Gebe Kısrak ve Develerde Tırtıl-Kaynaklı Abortlar

Abstract

Tırtıllar Lepidoptera dizisinde yer alan kelebeklerin larval formlarıdır. Bazı türlerin tırtılları insektlerle beslenirken

çoğunluğu herbivordur. Doymak nedir bilmeyen tırtıllar, esasen tarım haşereleri olup meyvelere ve diğer tarımsal

ürünlere zarar verirler. Buna ilaveten bazı gece kelebekleri (güveler) ve onların larval dönemleri, davranış özellikleri

dolayısıyla medikal ve veteriner öneme sahiptirler. Lepidoptera dizisindeki gece kelebeklerinin bir bölümü direkt olarak

hayvan ve insanların vücut sıvıları ve sekresyonlarıyla beslenmeye adapte olmuşlardır. Zoophilic güveler olarak da

adlandırılan bu kelebek türleri hayvanların gözyaşı sekresyonları, yaralar üzerindeki kan ve deri eksudatları, burun

sekresyonu, tükürük, ter ve idrar gibi vücut sıvılarıyla ve konak hayvanlardan kan emen sivrisineklerden dökülen kan

damlacıklarıyla beslenirler. Ayrıca deriyi delebilme ağız yapısına sahip bazı güveler tercihen açık yaralara saldırırlar ve

konak hayvanların kanlarıyla beslenirler. Beslenme süresince güveler endemik bölgelerde bazı enfeksiyonların mekanik

vektörlüğünde rol oynarlar. Diğer yandan, Lepidoptera dizisinde bulunan Limacodidae, Megalopygidae ve Saturniidae

ailelerindeki bazı türler insanlarda ürtiker ve güve dermatitisine sebep olurken, Lasiocampidae, Notodontidae,

Thaumetopoidae ve Lymantriidae ailelerindeki kelebek tırtılları, enfeste alanlarda otlama esnasında yemlerle alınmaları

sonucu gebe kısrak ve develerde yavru atmalara yol açarlar. Bu derlemede gebe kısrak ve develerde tırtıl kaynaklı

abortlar hakkında bilgi verilmiştir.

Keywords

• Abort,deve,gebelik,kısrak,tırtıl-kaynaklı

Caterpillar-Borne Abortions in Pregnant Mares and Camels

Abstract

The caterpillars are the larval forms of butterflies and moths in the order Lepidoptera. While some species

are insectivorous, most of them are herbivorous. As known voracious feeders, caterpillars are pests in agriculture, and

damage to fruits and other agricultural products. In addition, moths and their larval stages have medical and veterinary

importance because of their behaviors and noxious secretions. Some groups of moths in Lepidoptera adapted for

feeding directly on secretions and body fluids of animals and humans. These butterflies known as zoophilic moths feed

on animal fluids such as lachrymal secretions, blood and skin exudates on wounds, nasal secretions, saliva,

perspiration, urine and droplets of blood dripped from mosquitoes feeding on host animals. Further, some skin-piercing

moths preferentially attract to open wounds on animal hosts and suck blood. During the feeding, the moths play a role

as mechanic vectors for some infections in endemic regions. On the other hand, some urticating caterpillars in the

order Lepidoptera such as Limacodidae, Megalopygidae and Saturniidae cause urticaria and moth dermatitis in human,

the majority of caterpillars within the families Lasiocampidae, Notodontidae, Thaumetopoidae, and Lymantriidae induce

equine abortions in pregnant mares and also in dromedary camels due to ingestion of the larval forms during grazing in

the infested area. The caterpillar-borne abortions in pregnant mares and camels were reviewed in this article.

