Ruminant Rasyonlarında Ham Gliserin Kullanımı

Year 2022, Volume: 19 Issue: 1, 74 - 82, 01.04.2022

Bora Bölükbaş İsmail Kaya

https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.1084972

Abstract

Ruminant beslemede tahılların yoğun olarak kullanılması geleceğin gıda güvenliği konusunda endişelere yol açmaktadır. Hayvan beslemede kullanılan gıda hammaddelerinin insan tüketimine uygun olmayan sanayi yan ürünleri ve bazı diğer atık biyokütleler ile değiştirilmesi gıda-yem rekabetini ve hayvansal üretimin karlılığını artırabilecek en önemli potansiyel strateji olarak görülmektedir. Ham gliserin (HG), biyodizel endüstrisinin yan ürünüdür ve son yıllarda ruminant rasyonlarında tahıllara alternatif bir enerji kaynağı olarak kullanılmaktadır. HG’nin ana bileşeni olan gliserol, rumende hızlı bir şekilde propiyonat ve bütirat fermente olarak enerji metabolizmasına katılmaktadır. Biyodizel üretim metoduna bağlı olarak değişken saflıklarda elde edilen ham gliserinin ruminantlar üzerindeki etkisi içerisindeki gliserol ve diğer kirliliklerin miktarına ve rasyona eklenme düzeyine göre değişkenlik gösterebilmektedir. Bu değişkenlik sebebiyle ham gliserinin ruminantlarda kullanım etkinliği konusunda çok çeşitli sonuçlar elde edilmektedir. Bu derlemede literatür bulguları değerlendirildiğinde HG’nin içeriğindeki kirlilikler gözetilerek ruminant rasyonlarında kuru maddenin %10 ila 15 düzeylerinde performansı olumsuz etkilemeden kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

Biodizel, gliserol, ham gliserin, ruminant, yan ürün

Utilization of Crude Glycerin in Ruminant Diets

Abstract

The intensive use of grains as feed in ruminant production systems raises concerns about future food security. The replacement of food raw materials used in animal nutrition with industrial by-products and other waste biomass that are not suitable for human consumption is viewed as the most important potential strategy that can decrease food-feed competition and increase the profitability of animal production. Crude glycerin (CG) is a byproduct of the biodiesel industry and has been used as an alternative to grains in ruminant diets in recent years. Glycerol, which is the main component of CG, rapidly participates in energy metabolism by undergoing fermentation to propionate and butyrate in the rumen. Depending on the biodiesel production method, the effect of CG, which is obtained at varying levels of purity, on ruminants may vary according to the amount of glycerol, and other impurities in it and the amount of CG added to the diet. Due to this variability, inconsistent results are obtained regarding the efficiency of CG usage in ruminants. Based on the literature, it was concluded that CG could be used in ruminant diets at levels of 10-15% of dry matter after taking into account the levels of impurities without adversely affecting the performance.

