A Fuzzy C-Means Clustering of 2026 Beef Production Forecasts: An Application to the European Union and Türkiye
Abstract
Beef production plays a crucial role globally in terms of nutrition, economy, development, and social life. Worldwide, beef and veal constitute a significant proportion of total red meat production. Although the European Union (EU) has led beef exports since its establishment, between 1999 and 2004, its export volume declined while imports increased. In Türkiye, beef production remained at a stable average until 2009, after which imports and government support triggered an upward trend. This study aimed to cluster Türkiye and the EU-27 countries according to their beef production volumes between 2004 and 2023, and the 2026 beef production forecasts obtained using the Random Forest algorithm, by applying the Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) method. Based on FCM clustering applied to features extracted from 2004–2023 beef production data, France showed a 91.4% membership in Cluster 1, Spain 65.5% in Cluster 1, and Poland almost 100% in Cluster 2. Italy was assigned definitively to Cluster 5 and Türkiye to Cluster 4, while the other EU countries were predominantly grouped in Cluster 3 with high probabilities. According to FCM clustering applied to the 2026 beef production forecasts, France (91.4%) and Germany (99.5%) were assigned to Cluster 3, Spain (65.5%) was also assigned to Cluster 3, Poland was almost entirely assigned to Cluster 2, while other EU countries were grouped in Cluster 4. Italy remained in Cluster 5, and Türkiye was unequivocally assigned to Cluster 1.
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References
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Animal Science, Genetics and Biostatistics
Journal Section
Research Article
Publication Date
August 29, 2026
Submission Date
March 3, 2026
Acceptance Date
August 4, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 23 Number: 2