Analysis of General and Disease-Specific Risk Variables for Bovine Tuberculosis

Abstract

In this study, the relationship of risk variables to the incidence of bovine tuberculosis in areas where the disease is commonly seen and rarely seen was investigated in the years of 2017. For this purpose, the districts of Samsun Province in Türkiye were divided into three risk groups according to the number of bovine tuberculosis out- breaks. The disease-specific risk variables were surveyed 300 cattle enterprises. Information was collected on the feeding regime of the animals, access of drinking water, the source of feed, the management of the manure waste, the presence of wild animals in the area and the presence of similar enterprises within 150 meters. In the analysis of the risk variables associated with the disease, 11 variables were evaluated and a total risk score was allocated. The rela- tionship between the number of outbreaks and general risk scores was significant (P<0.05). Moreover, a significant difference was determined between the districts in terms of disease-specific risk variables (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study can assist in the determination of the vulnerability of individual farms and particular areas to bovine tuberculosis outbreaks, reduce the risk of disease outbreak, and also facilitate early intervention and suppression of the disease.

Keywords

• Bovine tuberculosis
• disease management
• disease specific risks
• scoring
• Türkiye

Sığır Tüberkülozu için Genel ve Hastalığa Özgü Risk Değişkenlerinin Analizi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, 2017 yılında hastalığın sık görüldüğü ve nadir görüldüğü bölgelerde risk değişkenlerinin sığır tüberkülozu insidansı ile ilişkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla Türkiye'de Samsun iline bağlı ilçeler sığır tüberkülozu salgınlarının sayısına göre üç risk grubuna ayrılmıştır. Hastalığa özgü risk değişkenleri 300 büyük baş hayvan işletmesinde incelenmiştir. Hayvanların beslenme rejimi, içme suyuna erişimi, yem kaynağı, gübre atıklarının yönetimi, alanda yabani hayvanların varlığı ve 150 metre yakınındaki benzer işletmelerin varlığı hakkında bilgi toplandı. Hastalıkla ilişkili risk değişkenlerinin analizinde 11 değişken değerlendirildi ve toplam bir risk puanı belirlendi. Salgın sayısı ile genel risk skorları arasındaki ilişki anlamlı bulundu (P<0.05). Ayrıca ilçeler arasında hastalığa özgü risk değişkenleri açısından da anlamlı bir fark saptandı (P<0.05). Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmanın sonuçları, bireysel işletmelerin ve belirli alanların sığır tüberkülozu salgınlarına karşı savunmasızlığının belirlenmesine yardımcı olabilir, hastalık salgını riskini azaltabilir ve ayrıca hastalığın erken müdahalesini ve baskılanmasını kolaylaştırabilir.

Keywords

• Hastalık yönetimi
• hastalığa özgü riskler
• sığır tüberkülozu
• skorlama
• Türkiye

References

1. Aranaz A, De Juan L, Montero N, Sánchez C, Galka M, Delso C, Domínguez L. Bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in wildlife in Spain. Clin Microbiol Newsl 2004; 42(6): 2602-8.
2. Atılgan A, Erkan M, Saltuk B, Alagöz T. Environmental pollution caused by existing manure from ani-mal farms in mediterranean region. Ekoloji 2006; 15 (58): 1-7.
3. Avila Luciana N, Gonçalves Vitor SP. Perez Andres M. Risk of introduction of bovine tuberculosis (TB) into TB-free herds in Southern Bahia, Brazil, associated with movement of live cattle. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5.
4. Evans JT, Smith E, Banerjee A, Smith RM, Dale J, Innes JA, Sonnenberg P. Cluster of human tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis: Evidence for person-to-person transmission in the UK. Lancet 2007; 369(9569): 1270-6.
5. Fine AE, Bolin CA, Gardiner JC, Kaneene JB. A Study of the Persistence of Mycobacterium bovis in the Environment under Natural Weather conditions in Michigan, USA. Vet Med Int 2011; 4: 765430.
6. Fitzgerald SD, Kaneene JB. Wildlife reservoirs of bovine tuberculosis worldwide: Hosts, pathology, surveillance, and control. Vet Pathol 2013; 50(3): 488-99.
7. Liang Y, Van Devender K. Managing a livestock operation to minimize odor. University of Arkansas, United States Department of Agriculture and County Governments Cooperating. Cooperative Extension Service FSA 3007. 2010.
8. Little TWA, Naylor PF, Wilesmith JW. Laboratory study of Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers and calves. Vet Rec 1982; 11(24): 550-7.

9. Milan-Suazo F, Guerrero LP, Diaz CA, Chávez ME. Molecular epidemiology of human cases of tuberculosis by Mycobacterium bovis in Mexico. Prev Vet Med 2010; 97(1): 37-44.
10. Milne G, Graham J, McGrath J, Kirke R, McMaster W, Byrne AW. Investigating farm fragmentation as a risk factor for bovine tuberculosis in cattle herds: A matched case-control study from Northern Ireland. Pathogens 2022; 11: 299.
11. Orton RJ, Deason M, Bessell PRM. Identifying genotype specific elevated-risk areas and associated herd risk factors for bovine tuberculosis spread in British cattle. Epidemics 2018; 24: 34-42.
12. Radostits OM, Blood DC, Gay CC. Veterinary medicine a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses. Eight Edition London UK: WB Saunders, 1994; pp. 2045-50.
13. Renwick AR, White PCL, Bengis RG. Bovine tuberculosis in southern African wildlife: A multi-species host-pathogen system. Epidemiol Infect 2007; 135(4): 529-40.
14. Sunder S, Lanotte P, Godreuil S, Martin C, Boschiroli ML, Besnier JM. Human-to-human transmission of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacteriium bovis in immunocompetent patients. Clin Microbiol Newsl 2009; 47(4): 1249-125.
15. Sümbüloğlu V, Sümbüloğlu K. Klinik ve saha araştırmalarında örnekleme yöntemleri ve örneklem büyüklüğü. Birinci Baskı. Ankara: Hati-boğluYayınevi, 2005.
16. Şenturk B, Yalçın C, Akçay A. Analysis of risk factors in the management of foot and mouth disease in Turkey. Turk J Vet AnimSci 2016; 40: 1-6.
17. Thoen, CO, Steele JH, Gilsdorf MJ. Mycobacterium bovis infection in animals and humans. Kaneene JB, Pfeiffer D. eds. In: Epidemiology of Mycobac-terium bovis. Ames, Iowa, USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2006; pp. 34-48.
18. Varol H, Atılgan A. Management of waste from animal breeding enterprises and its environmental potential impact: Afyonkarahisar case. J Eng Appl Sci 2017; 1(3): 211-22.
19. Witmer G, Fine AE, Gionfriddo J, Pipas M, Shively K, Piccolo K, Burke P. Epizootiologic survey of Mycobacterium bovis in wildlife and farm environments in northern Michigan. J Wildl Dis 2010; 46(2): 368-78.