Keywords

• Abortion,camel,caterpillar-borne,mare,pregnancy

References

1. 1. Anonymous 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_moths_of_Turkey. Accession Date: 18.09.2013.
2. 2. Anonymous 2. Regional disease vector ecology profile southeast Asia. Information services division armed forces pest management board fort detrick / forest glen annex walter reed army medical center washington, DC 20307-5001. Accession Date: 06.07.2009.
3. 3. Bernard WV, LeBlanc MM, Webb BA, Stromberg AJ. Evaluation of early fetal loss induced by gavage with eastern tent caterpillars in pregnant mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004; 225, 717-21.
4. 4. Bizimana N. Traditional Veterinary Practice in Africa. GIZ, 1994; 348-9.
5. 5. Brown S. Field and clinical observations related to late fetal loss in mares affected with mare reproductive loss syndrome. In: Proceedings of the first workshop on mare reproductive loss syndrome. Edit, Powell DG, Troppman A, Tobin T, Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station University of Kentucky College of Agriculture Maxwell H, Gluck Equine Research Center Lexington, Kentucky 40546, 2002; 14-15.
6. 6. Byars TD, Seahorn TL. Clinical observations of mare reproductive loss syndrome in critical care mares and foals. In: Proceedings of the first workshop on mare reproductive loss syndrome. Edit, Powell DG, Troppman A, Tobin T, Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station University of Kentucky College of Agriculture Maxwell H, Gluck Equine Research Center Lexington, Kentucky 40546, 2002; 15-16.
7. 7. Cawdell-Smith AJ, Todhunter KH, Anderson ST, Perkins NR, Bryden WL. Equine amnionitis and fetal loss: Mare abortion following experimental exposure to Processionary caterpillars (Ochrogaster lunifer). Equine Vet J 2012; 44, 282-8.
8. 8. Durden LA, Mullen GR. Introduction. In: Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Second Edition, Eds, Mullen GR, Durden LA. AP, Amsterdam, Boston, Heidelberg, London, New York, Oxford, Paris, San Diego, San Francisco, Singapore, Sydney, Tokyo, 2009; 1-12.

