Transport Shrink and Factors Effective on Transport Shrink in Cattle

Year 2014, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 63 - 67, 01.03.2014

B. Teke

Abstract

Transportation shrink is a natural physiogical condition that occurs during the transportation of animals. The level of transportation shrink is an important indicator shows if the cattle are transported within the optimum animal welfare conditions or not. The main factors affecting transportation shrink are transportation period, supplying water and feed to cattle before and after the transportation, the design of the vehicle used for transportation, temperature of the environment, age and temperament of the animal. The most effective ones among these factors are transportation period, temperature of the environment, feed and water support in long distance transportation. Transporting animals at a temperature within the thermoneutral conditions, shortening the period of transportation, and supplying feed and water during long distance transportation may decrease the transportation shrink and increase the profitability of cattle buyers and sellers.

Keywords

Animal welfare, cattle, transportation, transportation shrink başına nakil firesinin 35.2 kg olduğunu hayvan başına ekonomik kaybın 83.52 $ olduğunu ve ülkede nakil firesine bağlı yıllık 5.05 milyon $ ekonomik kayıp şekillendiğini bildirmi

Sığırlarda Nakil Firesi ve Etkili Faktörler

Abstract

Nakil firesi hayvan nakilleri sırasında oluşan fizyolojik bir durumdur. Sığırlarda nakil firesinin düzeyi naklin optimum hayvan refahı koşullarında yapılıp yapılmadığını gösteren önemli bir parametredir. Nakil süresi, nakil öncesi veya nakil sırasında yem ve su verilip verilmeyişi, nakil aracının dizaynı, çevre sıcaklığı, hayvanın yaşı ve mizacı nakil firesi üzerine etkili olan başlıca faktörlerdir. Bu faktörler içerisinde en etkili olanlar ise nakil süresi, nakil sırasında çevre sıcaklığı ve uzun nakillerde yem ve su desteği sağlanma durumudur. Nakillerin termonötral sıcaklık aralığında yapılması, nakillerin mümkün olduğunca kısa sürdürülmesi, uzun nakillerde yem ve su desteğinin sağlanması gibi uygulamalar nakil firesini azaltabilecek, sığır alıcı ve satıcılarının karlılığını artırabilecektir.

