Analytical Methods for Determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Animal Feeds and Feedstuffs

Year 2020, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 173 - 179, 27.07.2020

Saima Mushtaq Yavuz Kürşad Daş Abdurrahman Aksoy

https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.760828

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is an Aspergillus spp. produced mycotoxins which is identified as one of the key contaminant of feeds and toxic to some degree to all species tested to date. Because of its hepatocarcinogenic nature, AFB1 has obtained significant attention in past few years. A number of analytical, diagnostic and immunological procedures are available for assessment and estimation of AFB1 in different feeds such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and electrochemical immunosensors (ECI). All available analytical methods for determination of AFB1 principally included the same steps like, sampling, sample preparation, detection, confirmation, and finally risk assessment. HPLC approaches are most commonly used nowadays because of their high accuracy, precision and sensitivity. Since late 20th century, many countries including Turkey has imposed strict rules and regulations regarding AFB1 in food and animal feed related industry to protect the consumer from the detrimental effects of the toxin. In this article, a number of analytical techniques for determination of AFB1 in feeds and feedstuffs starting from sampling to risk assessment and international regulations are reviewed.

Keywords

Aflatoxin B1, analytical methods, international regualtions, risk assessment, sampling

Hayvan Yem ve Yem Hammaddelerinde Aflatoksin B1’in Belirlenmesi İçin Analiz Yöntemleri

Abstract

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) yemlerde ana kirletici olan Aspergillus türleri tarafından üretilen ve bütün türlerde belirli derecelerde zehirli olan bir mikotoksindir. Karaciğer karsinojeni olduğundan, son yıllarda ilgi odağı haline gelmiştir. AB1’in çeşitli yemlerden analizinde enzim bağlı immunosorbent assay (ELİSA), ince tabaka kromatografisi (İTK), yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografi (HPLC), sıvı kromatografi tandem kütle spektrometrisi (LC- MS/MS) ve elektrokimyasal immünosensör (EKİ) gibi yöntemler kullanılmaktadır. Belirtilen yöntemlerin hepsinde örnek alma ve hazırlama, tespit, doğrulama ve risk değerlendirme aşamaları bulunur. HPLC yüksek doğruluk, kesinlik ve hassasiyetinden dolayı en yaygın kullanılan analiz yöntemidir. Türkiye dahil birçok ülke, 20. yy. sonundan beri, tüketiciyi zararlı etkilerinden korumak için gıda ve yem ile ilgili sektörlerde AFB1 için katı kural ve düzenlemeler yürürlüğe koymuştur. Bu makalede, yem ve yem hammadelerinde, örneklemeden risk değerlendirme aşamasına kadar, AFB1 analizinde kullanılan çeşitli yöntemler ve uluslarası düzenlemeler derlenmiştir.

Keywords

Aflatoksin B1, analiz yöntemleri, örnekleme, risk değerlendirmesi, uluslararası düzenlemeler