9. 9. Dwyer RM, Garber LP, Traub-Dargatz JL, Meade BJ, Powell D, Pavlick MP, Kane AJ. Case-control study of factors associated with excessive proportions of early fetal losses associated with Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome in central Kentucky during 2001. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003; 222, 613-9.
10. 10. Dwyer RM. Epidemiological correlates of the 2001 and 2002 episodes of mare reproductive loss syndrome. In: Proceedings of the first workshop on mare reproductive loss syndrome. Edit, Powell DG, Troppman A, Tobin T, Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station University of Kentucky College of Agriculture Maxwell H, Gluck Equine Research Center Lexington, Kentucky 40546, 2002; 34-6.
11. 11. Fitzgerald TD. The biology of tent caterpillars as it relates to mare reproductive loss syndrome. Proc 1st Workshop on Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome 2002; 84-7.
12. 12. Harrison LR. Kentucky abortion storm and related conditions. Proceedings US Anim Hlth Assoc 2001;105: 227-9.
13. 13. Inci A, Yazar S, Tuncbilek AS, Canhilal R, Doganay M, Aydin L, Aktas M, Vatansever Z, Ozdarendeli A, Ozbel Y, Yildirim A, Duzlu O. Vectors and vector-borne diseases in Turkey. Ankara Univ Vet Fak Derg 2013; 60, 281-96.
14. 14. İnci A, Düzlü Ö. Vektörler ve vektörlerle bulaşan hastalıklar. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2009; 6(1): 53-64.
15. 15. İnci A. Genel bilgi. 18. Ulusal Parazitoloji Kongresi, 28 Eylül - 4 Ekim Karahayıt Hotel, Denizli, 2013, YM4.p. 41-44.
16. 16. Kearby WH. Variable oakleaf caterpillar larvae secreteformic acid that causes skin lesions (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae). J Kans Entomol Soc 1975; 48, 280-2.
17. 17. Keenan DP, McAlister R, Makkreel LD. Abortion. http://www.keenanm calister.com/sites/site-3575/ documents/Abortion.pdf. Accession Date: 25.09.2013.
18. 18. McDowell KJ, Williams NM, Donahue JM, Poole L, Barney WE, Coe B, Deborde S, Ennis L, Newman KE, Lindemann M, Lynn B, Webb BA. Deductive investigations of the role of eastern tent caterpillars in mare reproductive loss syndrome. Proc Workshop on the Equine Placenta 2003, 99-102.
19. 19. McDowell KJ, Webb BA, Williams NM, Donahue JM, Newman KE, Lindemann MD, Horohov DW. The role of caterpillars in mare reproductive loss syndrome: a model for environmental causes of abortion. J Anim Sci 2010; 88, 1379-87.
20. 20. Mullen GR. Moths and Butterflies (Lepidoptera). In: Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Second Edition, Eds, Mullen GR, Durden LA. AP, Amsterdam, Boston, Heidelberg, London, New York, Oxford, Paris, San Diego, San Francisco, Singapore, Sydney, Tokyo, 2009; 353-70.
21. 21. Perkins NR. Equine amnionitis and foetal loss (eafl). Hunter valley equine research centre, Scone, New SouthWales. 2005, pp 19-48.
22. 22. Perkins NR, Sebastian MM, Todhunter KH, Wylie RM, Begg AP, Gilkerson JR, Muscatello G, Racklyeft DJ, Chicken C, Wilson MC, Cawdell-Smith AJ, Bryden WL. Pregnancy loss in mares associated with exposure to caterpillars in Kentucky and Australia. In: Poisonous Plants: Global Research and Solutions. Eds, Panter KE, Wierenga TL, Pfister JA, CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, 2007; 165-9.
23. 23. Powell DG. Mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS). Equine Dis Q 2001; 9 (4): 5-7.
24. 24. Riddle WT. Clinical Observations Associated with Early Fetal Loss in Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome during the 2001 and 2002 Breeding Seasons. In: Proceedings of the first workshop on mare reproductive loss syndrome. Edit, Powell DG, Troppman A, Tobin T, Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station University of Kentucky College of Agriculture Maxwell H, Gluck Equine Research Center Lexington, Kentucky 40546, 2002; 11-4.
25. 25. Sebastian M, Williams D, Harrison L, Donahue J, Seahorn T, Slovis N, Richter D, Fuller T, Trail C, Douglas R, Tobin T. Experimentally Induced Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome Late Fetal Losses with Eastern Tent Caterpillars. In: Proceedings of the first workshop on mare reproductive loss syndrome. Edit, Powell DG, Troppman A, Tobin T, Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station University of Kentucky College of Agriculture Maxwell H, Gluck Equine Research Center Lexington, Kentucky 40546, 2002; 80-1.
26. 26. Sebastian MM, Bernard WV, Riddle TW, Latimer CR, Fitzgerald TD, Harrison LR. Mare reproductive loss syndrome. Vet Pathol 2008; 45: 710-22.
27. 27. Sebastian MM, Bernard W, Fitzgerald T. Mare reproductive loss syndrome. Compend Contin Ed Pract Vet 2006; 1: 20-35.
28. 28. Tobin T, Brewer K (2013): The Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome (MRLS), the Septic Penetrating Setal Emboli Pathogenesis thereof and Recently Reported Caterpillar Related Abortions in Camels. www.thomastobin.com. Accession date: 19.09.2013.
29. 29. Tibary A, Fite C, Anouassi A, Sghiri A. Infectious causes of reproductive loss in camelids. Theriogenology 2006; 66, 633-47.
30. 30. Todhunter KH, Perkins NR, Wylıe RM, Chicken C, Blishen AJ, Racklyeft DJ, Muscatello G, Wilson MC, Adams PL, Gilkerson JR, Bryden WL, Begg AP. Equine amnionitis and fetal loss: the case definition for an unrecognised cause of abortion in mares. Aust Vet J 2009; 87(1): 35-8.
31. 31. Todhunter KJ, Riddle WT, LeBlanc MM, Estes R, Stromberg AJ. Ultrasonographic appearance of fetal fluids between 55 and 176 days of gestation in the mare: effect of mare reproductive loss syndrome. Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners 2002; (48): 350-2.
32. 32. Volpato G, Nardo AD, Rossı D, Saleh SML, Broglıa A. ‘Everybody knows’, but the rest of the world: the case of a caterpillar-borne reproductive loss syndrome in dromedary camels observed by Sahrawi pastoralists of Western Sahara. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2013; 9 (5): 1-11.
33. 33. Webb BA, Barney WE, Dahlman DL, Collins C, Williams NM, McDowell KJ. Induction of Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome by Directed Exposure of Susceptible Mares to Eastern Tent Caterpillar Larvae and Frass. In: Proceedings of the first workshop on mare reproductive loss syndrome. Edit, Powell DG, Troppman A, Tobin T, Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station University of Kentucky College of Agriculture Maxwell H, Gluck Equine Research Center Lexington, Kentucky 40546, 2002; 78-9.
34. 34. Webb BA, Barney WE, Dahlman DL, DeBorde SN, Weer C, Williams NM, Donahue JM, McDowell KJ. Eastern tent caterpillars (Malacosoma americanum) cause mare reproductive loss syndrome. J Insect Physiol 2004; 50, 185-93.