Keywords

Biodiesel, by-product, crude glycerin, glycerol, ruminant

References

• Allen MS. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83(7): 1598-624.
• Avila-Stagno J, Chaves AV, He ML, Harstad OM, Beauchemin KA, McGinn SM, McAllister TA. Effects of increasing concentrations of glycerol in concentrate diets on nutrient digestibility, methane emissions, growth, fatty acid profiles, and carcass traits of lambs. J Anim Sci 2013; 91(2): 829-37.
• Benedeti PDB, Silva, LG, Paula EM, Shenkoru T, Marcondes MI, Monteiro HF, Amorati B, Yeh Y, Poulson SR, Faciola AP. Effects of partial replacement of corn with glycerin on ruminal fermentation in a dual-flow continuous culture system. PloS One 2015; 10(11): e0143201.
• BSD. Biodiesel production of Turkey. http://www.biyodizel.org.tr; Accessed Date: 15.03.2021.
• Borghi TH, Silva Sobrinho AGD, Zeola NMBL, Almeida, FAD, Cirne LGA, Lima ARC. Dietary glycerin does not affect meat quality of Ile de France lambs. R Bras Zootec 2016; 45: 554-62.
• Carvalho VB, Leite RF, Almeida MT, Paschoaloto JR, Carvalho EB, Lanna DPD, Perez HL, Van Cleef EH, Homem Junior AC, Ezequiel JM. Carcass characteristics and meat quality of lambs fed high concentrations of crude glycerin in low-starch diets. Meat Sci 2015; 110: 285-92.
• Chanjula P, Pakdeechanuan P, Wattanasit S. Effects of dietary crude glycerin supplementation on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, and nitrogen balance of goats. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci 2014; 27(3): 365-74.
• Chanjula P, Pongprayoon S, Kongpan S, Cherdthong A. Effects of crude glycerin from waste vegetable oil supplementation on feed intake, ruminal fermentation characteristics, and nitrogen utilization of goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48(5): 995-1004.
• DeFrain JM, Hippen AR, Kalscheur KF, Jardon PW. Feeding glycerol to transition dairy cows: effects on blood metabolites and lactation performance. J Dairy Sci 2004; 87(12): 4195-206.
• Edwards HD, Anderson RC, Miller RK, Taylor TM, Hardin MD, Smith SB, Krueger NA, Nisbet DJ. Glycerol inhibition of ruminal lipolysis in vitro. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95(9): 5176-81.
• Elmalı DA, Demir P, Kaya I. Cost-benefit analyses of feeding with different concentrate feeds in Tuj (Tushin) lambs. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 2010; 16(5): 771-5.
• EFSA. Scientific Opinion on the abiotic risks for public and animal health of glycerine as co‐product from the biodiesel production from animal by‐products (ABP) and vegetable oils. EFSA J 2010; 8: 1934.
• El-Nor SA, Abu-Ghazaleh AA, Potu RB, Hastings D, Khattab MSA. Effects of differing levels of glycerol on rumen fermentation and bacteria. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010; 162(3-4): 99-105.
• Ezequiel JMB, Sancanari JBD, Machado Neto OR, da Silva ZF, Almeida MTC, Silva DAV, van Cleef FOS, an Cleef EHCB. Effects of high concentrations of dietary crude glycerin on dairy cow productivity and milk quality. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98(11): 8009-17.
• FDA. Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=582.1320; Accessed Date: 10.03.2021.
• Fiorentini G, Messana JD, José Neto AJ, Sgobi EG, Castagnino PS, Berchielli TT. Performance and meat quality of Nellore bulls fed crude glycerin combined with soybean oil. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018; 241: 45-54.
• Freitas NE, Araújo MJ, Oliveira RL, Lanna DPD, Marques CAT, Torreão JNC, Santos JB, Silva Júnior JM, Edvan RL. Production, composition, fatty acid profile and sensory traits of milk from goats fed crude glycerin from waste frying oils used in biodiesel production. Livest Sci 2020; 238: 104060.
• Goff J, Horst R. Oral glycerol as an aid in the treatment of ketosis/fatty liver complex. J Dairy Sci 2001; 84.
• Gomes MAB, Moraes GVD, Mataveli M, Macedo FDAFD, Carneiro TC, Rossi RM. Performance and carcass characteristics of lambs fed on diets supplemented with glycerin from biodiesel production. Rev Bras Zootec 2011; 40(10): 2211-9.
• Gunn PJ, Schultz AF, Van Emon ML, Neary MK, Lemenager RP, Rusk CP, Lake SL. Effects of elevated crude glycerin concentrations on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and serum metabolite and hormone concentrations in finishing ewe and weather lambs. Prof Anim Sci 2010; 26(3): 298-306.
• Hobson PN, Stewart CS. The rumen microbial ecosystem. Stewart CS. Flint HJ. Bryant MP. eds. In: The Rumen Bacteria. Berlin: Springer, Dordrecht, 1997; pp. 10-72.
• Hurley W. Milk protein. Bionaz M. Hurley W. Loor J. eds. In: Milk Protein Synthesis in The Lactating Mammary Gland: Insights from Transcriptomics Analyses. Rijeka: InTech, 2012; pp. 285-322.
• Kaya I. The effects of rations containing different amounts of common vetch seed on growth performance, digestibility and some blood and rumen metabolites in male lambs, Doctoral thesis, Ankara Univ Sag Bil Ens, Ankara 1997; p. 54-55.
• Kholif AE. Glycerol use in dairy diets: A systemic review. Anim Nutr 2019; 5(3):209-16.
• Kijora C, Bergner H, Götz KP, Bartelt J, Szakács J, Sommer A. Research note: Investigation on the metabolism of glycerol in the rumen of bulls. Arch Anim Nutr 1998; 51(4): 341-8.
• Knothe G, Van Gerpen JH, Krahl J. The biodiesel handbook. Champaign, IL: AOCS press, 2005.
• Krehbiel CR. Ruminal and physiological metabolism of glycerin. J Anim Sci 2008; 86(2): 392.
• Kupczyński R, Szumny A, Wujcikowska K, Pachura N. Metabolism, ketosis treatment and milk production after using glycerol in dairy cows: A review. Animals 2020; 10(8): 1379.
