Research Article

A Fuzzy C-Means Clustering of 2026 Beef Production Forecasts: An Application to the European Union and Türkiye

Volume: 23 Number: 2 August 29, 2026
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A Fuzzy C-Means Clustering of 2026 Beef Production Forecasts: An Application to the European Union and Türkiye

Abstract

Beef production plays a crucial role globally in terms of nutrition, economy, development, and social life. Worldwide, beef and veal constitute a significant proportion of total red meat production. Although the European Union (EU) has led beef exports since its establishment, between 1999 and 2004, its export volume declined while imports increased. In Türkiye, beef production remained at a stable average until 2009, after which imports and government support triggered an upward trend. This study aimed to cluster Türkiye and the EU-27 countries according to their beef production volumes between 2004 and 2023, and the 2026 beef production forecasts obtained using the Random Forest algorithm, by applying the Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) method. Based on FCM clustering applied to features extracted from 2004–2023 beef production data, France showed a 91.4% membership in Cluster 1, Spain 65.5% in Cluster 1, and Poland almost 100% in Cluster 2. Italy was assigned definitively to Cluster 5 and Türkiye to Cluster 4, while the other EU countries were predominantly grouped in Cluster 3 with high probabilities. According to FCM clustering applied to the 2026 beef production forecasts, France (91.4%) and Germany (99.5%) were assigned to Cluster 3, Spain (65.5%) was also assigned to Cluster 3, Poland was almost entirely assigned to Cluster 2, while other EU countries were grouped in Cluster 4. Italy remained in Cluster 5, and Türkiye was unequivocally assigned to Cluster 1. 

Keywords

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval was not required as the study did not involve interventions in animals.

Thanks

We would like to thank the Proofreading & Editing Office of the Dean for Research at Erciyes University for copyediting and proofreading services provided for this manuscript.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Animal Science, Genetics and Biostatistics

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

August 29, 2026

Submission Date

March 3, 2026

Acceptance Date

August 4, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 23 Number: 2

APA
Çelik Gürbulak, E., Sarıözkan, S., & Çetin, E. (2026). A Fuzzy C-Means Clustering of 2026 Beef Production Forecasts: An Application to the European Union and Türkiye. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(2), 181-199. https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.1901717
AMA
1.Çelik Gürbulak E, Sarıözkan S, Çetin E. A Fuzzy C-Means Clustering of 2026 Beef Production Forecasts: An Application to the European Union and Türkiye. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2026;23(2):181-199. doi:10.32707/ercivet.1901717
Chicago
Çelik Gürbulak, Elif, Savaş Sarıözkan, and Ece Çetin. 2026. “A Fuzzy C-Means Clustering of 2026 Beef Production Forecasts: An Application to the European Union and Türkiye”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 23 (2): 181-99. https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.1901717.
EndNote
Çelik Gürbulak E, Sarıözkan S, Çetin E (August 1, 2026) A Fuzzy C-Means Clustering of 2026 Beef Production Forecasts: An Application to the European Union and Türkiye. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 23 2 181–199.
IEEE
[1]E. Çelik Gürbulak, S. Sarıözkan, and E. Çetin, “A Fuzzy C-Means Clustering of 2026 Beef Production Forecasts: An Application to the European Union and Türkiye”, Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 181–199, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.32707/ercivet.1901717.
ISNAD
Çelik Gürbulak, Elif - Sarıözkan, Savaş - Çetin, Ece. “A Fuzzy C-Means Clustering of 2026 Beef Production Forecasts: An Application to the European Union and Türkiye”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 23/2 (August 1, 2026): 181-199. https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.1901717.
JAMA
1.Çelik Gürbulak E, Sarıözkan S, Çetin E. A Fuzzy C-Means Clustering of 2026 Beef Production Forecasts: An Application to the European Union and Türkiye. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2026;23:181–199.
MLA
Çelik Gürbulak, Elif, et al. “A Fuzzy C-Means Clustering of 2026 Beef Production Forecasts: An Application to the European Union and Türkiye”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 23, no. 2, Aug. 2026, pp. 181-99, doi:10.32707/ercivet.1901717.
Vancouver
1.Elif Çelik Gürbulak, Savaş Sarıözkan, Ece Çetin. A Fuzzy C-Means Clustering of 2026 Beef Production Forecasts: An Application to the European Union and Türkiye. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2026 Aug. 1;23(2):181-99. doi:10.32707/ercivet.1901717