Investigation of Social Expenditures in Turkey and the European Union

Abstract

From past to present, social spending helps governments to achieve social welfare levels of societies. However, there is no consensus in the literature about which expenditures made by social states are social expenditures. The development of social policies leads to different social spending practices within countries. In this study, the relationship between EU member states and Turkey's social policies and social spending were investigated. The effects of the social policy factors of the countries on the social policy indicator were examined and a comparative analysis was conducted between the countries. The relationship between social expenditures and social policy indicators was analyzed by correlation analysis and the effect of factors determining social policy indicator was examined by multiple regression analysis. As a result, it is said that the success of social policy is not directly related to social expenditure, by looking at the positive middle-level relationship between them. It was understood that the social expenditures made by the state were effective in reaching a high level in of social welfare, and then the increase in spending was not directly effective in this increase, and the countries with high social policy success made improvements in social policy indicators by spending less.

Keywords

• social policies,european union,regression,social expenditures

Investigation of Social Expenditures in Turkey and the European Union

Abstract

From past to present, social spending helps governments to achieve social welfare levels of societies. However, there is no consensus in the literature about which expenditures made by secular states are social expenditures. The development of social policies leads to different social spending practices within countries. In this study, the relationship between EU member states and Turkey's social policies and social spending were investigated. The effects of the social policy factors of the countries on the social policy indicator were examined, and a comparative analysis was conducted between the countries. The relationship between social expenditures and social policy indicators was analyzed by correlation analysis and the effect of factors determining social policy indicator was examined by multiple regression analysis. As a result, it is said that the success of the social policy is not directly related to social expenditure by looking at the positive middle-level relationship between them. It was understood that the social expenditures made by the state were effective in reaching a high level of social welfare, and then the increase in spending was not directly useful in this increase, and the countries with high social policy success made improvements in social policy indicators by spending less.

Keywords

• social policies,social policy,regression,European Union

References

1. Adema, W. (2001): Net Social Expenditure; 2nd Edition’, OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Paper 52, August 2001, Ref JT00111869, Paris: OECD
2. Berkay, F. (2013). “1980-2010 Döneminde Sosyal Refah Devleti Çerçevesinde Türkiye’de Sosyal Güvenlik Harcamalarının Gelişimi”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 4 (9), 1-20.
3. Buğra, A., & Keyder Ç. (2015) Sosyal Politika Yazıları, İletişim Yayını, İstanbul.
4. Castles, F. G., & Dowrick, S. (1990). “The impact of government spending levels on medium-term economic growth in the OECD”, 1960-85. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 2(2), 173-204.
5. Haile, F., & Niño‐Zarazúa, M. (2018). “Does Social Spending Improve Welfare in Low‐income and Middle‐income Countries?”. Journal of International Development, 30(3), 367-398.
6. Gümüştekin, S. (2019). Türkiye’de ve Avrupa Birliği’nde Sosyal Harcamaların İncelenmesi, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi SBE.
7. Kesgin, B. (2012). “Kentsel Yoksulluğa Yönelik Yerinden ve Yerel Müdahale: Sosyal Belediyecilik”, SDÜ Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 26, 169- 180.
8. Koçak, O., & Tiryaki, D. (2011). “Sosyal Devlet Anlayışında Sağlık Politikalarının Önemi ve Sağlıkta Dönüşüm Programının Değerlendirilmesi: Yalova Örneği”, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10 (19), 55-88.

9. Lopes, P. S. (2002). A comparative analysis of government social spending indicators and their correlation with social outcomes in Sub-Saharan, Africa (No. 2002-2176). International Monetary Fund.
10. Metin, O. (2011). “Sosyal politika açısından AKP dönemi: sosyal yardım alanında yaşananlar”. Çalışma ve Toplum, 1(28), 179-200.
11. OECD Society at a Glance, (2007), D. S. E., Unemployed, N. E. E. T., & Inactive, N. E. E. T.
12. Ouweneel, P. (2002). “Social security and well-being of the unemployed in 42 nations”. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(2), 167-192.
13. Özdemir, S. (2007). Küreselleşme Sürecinde Refah Devleti, İstanbul: İstanbul Ticaret Odası.
14. Özdemir, S. (2010). “Başlangıcından Günümüze Refah Devletlerinde Sosyal Harcamaların Analizi”, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, 50, 153-204.
15. Pacek, A., & Radcliff, B. (2008). “Assessing the welfare state: The politics of happiness”. Perspectives on Politics, 6(2), 267-277.
16. Svensson, J. (2005). Eight questions about corruption. Journal of economic perspectives, 19(3), 19-42.
17. Şenkal, A., & Sarıipek, D., B. (2007). “Avrupa Birliği’nin Karşılaştırmalı Refah Modelleri ve Sosyal Politikada Devletin Değişen Rolü”, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14 (2), 146-175.
18. Tarı, R. (2010). Ekonometri. Umuttepe Yayınları, Kocaeli.
19. Tanrıverdi, İlyas (2018), Anfis Ve Regresyon Analizi İle Enflasyon Tahmini Ve Karşılaştırması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
20. Temelli, S. (2003). “Türkiye’de Sosyal Harcamaların Gelişimi”, Eğitim Bilim Toplum, 1(4), 34-45.
21. Turan, E., Aydilek, E., & Şen, A. T. (2016). “Avrupa Sosyal Modeli Ve Türkiye’deki Sosyal Politikaların Tarihsel Bağlamda Karşılaştırmalı Analizi”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Teknik Araştırmalar Dergisi, (11), 1-17.
22. Türkoğlu, İ. (2013). Sosyal devlet bağlamında Türkiye’de sosyal yardım ve sosyal güvenlik. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi (AID), 8(3), 275-305.
23. Yılmaz, Gülay Akgül (2006), OECD Ülkeleri ve Türkiye’de Sosyal Devlet ve Sosyal Harcamalar, Arıkan Yayınları, İstanbul.
24. Yolcuoğlu, G. 2012. “Türkiye'de Sosyal Politika Ve Sosyal Hizmetlerin Geliştirilmesi”. Journal of Society & Social Work, 23(2).
25. Yüzer, A. F. (2009). İstatistik (Vol. 1448). Anadolu Universitesi.
26. World Health Organization (2017) “Turkey: WHO Statistical Profile”, Geneva.
27. Wolf, E.N. (2009), Poverty and Income Distribution, Second Edition, Wiley and Blacwell, West Sussex
28. Zwiers, M., & Koster, F. (2015). “The local structure of the welfare state: Uneven effects of social spending on poverty within countries”. Urban Studies, 52(1), 87-102.