Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Use of Alternative Feed Additives in Ruminant Nutrition: 1. Probiotic, Prebiotic, and Enzyme

Year 2009, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 65 - 75, 01.03.2009

B. Kocaoğlu Güçlü K. Kara

Abstract

Due to the limitation of antibiotics using in animal nutrition, preferences of organic products by consumer, scientist are led to do studies on alternative feed additives. Probiotics, prebiotics, and enzymes are some of the alternatives. The effect of these alternative feed additives on health, performance and rumen fermantation in pre-ruminants and adult ruminants, and the importance of these substracts for ruminant nutrition are to be dwelt upon. 

Keywords

Enzim prebiyotik probiyotik ruminant

References

  • Antunovic Z, Speranda M, Liker B, Seric V, Steiner Z, Domacinovic M, 2005. Influence of feeding the probiotic pioneer to growing lambs on performances and blood composition. Acta Veterinaria, 55(4): 287-300.
  • Aşan M, Özcan N, 2006. Kanatlı beslemede inulinin prebiyotik olarak önemi. Hayvansal Üretim, 47(2): 48-53.
  • Bach A, Calsamiglia S, Stern MD, 2005. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. J Dairy Sci, 88: 9–21.
  • Bakhshi N, Ghorbani GR, Rahmani HR, Samie A, 2006. Effect of probiotic and milk feeding frequency on performance of dairy Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci, 1(2): 113-119.
  • Balcı F, Dikmen S, Gencoglu H, Orman A, Turkmen I, Biricik H, 2007. The effect of fibrolytic exogenous enzyme on fattening performance of steers. Bulg J Vet Med, 10(2): 113-118.
  • Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, Maekawa M, 2000. polysaccharidase feed enzyme in dairy cow diets. J Dairy Sci, 83(3): 543-553. nonstarch
  • Beharka AA, Nagaraja TG, 1998. Effect of Aspergillus oryzae extract alone or in combination with antimicrobial compounds on ruminal bacteria. J Dairy Sci, 81(6): 1591- 1598.
  • Beharka AA, Nagaraja TG, Morrill JL, 1991. and Performance development of young calves fed diets with Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract. J Dairy Sci, 74(12): 4326-4336. function
  • Bertrand JA, Grimes LW, 1997. Influence of tallow and Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract in dairy cattle rations. J Dairy Sci, 80 (6): 1179-1184.
  • Biggs DR, Hancock KR, 1998. In vitro digestion of bacterial and plant fructans and effects on ammonia accumulation in cow and sheep rumen fluids. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 44: 167–171.
  • Blezinger SB, 2006. Yeast products can have positive effects on cattle performance. Cattle Today archive/2006/june/CT489.shtml. Erişim Tarihi: 06/06/2009.
  • Cruywagen CW, Jordaan I, Venter L, 1996. Effect supplementation preweaning performance of calves. J Dairy Sci, 79(3): 483-486. acidophilus of milk replacer on
  • Cruywagen CW, Van-Zyl WH, 2008. Effects of a fungal enzyme cocktail treatment of high and low forage diets on lamb growth. Anim Feed Sci Tech, 145(4): 151-158.
  • Demirel G, Turan N, Tanor A, Kocabağlı N, Alp M, Hasoksuz M, Yılmaz H, 2007. Effects of performance, some blood parameters, IgG levels and antibody response of lambs to parenterally administered Arch Anim Nutr, 61(2): 126-134. on E.coli O157:H7.
  • Diler A, 2007. Probiyotik + Enzim Kombinas- yonunun Esmer Irkı Buzağılarda Yemden Ya- rarlanma ve Büyüme Performansı Üzerine Etkileri. Yüksek Linans Tezi. Atatürk Üniv Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zootekni Programı. Erzu- rum.
  • Erasmus LJ, Botha PM, Kisther A, 1992. Effect of yeast culture supplement on production, rumen fermentation and duodenal nitrogen flow in dairy cows. J Anim Sci, 75 (11): 3056-3065.
  • Erdman RA, Sharma BK, 1989. Effect of yeast culture and sodium bicarbonate on milk yield and composition in dairy cows. J Anim Sci, 72 (7): 1929-1932.
  • Eun JS, Beauchemin KA, 2005. Effects of a proteolytic feed enzymes on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation and milk production. J Dairy Sci, 88(6): 2140-2153.
  • Fleige S, Preibinger W, Meyer HHD, Pfaffl MW, 2008. The immuno-modulatory effect of lactulose on Enterococcus faecium fed pre- ruminant calves. J Anim Sci, 87(5):1731-1738.
  • Franklin ST, Newman MC, Newman KE, Meek KI, 2005. Immun parameters of dry cows fed mannan oligosaccharide and subsuquent transfer of immunity to calves. J Dairy Sci, 88 (2): 766-775.
  • Görgülü M, Siuta A, Öngel E, Yurtseven S, Kutlu HR, 2003. Effect of probiotic on growing performance and health of calves. Pak J Biol Sci, 6(7): 651-654.
  • Güçlü BK, 2003. Bıldırcın besisinde mannan oligosakkarit (Bio-mos) kullanılmasının perfor- mans ve karkas kalitesine etkisi, Bildiriler Kita- bı, II. Ulusal Hayvan Besleme Kongresi, ss: 300-302, Konya- Türkiye.
  • Güçlü BK, İşcan KM, 2006. Probiotic and mannan oligosaccharide on growth and biochemical parameters in Turkey. Indian Vet J, 83(12): 1324-1326.
  • Harrison GA, Hemken RW, Dawson KA, Harmon RJ, 1988. Influence of addition of yeast culture supplement to diets of lactating cows on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations. J Dairy Sci, 71(11): 2967-2975.
  • Heinrichs AJ, Jones CM, Heinrichs BS, 2003. Effects antibiotics in neonatal diets on health and growth of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci, 86(12): 4064-4069. oligosaccharide or
  • Higginbotham GE, Collar CA, Aseltine MS, Bath DL, 1994. Effect of yeast culture and Aspergillus oryzae extract on milk yield in a commercial dairy herd. J Dairy Sci, 77(1): 343- 348. 27. Hill TM, Bateman HG, Aldrich JM, Schlotterbeck RL, 2008. Oligosaccharides for dairy calves. Pro Anim Sci, 24(5): 460-464.
  • Hristov AN, McAllister TA, Cheng KJ, 1998. exogenous degrading enzymes in the rumen. Animal Feed Sci Tech, 76(1): 161-168.
  • Işık M, Ekimler F, 2004. Probiyotik kullanma- nın buzağı büyüme performansı ve sağlığı üzerine etkileri. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 28(1): 63-69.
  • Jafari A, Edriss MA, Alikhani M, Emtiazi G, 2005. Effects of treated wheat straw with exogenous fibre-degrading enzymes on wool characteristics of ewe lambs. Pak J Nutr, 4(5): 321-326.
  • Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Vuksan V, 1999. Inulin, oligofructose and intestinal function. J Nutr, 129(7): 1431-1433.
  • Kantautaite J, Oberauskas V, Sutkeviciene R, Sederevicius A, 2006. The effect of probiotic strains of Lactobacillus on the microbiological parameters in the faeces of neonate calves. Veterinarija ir Zootechnika, 36: 58.
  • Karademir G, Karademir B, 2003. Yem katkı maddesi olarak kullanılan biyoteknolojik ürün- ler. Lalahan Hay Araşt Enst Derg, 43(1): 61- 74.
  • Kaufhould J, Hammon HM, Blum JW, 2000. Fructo-oligosaccharide effects hematological traits in veal calves. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med, 47(1): 17-29. and
  • Kılıç Ü, Boğa M, Görgülü M, 2007. Ruminantların beslenmesinde kullanılan yem katkı maddeleri. Yem Magazin, 48: 25-32.
  • Krehbiel CR, Rust SR, Zhang G, Gilliland SE, 2003. Bacterial direct-fed microbials in ruminant diets: Performance response and mode of action. J Anim Sci, 81(14): 120-132.