References

• Adi PJ, Matcha B. Analysis of aflatoxin B1 in contaminated feed, media, and serum samples of Cyprinus carpio L. by high-performance liquid chromatography. Food Qual Saf 2018; 2: 199-204.
• Aksoy A, Das YK, Yavuz O, Guvenc D, Cetinkaya MB, Kokcu A, Celik S. Aflatoxin M1 level of human breast milk samples in Samsun and neighbour provinces, Turkey. Fresenius Environ Bull 2009a; 18(5b): 832-5.
• Aksoy A, Yavuz O, Guvenc D, Das YK, Terzi G, Celik S. Determination of aflatoxin levels in raw milk, cheese and dehulled hazelnut samples consumed in Samsun province, Turkey. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2010; 16:513-6.
• Aksoy A, Yavuz O, Das YK, Guvenc D, Muglali OH. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1, T-2 toxin and zearalenone in compound animal feed. J Anim Vet Adv 2009b; 8(3): 403-7.
• Aksoy A, Atmaca E, Yazici F, Güvenç D, Gül O, Dervişoğlu M. Comparative analysis of aflatoxin M1 in marketed butter by ELISA and HPLC. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2016; 22(4): 619-21.
• Armorini S, Altafini A, Zaghini A, Roncada P. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in conventional and organic flour in Italy and the role of sampling. Food Cont 2015; 50: 858-63.
• Atmaca E, Güvenç D, Aksoy A. Determination of aflatoxin levels in maize grain by high performance liquid chromatography using an immunoaffinity column cleanup. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2015; 21(4): 619-2.
• Atmaca E, Aksoy A. Toksikolojik açıdan yemlerde oluşabilecek doğal kaynaklı risk faktörleri. Turkiye Klinikleri J Anim Nutr & Nutr Dis-Special Topics 2015; 1(1): 32-42.
• Aycicek H, Aksoy A, Saygi S. Determination of aflatoxin levels in some dairy and food products which consumed in Ankara, Turkey. Food Cont 2005; 16(3): 263-6.
• Azri FA, Sukor R, Selamat J, Abu Bakar F, Yusof NA, Hajian R. Electrochemical immunosensor for detection of aflatoxin B1 based on indirect competitive ELISA. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10(5): E196.
• Choochuay S, Phakam J, Jala P, Maneeboon T, Tansakul N. Determination of aflatoxin B1 in feedstuffs without clean-up step by high-performance liquid chromatography. Int J Anal Chem 2018; Article ID: 4650764.
• Chun HS, Kim HJ, Ok HE, Hwang JB, Chung DH. Determination of aflatoxin levels in nuts and their products consumed in South Korea. Food Chem 2007; 102(1): 385-91.
• Davis JP, Jackson MD, Leek JM, Samadpour M. Sample preparation and analytical considerations for the US aflatoxin sampling program for shelled peanuts. Peanut Sci 2018; 45(1): 19-31.
• Dhanasekaran D, Shanmugapriya S, Thajuddin N, Panneerselvam A. Aflatoxins and aflatoxicosis in human and animals. Guevara-Gonzales RG. ed. In: Aflatoxins-Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. London: IntechOpen, 2011; pp. 221-54.
• Ding X, Wu L, Li P, Zhang Z, Zhou H, Bai Y, Chen X, Jiang J. Risk assessment on dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 in post-harvest peanuts in the Yangtze River ecological region. Toxins 2015; 7(10): 4157-74.
• Di Mavungu JD, Monbaliu S, Scippo ML, Maghuin-Rogister G, Schneider YJ, Larondelle Y, Callebaut A, Robbens J, Van Peteghem C, De Saeger S. LC-MS/MS multi-analyte method for mycotoxin determination in food supplements. Food Addit Contam 2009; 26(6): 885-95.
• EC. Commission Regulation (EU) No 519/2014 of 16 May 2014 amending Regulation (EC) No 401/2006 as regards methods of sampling of large lots, spices and food supplements, performance criteria for T-2, HT-2 toxin and citrinin and screening methods of analysis. Official Journal of the European Union. Date: 17.5.2014. Number: L 147/29.
• EC. Directive 2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. of 7 May 2002 on undesirable substances in animal feed. Official Journal of the European Union. Date: 27.02.2015. Number: 02002L0032 - EN - 019.006-1.
• Essiz D, Altintas L, Das YK. Effects of aflatoxin and various adsorbents on plasma malondialdehyde levels in quails. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 2006; 50(4): 585-88.
• FAO. Sampling plans for aflatoxin analysis in peanuts and corn. Food and Nutrition Paper 55. Report of an FAO technical consultation Rome, 3-6 May 1993. http://www.fao.org/3/a-t0838e.pdf; Accessed Date: 19.09.2019.