Keywords

Hayvan refahı, nakil, nakil firesi, sığır

References

• Aiken GE, Tabler SF. Technical note: influence of fasting time on body weIight shrinkage and average daily gain. Prof Anim Sci 2004; 20: 524
• Addis D, George C. Minimizing stress in feedlos replacements. 9th California Feeders Day, Univ of California, Davis 1969.
• Arthington JD, Eicher SD, Kunkle WE, Martin FG. Effect of transportation and commingling on the acute-phase protein response, growth, and feed intake of newly weaned beef calves. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:1120-5.
• Anonim (2011). Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı. Hayvanların nakilleri sırasında refahı ve korunması yönetmeliği. http://www.gkgm. gov.tr/mevzuat /yonetmelik/hayvan_ nakil_ refah_korunmasi_yonetmeligi.html. Erişim Tarihi 002013.
• Barnes K, Smith S, Lalman D. Managing shrink and weighing conditions in beef cattle. Fact sheet F-32 Oklahoma State University Cooperative Extension Service. Available at: pods.dasnr. okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document30/F-3257pod.pdf. Erişim Tarihi 30.07.2013.
• Brazle FK, Kuhl GL, Binns CE, Zoellner KO, Corah LR. Schalles RR. The influence of limited-creep feeding on pre and post-weaning performance of spring born calves. J Anim Sci 1991; 69 (Suppl. 1): Bryan M, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Crowe T, González L Kastelic J. Effect of cattle liner microclimate on core body temperature and shrink in market-weight heifers transported during summer months. J Anim Sci 2010; 88 (Suppl. 2): Camp TH, Stevens DG, Stermer RA, Anthony JP. Transit factors affecting shrink, shipping fever and subsequent performance of feeder calves. J Anim Sci 1981; 52: 1219-24.
• Camp TH, Stermer RA, Stevens DG, Anthony JP. Shrink of feeder calves as an indicator of incidence of bovine respiratory disease and time to return to purchase weight. J Anim Sci 1983; 57 (Suppl.1): 66.
• Coffey KP, Brazle FK, Higgins JJ. Effects of gathering time on weight and shrink of steers grazing smooth bromegrass pastures. Prof Anim Sci 1997; 13: 170-5.
• Cook NJ, Veira D, Church JS, Schaefer AL. Dexamethasone reduces transport-induced weight losses in beef calves. Can J Anim Sci 2009; 89: 335-9.
• European Commission (EC) (2005). Council
• Regulation (EC) No. 1/2005 of 22 December 2004 on the protection of animals during transport and related operations and amending. Directives 64/432/EEC and 93/119/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1255/97. Off J, Le 5/01/2005 (pp. 1-44).
• Friend TH, Giguere NM, Krawczel PD. Cross ventilation in commercial livestock trailers shows promise for improving comfort, reducing weight loss and reducing environmental contaminants. J Anim Sci 2007; 85 (Suppl.1): 362.
• Grandin T. Assessment of stress during handling and transport. J Anim Sci 1997; 75: 249-57.
• González LA, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Bryan M, Silasi R, Brown F. Benchmarking study of industry practices during commercial long haul transport of cattle in Alberta. J Anim Sci 2012; 90: 3606González LA, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KSG, Bryan M, Silasi R, Brown F. Factors affecting body weight loss during commercial long haul transport of cattle in North America. J Anim Sci 2012; 90(10): 3630-9.
• González LA, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Bryan M, Silasi R, Brown F. Space allowance during commercial long distance transport of cattle in North America. J Anim Sci 2012; 90(10): 3618
• González LA, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Bryan M, Silasi R, Brown F. Relationships between transport conditions and welfare outcomes during commercial long haul transport of cattle in North America. J Anim Sci 2012; 90: 3640-51.
• Greer T, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Crowe T, González LA. The effect of transport distance on cattle liner microclimate, live weight loss and carcass quality of finished heifers during summer transport. Proceedings of the Canadian Society of Animal Science Halifax, NS, May 4–5, 2011; p.
• Harman BR, Brinkman MH, Hoffman MP, Self HL. Factors affecting in-transit shrink and liver abscesses in fed steers. J Anim Sci 1989; 67: 311Heitschmidt RK. Diurnal variation in weight and rates of shrink of range cows and calves. J Range Manage 1982; 35: 717-20.
• Jones SDM, Schaefer AL, Tong AKW, Vincent BC. The effects of fasting and transportation on beef cattle. 2. Body component changes, carcass composition and meat quality. Livest Prod Sci 1988; 20: 25-35.
• Jones SDM, Schaefer AL, Robertson WM, Vincent BC. The effects of withholding feed and water on carcass shrinkage and meat quality in beef cattle. Meat Sci 1990; 28: 131-9.
• Knowles TG. A review of the road transport of cattle. Vet Rec 1999;144:197-201.
• Leo Penu CLO, Jermias AJ Tulle DR, Jelantik IGN, Copland RS. Body weight loss of bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) during transport from West Timor to Jakarta, Indonesia. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 20 vol. 28: 19. McDowell RE. Improvement of Livestock Production in Warm Climates 1972; 410-49. Freeman: San Francisco, USA
• Parker AJ, Dobson GP, Fitzpatrick LA. Physiological and metabolic effects of prophylactic treatment with the osmolytes glycerol and betaine on Bos indicus steers during long duration transportation. J Anim Sci 2007; 85: 2916-23.
• Philips WA, Cole NA Hutcheson DP. The effect of diet on the amount and source of weight lost by beef steers during transit or fasting. Nutr Rep Int 1985; 32: 765-76.
• Philips WA, Juniewicz PE, von Tungeln DL. The effect of fasting, transit plus fasting, and administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone on the source and amount of weight lost by feeder steers of different ages. J Anim Sci 1991; 69: 2342Pritchard RH, Mendez JK. Effects of preconditioning on pre- and postshipment performance of feeder calves. J Anim Sci 1990; 68: 28-34.
• Randall J. Environmental parameters necessary to define comfort for pigs, cattle and sheep in livestock transporters. Anim Prod 1993; 57: 29930
• Schaefer AL, Dubeski PL, Aalhus JL, Tong AKW. Role of nutrition in reducing antemortem stress and meat quality aberrations. J Anim Sci 2001; 79: 91-101.
• Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Booth-McLean ME, Shah MA, Entz T, Bach SJ, Mears GJ, Schaefer AL, Cook N, Church J, McAllister TA. Effects of pre-haul management and transport duration on beef calf performance and welfare. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2007; 108: 12-30.
• Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Faucitano L, Dadgar S, Shand P, González LA, Crowe TG. Road transport of cattle, swine and poultry in North America and its impact on animal welfare, carcass and meat quality: A review; Meat Sci 2012; 92: 227-43
• Self HL, Gay N. Shrink during shipment of feeder cattle. J Anim Sci 1972; 35: 489-94.
• Teke B. Shrink and mortality of beef cattle during long distance transportation. Anim Welfare 2013; 22 (3): 379-84.
• Teke B, Akdag F, Ekiz B, Ugurlu M. Effects of different lairage times after long distance transportation on carcass and meat quality characteristics of Hungarian Simmental bulls. Meat Sci 2014; 96 (1): 224-9.
• Ünal N. Hayvan Refahı Ders Notları. 2007.
• Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Zootekni Anabilim Dalı, Ankara. s. 53. Young BA. Cold stress as it affects animal production. J Anim Sci 1981; 52: 154-63.
• Fike K, Spire MF. Transportation of cattle. Vet Clin Food Anim 2006; 22: 305-20.
• Warriss PD, Brown SN, Knowles TG, Kestin SC, Edwards JE, Dolan SK, Phillips AJ. Effects on cattle of transport by road for up to 15 hours. Vet Rec 1995; 136: 319-23. Yazışma Adresi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Bülent TEKE
• Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Zootekni Anabilim Dalı 55200 Atakum / Samsun Tel: [phone] / 3481
• E-posta: [e-mail]