  • Kurtoglu V, Kurtoglu F, Seker E, Coskun B, Balevi T, Polat ES, 2004. Effect of probiotic supplementation on laying hen diets on yield performance and serum and egg yolk cholesterol. Food Add Cont, 21(9): 817-823.
  • Lubbadeh W, Haddadin MSY, Al-Tamimi MA, Robinson RK, 1999. Effect on the cholesterol content of fresh lamb of supplementing the feed of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Meat Sci, 52: 381- 385.
  • McAllister TA, Hristov AN, Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, Cheng KJ, 2001. Enzymes in Ruminant Diets. Bedford MR, Partridge GG. Enzymes in Farm Animal Nutrition. Bowman CABI Publishing. pp. 273-298. UK:
  • Mokhber-Dezfouli MR, Tajik P, Bolourchi, Mahmoudzadeh H, 2007. Effects of probiotics supplementation in daily milk intake of newborn calves on body weight gain, body height, diarrhea occurrence and health condition. Pak J Biol Sci, 10(18): 3136-3140.
  • Muwalla MM, Haddad SG, Hijazeen MA, 2007. Effect of fibrolytic enzyme inclusion in high concentrate fattening diets on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of Awassi lambs. Livest Sci, 111(3): 255-258. ve Streptococcus faecium genç ruminantlarda is- hal vakalarının engellenmesinde, mantar ve maya- lardan cerevisiae fermentasyonunu ve dolayısıyla performansı artır- mak için kullanılan en etkili mikrobiyal katkılardan- dır. Saccharomyces ise ergin ruminantlarda rumen
  • Özellikle ergin ve genç ruminantların yemlerine
  • prebiyotik katkılarının etkisi hakkında çalışmaların
  • sınırlı olması nedeniyle bu alandaki çalışmaların
  • arttırılması gerekmektedir. Kaynaklar
  • Antunovic Z, Speranda M, Liker B, Seric V, Steiner Z, Domacinovic M, 2005. Influence of feeding the probiotic pioneer to growing lambs on performances and blood composition. Acta Veterinaria, 55(4): 287-300.
  • Aşan M, Özcan N, 2006. Kanatlı beslemede inulinin prebiyotik olarak önemi. Hayvansal Üretim, 47(2): 48-53.
  • Bach A, Calsamiglia S, Stern MD, 2005. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. J Dairy Sci, 88: 9–21.
  • Bakhshi N, Ghorbani GR, Rahmani HR, Samie A, 2006. Effect of probiotic and milk feeding frequency on performance of dairy Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci, 1(2): 113-119.
  • Balcı F, Dikmen S, Gencoglu H, Orman A, Turkmen I, Biricik H, 2007. The effect of fibrolytic exogenous enzyme on fattening performance of steers. Bulg J Vet Med, 10(2): 113-118.
  • Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, Maekawa M, 2000. polysaccharidase feed enzyme in dairy cow diets. J Dairy Sci, 83(3): 543-553. nonstarch
  • Beharka AA, Nagaraja TG, 1998. Effect of Aspergillus oryzae extract alone or in combination with antimicrobial compounds on ruminal bacteria. J Dairy Sci, 81(6): 1591- 1598.
  • Beharka AA, Nagaraja TG, Morrill JL, 1991. and Performance development of young calves fed diets with Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract. J Dairy Sci, 74(12): 4326-4336. function
  • Bertrand JA, Grimes LW, 1997. Influence of tallow and Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract in dairy cattle rations. J Dairy Sci, 80 (6): 1179-1184.
  • Biggs DR, Hancock KR, 1998. In vitro digestion of bacterial and plant fructans and effects on ammonia accumulation in cow and sheep rumen fluids. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 44: 167–171.
  • Blezinger SB, 2006. Yeast products can have positive effects on cattle performance. Cattle Today archive/2006/june/CT489.shtml. Erişim Tarihi: 06/06/2009.
  • Cruywagen CW, Jordaan I, Venter L, 1996. Effect supplementation preweaning performance of calves. J Dairy Sci, 79(3): 483-486. acidophilus of milk replacer on
  • Cruywagen CW, Van-Zyl WH, 2008. Effects of a fungal enzyme cocktail treatment of high and low forage diets on lamb growth. Anim Feed Sci Tech, 145(4): 151-158.
  • Demirel G, Turan N, Tanor A, Kocabağlı N, Alp M, Hasoksuz M, Yılmaz H, 2007. Effects of performance, some blood parameters, IgG levels and antibody response of lambs to parenterally administered Arch Anim Nutr, 61(2): 126-134. on E.coli O157:H7.
  • Diler A, 2007. Probiyotik + Enzim Kombinas- yonunun Esmer Irkı Buzağılarda Yemden Ya- rarlanma ve Büyüme Performansı Üzerine Etkileri. Yüksek Linans Tezi. Atatürk Üniv Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zootekni Programı. Erzu- rum.
  • Erasmus LJ, Botha PM, Kisther A, 1992. Effect of yeast culture supplement on production, rumen fermentation and duodenal nitrogen flow in dairy cows. J Anim Sci, 75 (11): 3056-3065.
  • Erdman RA, Sharma BK, 1989. Effect of yeast culture and sodium bicarbonate on milk yield and composition in dairy cows. J Anim Sci, 72 (7): 1929-1932.
  • Eun JS, Beauchemin KA, 2005. Effects of a proteolytic feed enzymes on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation and milk production. J Dairy Sci, 88(6): 2140-2153.
  • Fleige S, Preibinger W, Meyer HHD, Pfaffl MW, 2008. The immuno-modulatory effect of lactulose on Enterococcus faecium fed pre- ruminant calves. J Anim Sci, 87(5):1731-1738.
  • Franklin ST, Newman MC, Newman KE, Meek KI, 2005. Immun parameters of dry cows fed mannan oligosaccharide and subsuquent transfer of immunity to calves. J Dairy Sci, 88 (2): 766-775.
  • Görgülü M, Siuta A, Öngel E, Yurtseven S, Kutlu HR, 2003. Effect of probiotic on growing performance and health of calves. Pak J Biol Sci, 6(7): 651-654.
  • Güçlü BK, 2003. Bıldırcın besisinde mannan oligosakkarit (Bio-mos) kullanılmasının perfor- mans ve karkas kalitesine etkisi, Bildiriler Kita- bı, II. Ulusal Hayvan Besleme Kongresi, ss: 300-302, Konya- Türkiye.
  • Güçlü BK, İşcan KM, 2006. Probiotic and mannan oligosaccharide on growth and biochemical parameters in Turkey. Indian Vet J, 83(12): 1324-1326.
  • Harrison GA, Hemken RW, Dawson KA, Harmon RJ, 1988. Influence of addition of yeast culture supplement to diets of lactating cows on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations. J Dairy Sci, 71(11): 2967-2975.
  • Heinrichs AJ, Jones CM, Heinrichs BS, 2003. Effects antibiotics in neonatal diets on health and growth of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci, 86(12): 4064-4069. oligosaccharide or
  • Higginbotham GE, Collar CA, Aseltine MS, Bath DL, 1994. Effect of yeast culture and Aspergillus oryzae extract on milk yield in a commercial dairy herd. J Dairy Sci, 77(1): 343- 348. 27. Hill TM, Bateman HG, Aldrich JM, Schlotterbeck RL, 2008. Oligosaccharides for dairy calves. Pro Anim Sci, 24(5): 460-464.
  • Hristov AN, McAllister TA, Cheng KJ, 1998. exogenous degrading enzymes in the rumen. Animal Feed Sci Tech, 76(1): 161-168.
  • Işık M, Ekimler F, 2004. Probiyotik kullanma- nın buzağı büyüme performansı ve sağlığı üzerine etkileri. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 28(1): 63-69.
  • Jafari A, Edriss MA, Alikhani M, Emtiazi G, 2005. Effects of treated wheat straw with exogenous fibre-degrading enzymes on wool characteristics of ewe lambs. Pak J Nutr, 4(5): 321-326.
  • Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Vuksan V, 1999. Inulin, oligofructose and intestinal function. J Nutr, 129(7): 1431-1433.