• FDA. Action levels for aflatoxins in animal food. Sec. 683.100 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Office of Regulatory Affairs and Center for Veterinary Medicine. March 2019. https://www.fda.gov/media/121202/download; Accessed Date: 19.09.2019.
• Fonseca, H. Sampling plan for the analysis of aflatoxin in peanuts and corn: An update. Brazil J Microbiol 2002; 33(2): 97-105.
• Iqbal SZ, Jinap S, Pirouz AA, Faizal AA. Aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products, occurrence and recent challenges: A review. Trends Food Sci Tec. 2015; 46(1):110-9.
• Karczmarczyk A. Development of Biosensors for Mycotoxins Detection in Food and Beverages. PhD Thesis. Universität Regensburg, Regensburg-Germany, 2017.
• Kleinjans JC. Principles in toxicological risk analysis. Toxicol Lett 2003; 140: 311-5.
• Manetta AC. Aflatoxins: Their measure and analysis. Torres-Pacheco I. ed. In: Aflatoxins - Detection, Measurement and Control. Rijeka: IntechOpen, 2011; pp. 93-108.
• Marchese S, Polo A, Ariano A, Velotto S, Costantini S, Severino L. Aflatoxin B1 and M1: Biological properties and their involvement in cancer development. Toxins 2018; 10(6): 214.
• Masoomi L, Sadeghi O, Banitaba MH, Shahrjerdi A, Davarani SS. A non-enzymatic nanomagnetic electro-immunosensor for determination of aflatoxin B1 as a model antigen. Sensor Actuat B: Chem 2013; 177: 1122-7.
• Mahfuz M, Gazi MA, Hossain M, Islam MR, Fahim SM, Ahmed T. General and advanced methods for the detection and measurement of aflatoxins and aflatoxin metabolites: A review. Toxin Rev 2018; 12: 1-5.
• MAF. Communiqué on Undesirable Substances in Feed (2014/11). Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Turkish Official Journal. Date: 19.04.2014. Number: 28977.
• Njumbe EE, Van Poucke C, De Saeger S. A multi-analyte LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of 23 mycotoxins in different sorghum varieties: The forgotten sample matrix. Food Chem 2015; 177: 397-404.
• Nugraha A, Khotimah K, Rietjens IM. Risk assessment of aflatoxin B1 exposure from maize and peanut consumption in Indonesia using the margin of exposure and liver cancer risk estimation approaches. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 113: 134-44.
• Pittet A. Modern methods and trends in mycotoxin analysis. Mitt Lebensmittelunters Hyg 2005; 96(6): 424-44.
• Rahmani A, Jinap S, Soleimany F. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of mycotoxins. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2009; 8(3): 202-51.
• Şenyuva HZ, Gilbert J. Immunoaffinity column clean-up techniques in food analysis: A review. J Chromatogr B 2010; 878(2): 115-32.
• Saini SS, Kaur A. Aflatoxin B1: Toxicity, characteristics and analysis: Mini review. Global Adv Res J Chem Mater Sci 2012; 1(4):63-70.
• Sinha KK. Testing methods for aflatoxins in foods. Food Nutr Bull 1999; 20(4): 458-64.
• Sizoo EA, van Egmond HP. Analysis of duplicate 24-hour diet samples for aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A. Food Addit Contam 2005; 22(2): 163-72.
• Souza MD, Sulyok M, Freitas-Silva O, Costa SS, Brabet C, Machinski Junior M, Sekiyama BL, Vargas EA, Krska R, Schuhmacher R. Cooccurrence of mycotoxins in maize and poultry feeds from Brazil by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The Scientific World Journal 2013; Article No: 427369.
• Streit E, Schatzmayr G, Tassis P, Tzika E, Marin D, Taranu I, Tabuc C, Nicolau A, Aprodu I, Puel O, Oswald IP. Current situation of mycotoxin contamination and co-occurrence in animal feed - Focus on Europe. Toxins 2012; 4(10): 788-809.
• Stroka J, Van Otterdijk R, Anklam E. Immunoaffinity column clean-up prior to thin-layer chromatography for the determination of aflatoxins in various food matrices. J Chromatogr A 2000; 904(2): 251-6.
• Sugita-Konishi Y, Sato T, Saito S, Nakajima M, Tabata S, Tanaka T, Norizuki H, Itoh Y, Kai S, Sugiyama K, Kamata Y. Exposure to aflatoxins in Japan: Risk assessment for aflatoxin B1. Food Addit Contam 2010; 27(3): 365-72.
• Wacoo AP, Wendiro D, Vuzi PC, Hawumba JF. Methods for detection of aflatoxins in agricultural food crops. J Appl Chem 2014; Article ID: 706291.
• Whitaker TB, Slate AB, Johansson AS. Sampling feeds for mycotoxin analysis. Diaz DE. ed. In: The Mycotoxin Blue Book. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press, 2005; pp. 1-23.
• Yao H, Hruska Z, Di Mavungu JD. Developments in detection and determination of aflatoxins. World Mycotoxin J 2015; 8(2): 181-91.