• Lage JF, Paulino PV, Pereira LG, Duarte MS, Valadares Filho SC, Oliveira AS, Souza NK, Lima JC. Carcass characteristics of feedlot lambs fed crude glycerin contaminated with high concentrations of crude fat. Meat Sci 2014; 96(1): 108-13.
• Lage JF, San Vito ES, Reis RDA, Delevatti LM, Pierre NS, Berchielli TT. Ruminal fermentation of Nellore steers fed crude glycerine replacing starch vs. fibre-based energy ingredient in low or high concentrate diets. Acta Sci Anim Sci 2017; 39(1): 57-64.
• Linke P, DeFrain J, Hippen A, Jardon P. Ruminal and plasma responses in dairy cows to drenching or feeding glycerol. Am J Undergrad Res 2005; 3(1): 8.
• Lomander H, Frössling J, Ingvartsen KL, Gustafsson H, Svensson C. Supplemental feeding with glycerol or propylene glycol of dairy cows in early lactation-effects on metabolic status, body condition, and milk yield. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95(5): 2397-408.
• Moore JP, Furman SA, Erickson Erickson G, Vasconcelos J, Griffin WA, Milton T. Effects of glycerin in steam flaked corn feedlot diets. Nebraska Beef Cattle Report 615; 2011.
• Musselman A, Van Emon M, Gunn P, Rusk C, Neary M, Lemenager R, Lake S, 2008. Effects of crude glycerin on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of market lambs. Am Soc Anim Sci West Sect Proc 59, 353-5.
• Nazato C, Romero ADC, Abdalla AL. Determination of methanol residues in crude glycerol for animal feed by gas chromatography. Sci Agric 2019; 76(6): 527-31.
• OECD/FAO. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2020-2029. Paris: Rome/OECD Publishing, 2020; p.199.
• Paggi RA, Fay JP, Fernández HM. Effect of short-chain acids and glycerol on the proteolytic activity of rumen fluid. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1999; 78(3-4): 341-7.
• Parliament Regulation (EU). 2030 climate & energy framework. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2030_en; Accessed Date: 10.03.2021.
• Parsons GL, Shelor MK, Drouillard JS. Performance and carcass traits of finishing heifers fed crude glycerin. J Anim Sci 2009; 87(2): 653-7.
• Paiva PG, Del Valle TA, Jesus EF, Bettero VP, Almeida G, Bueno ICS, Bradford BJ, Renno FP. Effects of crude glycerin on milk composition, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation of dairy cows fed corn silage-based diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016; 212:136-42.
• Ribeiro RDX, Carvalho GGP, Silva TM, Costa JB, Bezerra LR, Cambuí GB, Barbosa AM, Oliveira RL. Effects of crude glycerin from biodiesel on the diets of lambs: intake, digestibility, performance, feeding behavior, and serum metabolites. J Anim Sci 2018; 96(5): 1952-61.
• Rémond B, Souday E, Jouany J. In vitro and in vivo fermentation of glycerol by rumen microbes. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1993; 41(2): 121-32.
• Saleem AM, Singer AM. Growth performance and digestion of growing lambs fed diets supplemented with glycerol. Animal 2018; 12(5): 959-63.
• Schröder A, Südekum KH. Glycerol as a by-product of biodiesel production in diets for ruminants. Tenth international Rapeseed Congress. September, 26-29, 1999; Canberra-Australia.
• Shin JH, Wang D, Kim SC, Adesogan AT, Staples CR. Effects of feeding crude glycerin on performance and ruminal kinetics of lactating Holstein cows fed corn silage-or cottonseed hull-based, low-fiber diets. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95(7): 4006-16.
• Syahniar TM, Ridla M, Samsudin AA, Jayanegara A. Glycerol as an energy source for ruminants: a meta-analysis of in vitro experiments. Media Peternakan 2016; 39(3): 189-94.
• Şahin T, Kaya Ö, Elmali DA, Kaya I. Effects of dietary supplementation with distiller dried grain with solubles in growing lambs on growth, nutrient digestibility and rumen parameters. Revue Med Vet 2013; 164: 173-8.
• Terré M, Nudda A, Casado P, Bach A. The use of glycerine in rations for light lamb during the fattening period. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011; 164(3-4): 262-7.
• Thoh D, Pakdeechanuan P, Chanjula P. Effect of supplementary glycerin on milk composition and heat stability in dairy goats. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2017; 30(12): 1711-7.
• Van Cleef EHCB, Almeida MTC, Perez HL, Van Cleef FOS, Silva DAV, Ezequiel JMB. Crude glycerin changes ruminal parameters, in vitro greenhouse gas profile, and bacterial fractions of beef cattle. Livest Sci 2015; 178: 158-64.
• Van Cleef EHCB, Almeida MTC, Perez HL, Paschoaloto JR, Filho ESC, Ezequiel JMB. Effects of partial or total replacement of corn cracked grain with high concentrations of crude glycerin on rumen metabolism of crossbred sheep. Small Rumin Res 2018; 159:45-51.
• Versemann BA, Wiegand B, B, Kerley M, Porter J, Roberts K, Evans H. Dietary inclusion of crude glycerol changes beef steer growth performance and intramuscular fat deposition. J Anim Sci 2008; 86: 478.
• Wang C, Liu Q, Yang WZ, Huo WJ, Dong KH, Huang YX, Yang XM, He DC. Effects of glycerol on lactation performance, energy balance and metabolites in early lactation Holstein dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009; 151(1-2): 12-20.
• Werner Omazic A, Kronqvist C, Zhongyan L, Martens H, Holtenius K. The fate of glycerol entering the rumen of dairy cows and sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 99(2): 258-64.
• Wilbert CA, Prates ÊR, Barcellos JOJ, Schafhäuser J. Crude glycerin as an alternative energy feedstuff for dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2013;183(3-4): 116-23.