  • Kantautaite J, Oberauskas V, Sutkeviciene R, Sederevicius A, 2006. The effect of probiotic strains of Lactobacillus on the microbiological parameters in the faeces of neonate calves. Veterinarija ir Zootechnika, 36: 58.
  • Karademir G, Karademir B, 2003. Yem katkı maddesi olarak kullanılan biyoteknolojik ürün- ler. Lalahan Hay Araşt Enst Derg, 43(1): 61- 74.
  • Kaufhould J, Hammon HM, Blum JW, 2000. Fructo-oligosaccharide effects hematological traits in veal calves. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med, 47(1): 17-29. and
  • Kılıç Ü, Boğa M, Görgülü M, 2007. Ruminantların beslenmesinde kullanılan yem katkı maddeleri. Yem Magazin, 48: 25-32.
  • Krehbiel CR, Rust SR, Zhang G, Gilliland SE, 2003. Bacterial direct-fed microbials in ruminant diets: Performance response and mode of action. J Anim Sci, 81(14): 120-132.
  • Kurtoglu V, Kurtoglu F, Seker E, Coskun B, Balevi T, Polat ES, 2004. Effect of probiotic supplementation on laying hen diets on yield performance and serum and egg yolk cholesterol. Food Add Cont, 21(9): 817-823.
  • Lubbadeh W, Haddadin MSY, Al-Tamimi MA, Robinson RK, 1999. Effect on the cholesterol content of fresh lamb of supplementing the feed of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Meat Sci, 52: 381- 385.
  • McAllister TA, Hristov AN, Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, Cheng KJ, 2001. Enzymes in Ruminant Diets. Bedford MR, Partridge GG. Enzymes in Farm Animal Nutrition. Bowman CABI Publishing. pp. 273-298. UK:
  • Mokhber-Dezfouli MR, Tajik P, Bolourchi, Mahmoudzadeh H, 2007. Effects of probiotics supplementation in daily milk intake of newborn calves on body weight gain, body height, diarrhea occurrence and health condition. Pak J Biol Sci, 10(18): 3136-3140.
  • Muwalla MM, Haddad SG, Hijazeen MA, 2007. Effect of fibrolytic enzyme inclusion in high concentrate fattening diets on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of Awassi lambs. Livest Sci, 111(3): 255-258.
  • Nir İ, Şenköylü N, 2000. Sindirimi Destekleyen Yem Katkı Maddeleri. Birinci baskı. Tekirdağ: Roche, ss. 1-112.
  • Nsereko VL, Beauchemin KA, Morgavi DP, Rode LM, Furtado AF, McAllister TA, Iwaasa AD, Yang WZ, Wang Y, 2002. Effect of a fibrolytic Trichoderma longibrachiatum on the rumen microbial population of dairy cows. Can J Microbiol, 48: 14–20. preparation from
  • Nursoy H, Baytok E, 2003. Ekmek mayasının süt ineği rasyonlarında kullanılmasının süt verimi, bazı rumen sıvısı parametreleri ve kan metabolitleri üzerine etkisi. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 27: 7-13.
  • Oral G, Gülmez M, 2006. Gıda kaynaklı pato- jenler için kesim öncesi dekontaminasyon uy- gulamaları. Kafkas Üni Vet Fak Derg, 12(1): 77-84. 46. Öztürk H, 2007. Küresel ısınmada ruminantların rolü. Vet Hek Der Derg, 78(1): 17-21.
  • Öztürk H, 2008a. Effects of inulin on rumen metabolism in vitro. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 55: 79-82.
  • Öztürk H, 2008b. Ruminant beslemesinde probiyotik mayalar. Vet Hek Der Derg, 79(3): 37-42.
  • Pinos-Rodriguez JM, Gonzalez SS, Mendoza GD, Barcena R, Cobos MA, Hernández A, Ortega ME, 2002. fibrolytic enzyme on ruminal fermentation and digestibility of alfalfa and rye-grass hay fed to lambs. J Dairy Sci, 80(11): 3016-3020.
  • Quigley JD, Drewry JJ, Murray LM, Ivey SJ, 1997. Body weight gain, feed efficiency and fecal scores of dairy calves in response to galactosyl-lactose or antibiotics in milk replacers. J Dairy Sci, 80(8): 1751-1754.
  • Reddish MA, Kung JL, 2007. The effect of feeding a dry enzyme mixture with fibrolytic activity on the performance of lactating cows and digestibility of a diet for sheep. J Dairy Sci, 90(10): 4724–4729.
  • Robinson PH, 1997. Effect of yeast culture on adaptation of cows to diets postpartum. J Dairy Sci, 80(6): 1119-1125.
  • Rode LM, Yang WZ, Beauchemin KA, 1999. Fibrolytic enzyme supplements for dairy cows in early lactation. J Dairy Sci, 82(10): 2121- 2126.
  • Sarıca Ş, 1999. Kanatlı hayvan beslemede probiyotik kullanımı. Hayvansal Üretim, 39: 105-112.
  • Sarıpınar D, Sulu N, 2005. Ruminantlarda probiyotiklerin kullanımı ve rumene etkileri. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 11(1): 93-98.
  • Schingoethe DJ, Linke KN, Kalscheur KF, Hippen AR, 2004. Feed efficiency of mid- lactation dairy cows fed yeast culture during summer. J Dairy Sci, 87(12): 4178-4180.
  • Smith WA, Harris B, Van Hom HH, Wilcox CJ, 1993. Effects of forage type on production of dairy cottonseed, tallow and yeast. J Dairy Sci, 76 (1): 205- 215. with whole
  • Sutton JD, Phippe RH, Beever DE, Humphries DJ, Hatnell GF, Vicini JL, Hard DL, 2003. Effect of method of application of a fibrolytic enzyme product on digestive processes and milk production in holstein-fresian cows. J Dairy Sci, 86(2): 546-556.
  • Teller E, Focant M, 1990. Probiotics in animal nutrition. Archiv Anim Nutr, 40: 543-567.
  • Tere M, Calvo MA, Adelantado C, Kocher A, Bach oligosaccharides microorganism fecal counts of calves following an enhanced-growth feding program. Anim Feed Sci Tech, 137(2): 115-125. of manan performance and
  • Titi HH, Tabbaa MJ, 2004. Efficacy of exogenous cellulase on digestibility in lambs and growth of dairy calves. Livest Pro Sci, 87 (3): 207-214.
  • Tunç MA, 2007. Humatların Koyunlarda Ru- men Parametreleri ve Bazı Kan Değerleri Üze- rine Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Atatürk Üniv Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı. Erzurum.
  • Varel VH, Kreikemeier KK, 1994. Response to of fermentation extract on ruminal metabolism in cattle. J Dairy Sci, 77(10): 3081-3086. oryzae
  • Wallace RJ, Newbold CJ, 2007. Microbial feed additives for ruminants. Wallace RJ, Chesson A. Biotechnology in Animal Feeds and Animal Feeding. Published Online, pp. 101-125.
  • Wiedmeier RD, Arambel MJ, Walters JL, 1987. Effect of yeast culture and Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on ruminal characteristics and nutrient digestibility. Dairy Sci, 70(10): 2063-2065. J
  • Williams PE, Tait CA, Innes GM, Newbold CJ, 1991. Effects of the inclusion of yeast culture in the diet of dairy cows on milk yield and forage degradation and ferentation patterns in the rumen of steers. J Dairy Sci, 69(7): 3016- 3026.
  • Yalçın S, Kocaoğlu Güçlü B, Karakaş Oğuz F, Yalçın S, 2002. Yumurta tavuğu rasyonlarında enzim, probiyotik ve antibiyotik kullanılması, Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 49: 135-141.
  • Yang WZ, Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, 1999. Effect of an enzyme feed additive on extent of digestion and milk production of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 82(2): 391-403.
  • Yang WZ, Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, 2000. A comparison of methods of adding fibrolytic enzymes to lactating cow diets. J Dairy Sci, 83 (11): 2512-2520.
  • Zheng W, Schingoethe DJ, Stegeman GA, Hippen AR, Determination of when during the lactation cycle to start feding a cellulose and xylanase enzymes mixture to dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 83: 2319-2325. RJ, 2000.

