedate, K. (2011). Development of the Japanese version of the Experiences Questionnaire and examination of its reliability and validity. Japanese Journal of Personality, 19(2), 174-177.
22. Lafferty, M. (2013). Mediators of the relationship between mindfulness and alcohol use. (Master thesis, Eastern Illinois University). Retrieved from http://thekeep.eiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2164 &context=theses
23. McCracken, L. M., Gutierrez-Martinez, O., & Smyth, C., (2012). "Decentering" reflects psychological flexibility in people with chronic pain and correlates with their quality of functioning, Journal of Healthy Psychology, 32(7) 1-4. doi:10.1037/a0028093
24. Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2009). Emotion regulation as an integrative framework for understanding and treating psychopathology. In A. M. Kring & D. M. Sloan (Eds.), Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment (pp. 356-379). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
25. Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2014). Emotion Regulation Therapy. In J. J. Gross (2th ed.) Handbook of Emotion Regulation, (pp. 469-490). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
26. Morgan, L. P. (2015). In the face of adversity: Valued living and decentering as buffering factors in the relations among social disadvantage, psychological distress, drinking to cope and problem drinking (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/openview/abb4de36833c6f484bd829331cb4a501/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
27. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1998). The other end of the continuum: The costs of rumination. Psychological Inquiry, 9(3), 216-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0903_5
28. Özyeşil, Z. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinin öz-anlayış düzeylerinin bilinçli farkındalık kişilik özellikleri ve bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi (Yayımlanmamış Doktara Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi). http://tez2.yok.gov.tr/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
29. Pearson, M. R., Brown, D. B., Bravo, A. J., & Witkiewitz, K. (2015). Staying in the moment and finding purpose: the associations of trait mindfulness, decentering, and purpose in life with depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and alcohol-related problems. Mindfulness, 6(3), 645-653. doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0300-8
30. Safran, J. D., & Segal, Z. V. (1990). Cognitive therapy: An interpersonal process perspective. New York, NY: Basic.
31. Sauer, S. & Baer, R. A. (2010). Mindfulness and decentering as mechanisms of change in mindfulness-and acceptance-based interventions. Baer, R. A. (Ed.), Assessing mindfulness and acceptance processes in clients: Illuminating the theory and practice of change içinde (s. 25-50). United States of America: Context Press.
32. Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to relapse prevention. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
33. Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2012). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
34. Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 373-386. doi:10.1002/jclp.20237
35. Soler, J., Franquesa, A., Feliu-Soler, A., Cebolla, A., García-Campayo, J., Tejedor, R., ... Portella, M. J. (2014). Assessing decentering: Validation, psychometric properties, and clinical usefulness of the experiences questionnaire in a Spanish sample. Behavior Therapy, 45(6), 863-871. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014 .05.004
36. Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
37. Taherifar, Z., Ferdowsi, S., Mootabi, M., Tehrani, M. A. ve Fata, L. (2017). “Assessing" decentering": Validity, reliability and factor structure of experiences questionnaire in university students. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 18(1), 46-56.
38. Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z., & Williams, J. M. G. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help?. Behavior Research and Therapy, 33(1), 25-39.
39. Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247-259.
40. Ülev, E. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinde bilinçli farkındalık düzeyi ile stresle başa çıkma tarzının depresyon, kaygı ve stres belirtileriyle ilişkisi (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Psikoloji Anabilim Dalı, Ankara). http://tez2.yok.gov.tr/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
41. Wheaton, B., Muthen, B., Alwin, D. F., & Summers, G. F. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological Methodology, 8, 84-136.