Ruminant Beslemede Alternatif Yem Katkı Maddelerinin Kullanımı: 1. Probiyotik, Prebiyotik ve Enzim

Year 2009, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 65 - 75, 01.03.2009

B. Kocaoğlu Güçlü K. Kara

Abstract

Hayvan beslemede antibiyotiklerin kullanımının sınırlandırılması, organik ürünlerin tüketiciler tarafından dahafazla tercih edilmesi, bilim adamlarını alternatif yem katkı maddelerinin kullanımıyla ilgili çalışmalar yapmaya yönlendirmiştir. Probiyotikler, prebiyotikler ve enzimler alternatif yem katkı maddelerinden bazılarıdır. Bu alternatif yem katkımaddelerinin genç ve ergin ruminantlarda sağlık, performans ve rumen fermentasyonu gibi değerler üzerinde oluşturabilecekleri etkiler ve bunun ruminant besleme açısından önemi üzerinde durulacaktır

Keywords

Enzim prebiyotik probiyotik ruminant

References

  • Antunovic Z, Speranda M, Liker B, Seric V, Steiner Z, Domacinovic M, 2005. Influence of feeding the probiotic pioneer to growing lambs on performances and blood composition. Acta Veterinaria, 55(4): 287-300.
  • Aşan M, Özcan N, 2006. Kanatlı beslemede inulinin prebiyotik olarak önemi. Hayvansal Üretim, 47(2): 48-53.
  • Bach A, Calsamiglia S, Stern MD, 2005. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. J Dairy Sci, 88: 9–21.
  • Bakhshi N, Ghorbani GR, Rahmani HR, Samie A, 2006. Effect of probiotic and milk feeding frequency on performance of dairy Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci, 1(2): 113-119.
  • Balcı F, Dikmen S, Gencoglu H, Orman A, Turkmen I, Biricik H, 2007. The effect of fibrolytic exogenous enzyme on fattening performance of steers. Bulg J Vet Med, 10(2): 113-118.
  • Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, Maekawa M, 2000. polysaccharidase feed enzyme in dairy cow diets. J Dairy Sci, 83(3): 543-553. nonstarch
  • Beharka AA, Nagaraja TG, 1998. Effect of Aspergillus oryzae extract alone or in combination with antimicrobial compounds on ruminal bacteria. J Dairy Sci, 81(6): 1591- 1598.
  • Beharka AA, Nagaraja TG, Morrill JL, 1991. and Performance development of young calves fed diets with Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract. J Dairy Sci, 74(12): 4326-4336. function
  • Bertrand JA, Grimes LW, 1997. Influence of tallow and Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract in dairy cattle rations. J Dairy Sci, 80 (6): 1179-1184.
  • Biggs DR, Hancock KR, 1998. In vitro digestion of bacterial and plant fructans and effects on ammonia accumulation in cow and sheep rumen fluids. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 44: 167–171.
  • Blezinger SB, 2006. Yeast products can have positive effects on cattle performance. Cattle Today archive/2006/june/CT489.shtml. Erişim Tarihi: 06/06/2009.
  • Cruywagen CW, Jordaan I, Venter L, 1996. Effect supplementation preweaning performance of calves. J Dairy Sci, 79(3): 483-486. acidophilus of milk replacer on
  • Cruywagen CW, Van-Zyl WH, 2008. Effects of a fungal enzyme cocktail treatment of high and low forage diets on lamb growth. Anim Feed Sci Tech, 145(4): 151-158.
  • Demirel G, Turan N, Tanor A, Kocabağlı N, Alp M, Hasoksuz M, Yılmaz H, 2007. Effects of performance, some blood parameters, IgG levels and antibody response of lambs to parenterally administered Arch Anim Nutr, 61(2): 126-134. on E.coli O157:H7.
  • Diler A, 2007. Probiyotik + Enzim Kombinas- yonunun Esmer Irkı Buzağılarda Yemden Ya- rarlanma ve Büyüme Performansı Üzerine Etkileri. Yüksek Linans Tezi. Atatürk Üniv Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zootekni Programı. Erzu- rum.
  • Erasmus LJ, Botha PM, Kisther A, 1992. Effect of yeast culture supplement on production, rumen fermentation and duodenal nitrogen flow in dairy cows. J Anim Sci, 75 (11): 3056-3065.
  • Erdman RA, Sharma BK, 1989. Effect of yeast culture and sodium bicarbonate on milk yield and composition in dairy cows. J Anim Sci, 72 (7): 1929-1932.
  • Eun JS, Beauchemin KA, 2005. Effects of a proteolytic feed enzymes on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation and milk production. J Dairy Sci, 88(6): 2140-2153.
  • Fleige S, Preibinger W, Meyer HHD, Pfaffl MW, 2008. The immuno-modulatory effect of lactulose on Enterococcus faecium fed pre- ruminant calves. J Anim Sci, 87(5):1731-1738.
  • Franklin ST, Newman MC, Newman KE, Meek KI, 2005. Immun parameters of dry cows fed mannan oligosaccharide and subsuquent transfer of immunity to calves. J Dairy Sci, 88 (2): 766-775.
  • Görgülü M, Siuta A, Öngel E, Yurtseven S, Kutlu HR, 2003. Effect of probiotic on growing performance and health of calves. Pak J Biol Sci, 6(7): 651-654.
  • Güçlü BK, 2003. Bıldırcın besisinde mannan oligosakkarit (Bio-mos) kullanılmasının perfor- mans ve karkas kalitesine etkisi, Bildiriler Kita- bı, II. Ulusal Hayvan Besleme Kongresi, ss: 300-302, Konya- Türkiye.
  • Güçlü BK, İşcan KM, 2006. Probiotic and mannan oligosaccharide on growth and biochemical parameters in Turkey. Indian Vet J, 83(12): 1324-1326.
  • Harrison GA, Hemken RW, Dawson KA, Harmon RJ, 1988. Influence of addition of yeast culture supplement to diets of lactating cows on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations. J Dairy Sci, 71(11): 2967-2975.
  • Heinrichs AJ, Jones CM, Heinrichs BS, 2003. Effects antibiotics in neonatal diets on health and growth of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci, 86(12): 4064-4069. oligosaccharide or
  • Higginbotham GE, Collar CA, Aseltine MS, Bath DL, 1994. Effect of yeast culture and Aspergillus oryzae extract on milk yield in a commercial dairy herd. J Dairy Sci, 77(1): 343- 348. 27. Hill TM, Bateman HG, Aldrich JM, Schlotterbeck RL, 2008. Oligosaccharides for dairy calves. Pro Anim Sci, 24(5): 460-464.
  • Hristov AN, McAllister TA, Cheng KJ, 1998. exogenous degrading enzymes in the rumen. Animal Feed Sci Tech, 76(1): 161-168.
  • Işık M, Ekimler F, 2004. Probiyotik kullanma- nın buzağı büyüme performansı ve sağlığı üzerine etkileri. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 28(1): 63-69.
  • Jafari A, Edriss MA, Alikhani M, Emtiazi G, 2005. Effects of treated wheat straw with exogenous fibre-degrading enzymes on wool characteristics of ewe lambs. Pak J Nutr, 4(5): 321-326.
  • Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Vuksan V, 1999. Inulin, oligofructose and intestinal function. J Nutr, 129(7): 1431-1433.
  • Kantautaite J, Oberauskas V, Sutkeviciene R, Sederevicius A, 2006. The effect of probiotic strains of Lactobacillus on the microbiological parameters in the faeces of neonate calves. Veterinarija ir Zootechnika, 36: 58.
  • Karademir G, Karademir B, 2003. Yem katkı maddesi olarak kullanılan biyoteknolojik ürün- ler. Lalahan Hay Araşt Enst Derg, 43(1): 61- 74.
  • Kaufhould J, Hammon HM, Blum JW, 2000. Fructo-oligosaccharide effects hematological traits in veal calves. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med, 47(1): 17-29. and
  • Kılıç Ü, Boğa M, Görgülü M, 2007. Ruminantların beslenmesinde kullanılan yem katkı maddeleri. Yem Magazin, 48: 25-32.
  • Krehbiel CR, Rust SR, Zhang G, Gilliland SE, 2003. Bacterial direct-fed microbials in ruminant diets: Performance response and mode of action. J Anim Sci, 81(14): 120-132.
  • Kurtoglu V, Kurtoglu F, Seker E, Coskun B, Balevi T, Polat ES, 2004. Effect of probiotic supplementation on laying hen diets on yield performance and serum and egg yolk cholesterol. Food Add Cont, 21(9): 817-823.
  • Lubbadeh W, Haddadin MSY, Al-Tamimi MA, Robinson RK, 1999. Effect on the cholesterol content of fresh lamb of supplementing the feed of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Meat Sci, 52: 381- 385.
  • McAllister TA, Hristov AN, Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, Cheng KJ, 2001. Enzymes in Ruminant Diets. Bedford MR, Partridge GG. Enzymes in Farm Animal Nutrition. Bowman CABI Publishing. pp. 273-298. UK:
  • Mokhber-Dezfouli MR, Tajik P, Bolourchi, Mahmoudzadeh H, 2007. Effects of probiotics supplementation in daily milk intake of newborn calves on body weight gain, body height, diarrhea occurrence and health condition. Pak J Biol Sci, 10(18): 3136-3140.
  • Muwalla MM, Haddad SG, Hijazeen MA, 2007. Effect of fibrolytic enzyme inclusion in high concentrate fattening diets on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of Awassi lambs. Livest Sci, 111(3): 255-258. ve Streptococcus faecium genç ruminantlarda is- hal vakalarının engellenmesinde, mantar ve maya- lardan cerevisiae fermentasyonunu ve dolayısıyla performansı artır- mak için kullanılan en etkili mikrobiyal katkılardan- dır. Saccharomyces ise ergin ruminantlarda rumen
  • Özellikle ergin ve genç ruminantların yemlerine
  • prebiyotik katkılarının etkisi hakkında çalışmaların
  • sınırlı olması nedeniyle bu alandaki çalışmaların
  • arttırılması gerekmektedir. Kaynaklar
  • Antunovic Z, Speranda M, Liker B, Seric V, Steiner Z, Domacinovic M, 2005. Influence of feeding the probiotic pioneer to growing lambs on performances and blood composition. Acta Veterinaria, 55(4): 287-300.
  • Aşan M, Özcan N, 2006. Kanatlı beslemede inulinin prebiyotik olarak önemi. Hayvansal Üretim, 47(2): 48-53.
  • Bach A, Calsamiglia S, Stern MD, 2005. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. J Dairy Sci, 88: 9–21.
  • Bakhshi N, Ghorbani GR, Rahmani HR, Samie A, 2006. Effect of probiotic and milk feeding frequency on performance of dairy Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci, 1(2): 113-119.
  • Balcı F, Dikmen S, Gencoglu H, Orman A, Turkmen I, Biricik H, 2007. The effect of fibrolytic exogenous enzyme on fattening performance of steers. Bulg J Vet Med, 10(2): 113-118.
  • Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, Maekawa M, 2000. polysaccharidase feed enzyme in dairy cow diets. J Dairy Sci, 83(3): 543-553. nonstarch
  • Beharka AA, Nagaraja TG, 1998. Effect of Aspergillus oryzae extract alone or in combination with antimicrobial compounds on ruminal bacteria. J Dairy Sci, 81(6): 1591- 1598.
  • Beharka AA, Nagaraja TG, Morrill JL, 1991. and Performance development of young calves fed diets with Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract. J Dairy Sci, 74(12): 4326-4336. function
  • Bertrand JA, Grimes LW, 1997. Influence of tallow and Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract in dairy cattle rations. J Dairy Sci, 80 (6): 1179-1184.
  • Biggs DR, Hancock KR, 1998. In vitro digestion of bacterial and plant fructans and effects on ammonia accumulation in cow and sheep rumen fluids. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 44: 167–171.
  • Blezinger SB, 2006. Yeast products can have positive effects on cattle performance. Cattle Today archive/2006/june/CT489.shtml. Erişim Tarihi: 06/06/2009.
  • Cruywagen CW, Jordaan I, Venter L, 1996. Effect supplementation preweaning performance of calves. J Dairy Sci, 79(3): 483-486. acidophilus of milk replacer on
  • Cruywagen CW, Van-Zyl WH, 2008. Effects of a fungal enzyme cocktail treatment of high and low forage diets on lamb growth. Anim Feed Sci Tech, 145(4): 151-158.
  • Demirel G, Turan N, Tanor A, Kocabağlı N, Alp M, Hasoksuz M, Yılmaz H, 2007. Effects of performance, some blood parameters, IgG levels and antibody response of lambs to parenterally administered Arch Anim Nutr, 61(2): 126-134. on E.coli O157:H7.
  • Diler A, 2007. Probiyotik + Enzim Kombinas- yonunun Esmer Irkı Buzağılarda Yemden Ya- rarlanma ve Büyüme Performansı Üzerine Etkileri. Yüksek Linans Tezi. Atatürk Üniv Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zootekni Programı. Erzu- rum.
  • Erasmus LJ, Botha PM, Kisther A, 1992. Effect of yeast culture supplement on production, rumen fermentation and duodenal nitrogen flow in dairy cows. J Anim Sci, 75 (11): 3056-3065.
  • Erdman RA, Sharma BK, 1989. Effect of yeast culture and sodium bicarbonate on milk yield and composition in dairy cows. J Anim Sci, 72 (7): 1929-1932.
  • Eun JS, Beauchemin KA, 2005. Effects of a proteolytic feed enzymes on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation and milk production. J Dairy Sci, 88(6): 2140-2153.
  • Fleige S, Preibinger W, Meyer HHD, Pfaffl MW, 2008. The immuno-modulatory effect of lactulose on Enterococcus faecium fed pre- ruminant calves. J Anim Sci, 87(5):1731-1738.
  • Franklin ST, Newman MC, Newman KE, Meek KI, 2005. Immun parameters of dry cows fed mannan oligosaccharide and subsuquent transfer of immunity to calves. J Dairy Sci, 88 (2): 766-775.
  • Görgülü M, Siuta A, Öngel E, Yurtseven S, Kutlu HR, 2003. Effect of probiotic on growing performance and health of calves. Pak J Biol Sci, 6(7): 651-654.
  • Güçlü BK, 2003. Bıldırcın besisinde mannan oligosakkarit (Bio-mos) kullanılmasının perfor- mans ve karkas kalitesine etkisi, Bildiriler Kita- bı, II. Ulusal Hayvan Besleme Kongresi, ss: 300-302, Konya- Türkiye.
  • Güçlü BK, İşcan KM, 2006. Probiotic and mannan oligosaccharide on growth and biochemical parameters in Turkey. Indian Vet J, 83(12): 1324-1326.
  • Harrison GA, Hemken RW, Dawson KA, Harmon RJ, 1988. Influence of addition of yeast culture supplement to diets of lactating cows on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations. J Dairy Sci, 71(11): 2967-2975.
  • Heinrichs AJ, Jones CM, Heinrichs BS, 2003. Effects antibiotics in neonatal diets on health and growth of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci, 86(12): 4064-4069. oligosaccharide or
  • Higginbotham GE, Collar CA, Aseltine MS, Bath DL, 1994. Effect of yeast culture and Aspergillus oryzae extract on milk yield in a commercial dairy herd. J Dairy Sci, 77(1): 343- 348. 27. Hill TM, Bateman HG, Aldrich JM, Schlotterbeck RL, 2008. Oligosaccharides for dairy calves. Pro Anim Sci, 24(5): 460-464.
  • Hristov AN, McAllister TA, Cheng KJ, 1998. exogenous degrading enzymes in the rumen. Animal Feed Sci Tech, 76(1): 161-168.
  • Işık M, Ekimler F, 2004. Probiyotik kullanma- nın buzağı büyüme performansı ve sağlığı üzerine etkileri. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 28(1): 63-69.
  • Jafari A, Edriss MA, Alikhani M, Emtiazi G, 2005. Effects of treated wheat straw with exogenous fibre-degrading enzymes on wool characteristics of ewe lambs. Pak J Nutr, 4(5): 321-326.
  • Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Vuksan V, 1999. Inulin, oligofructose and intestinal function. J Nutr, 129(7): 1431-1433.
  • Kantautaite J, Oberauskas V, Sutkeviciene R, Sederevicius A, 2006. The effect of probiotic strains of Lactobacillus on the microbiological parameters in the faeces of neonate calves. Veterinarija ir Zootechnika, 36: 58.
  • Karademir G, Karademir B, 2003. Yem katkı maddesi olarak kullanılan biyoteknolojik ürün- ler. Lalahan Hay Araşt Enst Derg, 43(1): 61- 74.
  • Kaufhould J, Hammon HM, Blum JW, 2000. Fructo-oligosaccharide effects hematological traits in veal calves. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med, 47(1): 17-29. and
  • Kılıç Ü, Boğa M, Görgülü M, 2007. Ruminantların beslenmesinde kullanılan yem katkı maddeleri. Yem Magazin, 48: 25-32.
  • Krehbiel CR, Rust SR, Zhang G, Gilliland SE, 2003. Bacterial direct-fed microbials in ruminant diets: Performance response and mode of action. J Anim Sci, 81(14): 120-132.
  • Kurtoglu V, Kurtoglu F, Seker E, Coskun B, Balevi T, Polat ES, 2004. Effect of probiotic supplementation on laying hen diets on yield performance and serum and egg yolk cholesterol. Food Add Cont, 21(9): 817-823.
  • Lubbadeh W, Haddadin MSY, Al-Tamimi MA, Robinson RK, 1999. Effect on the cholesterol content of fresh lamb of supplementing the feed of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Meat Sci, 52: 381- 385.
  • McAllister TA, Hristov AN, Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, Cheng KJ, 2001. Enzymes in Ruminant Diets. Bedford MR, Partridge GG. Enzymes in Farm Animal Nutrition. Bowman CABI Publishing. pp. 273-298. UK:
  • Mokhber-Dezfouli MR, Tajik P, Bolourchi, Mahmoudzadeh H, 2007. Effects of probiotics supplementation in daily milk intake of newborn calves on body weight gain, body height, diarrhea occurrence and health condition. Pak J Biol Sci, 10(18): 3136-3140.
  • Muwalla MM, Haddad SG, Hijazeen MA, 2007. Effect of fibrolytic enzyme inclusion in high concentrate fattening diets on nutrient digestibility and growth performance of Awassi lambs. Livest Sci, 111(3): 255-258.
  • Nir İ, Şenköylü N, 2000. Sindirimi Destekleyen Yem Katkı Maddeleri. Birinci baskı. Tekirdağ: Roche, ss. 1-112.
  • Nsereko VL, Beauchemin KA, Morgavi DP, Rode LM, Furtado AF, McAllister TA, Iwaasa AD, Yang WZ, Wang Y, 2002. Effect of a fibrolytic Trichoderma longibrachiatum on the rumen microbial population of dairy cows. Can J Microbiol, 48: 14–20. preparation from
  • Nursoy H, Baytok E, 2003. Ekmek mayasının süt ineği rasyonlarında kullanılmasının süt verimi, bazı rumen sıvısı parametreleri ve kan metabolitleri üzerine etkisi. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 27: 7-13.
  • Oral G, Gülmez M, 2006. Gıda kaynaklı pato- jenler için kesim öncesi dekontaminasyon uy- gulamaları. Kafkas Üni Vet Fak Derg, 12(1): 77-84. 46. Öztürk H, 2007. Küresel ısınmada ruminantların rolü. Vet Hek Der Derg, 78(1): 17-21.
  • Öztürk H, 2008a. Effects of inulin on rumen metabolism in vitro. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 55: 79-82.
  • Öztürk H, 2008b. Ruminant beslemesinde probiyotik mayalar. Vet Hek Der Derg, 79(3): 37-42.
  • Pinos-Rodriguez JM, Gonzalez SS, Mendoza GD, Barcena R, Cobos MA, Hernández A, Ortega ME, 2002. fibrolytic enzyme on ruminal fermentation and digestibility of alfalfa and rye-grass hay fed to lambs. J Dairy Sci, 80(11): 3016-3020.
  • Quigley JD, Drewry JJ, Murray LM, Ivey SJ, 1997. Body weight gain, feed efficiency and fecal scores of dairy calves in response to galactosyl-lactose or antibiotics in milk replacers. J Dairy Sci, 80(8): 1751-1754.
  • Reddish MA, Kung JL, 2007. The effect of feeding a dry enzyme mixture with fibrolytic activity on the performance of lactating cows and digestibility of a diet for sheep. J Dairy Sci, 90(10): 4724–4729.
  • Robinson PH, 1997. Effect of yeast culture on adaptation of cows to diets postpartum. J Dairy Sci, 80(6): 1119-1125.
  • Rode LM, Yang WZ, Beauchemin KA, 1999. Fibrolytic enzyme supplements for dairy cows in early lactation. J Dairy Sci, 82(10): 2121- 2126.
  • Sarıca Ş, 1999. Kanatlı hayvan beslemede probiyotik kullanımı. Hayvansal Üretim, 39: 105-112.
  • Sarıpınar D, Sulu N, 2005. Ruminantlarda probiyotiklerin kullanımı ve rumene etkileri. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 11(1): 93-98.
  • Schingoethe DJ, Linke KN, Kalscheur KF, Hippen AR, 2004. Feed efficiency of mid- lactation dairy cows fed yeast culture during summer. J Dairy Sci, 87(12): 4178-4180.
  • Smith WA, Harris B, Van Hom HH, Wilcox CJ, 1993. Effects of forage type on production of dairy cottonseed, tallow and yeast. J Dairy Sci, 76 (1): 205- 215. with whole
  • Sutton JD, Phippe RH, Beever DE, Humphries DJ, Hatnell GF, Vicini JL, Hard DL, 2003. Effect of method of application of a fibrolytic enzyme product on digestive processes and milk production in holstein-fresian cows. J Dairy Sci, 86(2): 546-556.
  • Teller E, Focant M, 1990. Probiotics in animal nutrition. Archiv Anim Nutr, 40: 543-567.
  • Tere M, Calvo MA, Adelantado C, Kocher A, Bach oligosaccharides microorganism fecal counts of calves following an enhanced-growth feding program. Anim Feed Sci Tech, 137(2): 115-125. of manan performance and
  • Titi HH, Tabbaa MJ, 2004. Efficacy of exogenous cellulase on digestibility in lambs and growth of dairy calves. Livest Pro Sci, 87 (3): 207-214.
  • Tunç MA, 2007. Humatların Koyunlarda Ru- men Parametreleri ve Bazı Kan Değerleri Üze- rine Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Atatürk Üniv Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı. Erzurum.
  • Varel VH, Kreikemeier KK, 1994. Response to of fermentation extract on ruminal metabolism in cattle. J Dairy Sci, 77(10): 3081-3086. oryzae
  • Wallace RJ, Newbold CJ, 2007. Microbial feed additives for ruminants. Wallace RJ, Chesson A. Biotechnology in Animal Feeds and Animal Feeding. Published Online, pp. 101-125.
  • Wiedmeier RD, Arambel MJ, Walters JL, 1987. Effect of yeast culture and Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on ruminal characteristics and nutrient digestibility. Dairy Sci, 70(10): 2063-2065. J
  • Williams PE, Tait CA, Innes GM, Newbold CJ, 1991. Effects of the inclusion of yeast culture in the diet of dairy cows on milk yield and forage degradation and ferentation patterns in the rumen of steers. J Dairy Sci, 69(7): 3016- 3026.
  • Yalçın S, Kocaoğlu Güçlü B, Karakaş Oğuz F, Yalçın S, 2002. Yumurta tavuğu rasyonlarında enzim, probiyotik ve antibiyotik kullanılması, Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 49: 135-141.
  • Yang WZ, Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, 1999. Effect of an enzyme feed additive on extent of digestion and milk production of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 82(2): 391-403.
  • Yang WZ, Beauchemin KA, Rode LM, 2000. A comparison of methods of adding fibrolytic enzymes to lactating cow diets. J Dairy Sci, 83 (11): 2512-2520.
  • Zheng W, Schingoethe DJ, Stegeman GA, Hippen AR, Determination of when during the lactation cycle to start feding a cellulose and xylanase enzymes mixture to dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 83: 2319-2325. RJ, 2000.
There are 112 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

B. Kocaoğlu Güçlü This is me

K. Kara This is me

Publication Date March 1, 2009
Submission Date June 24, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2009 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Güçlü, B. K., & Kara, K. (2009). Ruminant Beslemede Alternatif Yem Katkı Maddelerinin Kullanımı: 1. Probiyotik, Prebiyotik ve Enzim. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 65-75.
AMA Güçlü BK, Kara K. Ruminant Beslemede Alternatif Yem Katkı Maddelerinin Kullanımı: 1. Probiyotik, Prebiyotik ve Enzim. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. March 2009;6(1):65-75.
Chicago Güçlü, B. Kocaoğlu, and K. Kara. “Ruminant Beslemede Alternatif Yem Katkı Maddelerinin Kullanımı: 1. Probiyotik, Prebiyotik Ve Enzim”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 6, no. 1 (March 2009): 65-75.
EndNote Güçlü BK, Kara K (March 1, 2009) Ruminant Beslemede Alternatif Yem Katkı Maddelerinin Kullanımı: 1. Probiyotik, Prebiyotik ve Enzim. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 6 1 65–75.
IEEE B. K. Güçlü and K. Kara, “Ruminant Beslemede Alternatif Yem Katkı Maddelerinin Kullanımı: 1. Probiyotik, Prebiyotik ve Enzim”, Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 65–75, 2009.
ISNAD Güçlü, B. Kocaoğlu - Kara, K. “Ruminant Beslemede Alternatif Yem Katkı Maddelerinin Kullanımı: 1. Probiyotik, Prebiyotik Ve Enzim”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 6/1 (March 2009), 65-75.
JAMA Güçlü BK, Kara K. Ruminant Beslemede Alternatif Yem Katkı Maddelerinin Kullanımı: 1. Probiyotik, Prebiyotik ve Enzim. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2009;6:65–75.
MLA Güçlü, B. Kocaoğlu and K. Kara. “Ruminant Beslemede Alternatif Yem Katkı Maddelerinin Kullanımı: 1. Probiyotik, Prebiyotik Ve Enzim”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 1, 2009, pp. 65-75.
Vancouver Güçlü BK, Kara K. Ruminant Beslemede Alternatif Yem Katkı Maddelerinin Kullanımı: 1. Probiyotik, Prebiyotik ve Enzim. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2009;6(1):65-7.
 Download Cover Image


20610

https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/journal-file/20610

Creative Commons Lisansı
Bu eser Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.