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Şap Hastalığında Taşıyıcılık

Year 2022, Volume: 19 Issue: 3, 233 - 240, 01.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.1205687

Abstract

Şap virüsü taşıyan hayvan, hastalıktan ari ülkelerde hastalık oluşturma riski bakımından, hastalığın endemik olduğu Türkiye gibi ülkelerde ise hastalık risklerinin azaltılması ve eradikasyonunda kritik öneme sahiptir. Son yıllarda taşı- yıcı hayvanların belirlenmesi ve taşıyıcılık ile mücadelede izlenecek yeni metotlar üzerinde tekrar durulmaya başlan- mıştır. Dünya Hayvan Sağlığı Örgütü (OIE) ve Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü (FAO) tarafından hastalık eradikasyonu için Şap Hastalığı için Kademeli Kontrol Yolağı (PCP-FMD) adı verilen beş aşamalı bir kademeli hastalık eradikasyon planı tasarlanmıştır. Dolayısıyla her aşamada bir sonraki basamağa geçiş için yapılacak faaliyetler bulunmaktadır. Bu faali- yetlerden birisi de sürülerde enfekte (akut veya persiste) hayvanın aşılılardan ayrılması, riskin sıfır (zero risk) olduğu- nun gösterilmesidir. Bu derlemede şap enfeksiyonu ve persistenliği ile ilgili geçmişten günümüze yapılan çalışmalar değerlendirilerek bu konuyla ilgili önemli bilgiler verilmiştir. Ayrıca gelecekte bu konu ile ilgili yapılması gereken noktalara değinilmiştir.

References

  • Alexandersen S, Zhang Z, Donoldson AI. Aspects of the persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in animals-the carrier problem. Microbes Infect 2002; 4(10): 1099-110.
  • Archetti, IL, Amodori M, Donn A, Salt J, Lodetti E. Detection of foot and mouth disease virus infected cattle by assesment of antibody response in oro- pharngeal fluids. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33(1): 79- 84.
  • Arzt J, Belsham GJ, Lohse L, Botner A, Stenfeldt C. Transmission of foot-and-mouth disease from persistently Infected carrier cattle to naive cattle via transfer of oropharyngeal fluid. Clinic Sci and Epid 2018; 3(5): e00365-18.
  • Bergman IE, Mello PA, Neitzert E, Beck E. Diagnosis of persistent aphthovirus infection and its differentiation from vaccination response in cattle by use of enzyme-linked immune electro transfer blot analysis with bioengineered nonstructural viral antigens. Am J Vet Res 1993; 54(6): 825-31.
  • Biswal K, Nardo AD, Taylor G, Paton DJ, Parida S. Development and validation of a mucosal antibody (IgA) test to identify persistent infection with foot- and-mouth disease virus. Viruses 2021; 13(5): 814.
  • Brocchi E, Bergmann IE, Dekker A, Paton DJ, Sam- min DJ, Greiner M, Grazioli S, Simone DeF, Yadin H, Haas B, Bulut N, Maliat V, Neitzert E, Goris N, PArida S, Sorensen K, De Clercq K. Comparative evaluation of six ELISAs for the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins of foot-and- mouth disease virus. Vaccine 2006; 24(47-48): 6966-79.
  • Childerstone AJ, Baron Cl, Foster-Cuavaz M, Par- khouse RM. Demonstration of bovine CD8+ T-cell responses to FMDV. J Gen Virol 1999; 80: 663-9.
  • Çokçalışkan C,Türkoğlu T, Uzunlu E, Sareyyüpoğlu B, Hancı İ, İpek A, Arslan A, Babak A, İldeniz G, Gülyaz V. Influence of vaccine potency and booster administration of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines on the antibody response in calves with maternal antibodies. J Vet Sci 2017; 18(S1): 315-22.
  • Dawe PS, Flanagan F, Madekurozwa RL, Sorensen KJ, Anderson EC, Foggin CM, Ferris NP, Knowles NJ. Natural transmission of foot-and-mouth-disease virus from African buffoalo to cattle in a wildlife area of Zimbabwe. Vet Rec 1994a;134(10): 230-2.
  • Dawe PS, Sorensen K, Ferris NP, Barnett ITR, Armstrong RM, Knowles NJ. Experimental transmission of foot-and-mouth-disease virus from carrier African buffolo to cattle in Zimbabwe. Vet Rec 1994b; 134(9): 211-215.
  • Dekker TA, Vernooij H, Bouma A, Stegeman A. Rate of FMDV transmission by carriers quantified from experimental data. Risk Anal 2008; 28(2): 303-9.
  • Doel TR. Natural and vaccine induced immunity to FMD. Mahy BW. ed. In: Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Switzerland, Springer, 2005; pp.103-31.
  • Doel TR, Williams L, Barnett PV. Emergency vaccination against FMD rate of development of immunity and its implications for the carrier state. Vaccine 1994; 12(7): 592-600.
  • Farooq U, Ahmed Z, Naeem K, Bertram, M, Brito B, Stenfeldt C, Pauszek SJ, Larocco M, Rodriquez L, Arzt J. Characterization of naturally occurring, new and persistent subclinical foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in vaccinated Asian buffalo in Islam- abad Capital Territory, Pakistan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65(6):1836-50.
  • Ferreira DC, Pauszek HC, Ludi A, Huston CL, Pache- co VT, Lep T, Nyugen HH, Buit D, Nyugen T, Ngod T, Dol H, Arzt R. An integrative analysis of foot-and -mouth disease virus carriers in Vietnam achieved through targeted surveillance and molecular epide- miology. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64(2):547- 63.
  • Francis MJ, Black L. Antibody response in pig nasal fluid and serum following foot-and-mouth disease infection or vaccination. J Hyg (Lond) 1983; 91(2): 329-34.
  • Fry EE, Stuart DI, Rowlands DJ. The structure of foot -and-mouth disease virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005; 288: 71-101.
  • Gibson CF, Donaldson, AI, Ferris NP. Response of sheep vaccinated with large doses of vaccine to challenge by airborne foot and mouth disease virus. Vaccine 1984; 2(2): 157-61.
  • Gürhan SI, Gürhan B, Öztürkmen A, Candas A. Ana- dolu'da şap ile persiste enfekte sığır ve koyunlarda tasıyıcılık oranları. Etlik Vet Mikrobiyol Derg 1993; 7(4): 52-59.
  • Han L, Xiu X, Wang H, Li J, Hao Y, Wang M, Zheng C, She C. Cellular response to persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus infection is linked to specific types of alterations in the host cell transcriptome. Sci Reports 2018; 8(1): 5074.
  • Hedger RS, Condy JB. Transmission of FMD from African Buffalo virus carriers to bovines. Vet Record 1985; 117(9): 205.
  • Klein J, Hussain M, Ahmad M, Afzal M, Alexendersen S. Epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in Landhi dairy colony, Pakistan, the world largest Buffalo colony. Virol 2008; 5: 53.
  • Maree F, De Klerk-Lorist LM, Gubbins S, Zhang F, Seago J, Martin EP, Reid L, Scott K, Schalkwyk LV, Bengis R, Charleston B, Juleff N. Differential persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in African buffalo is related to virus virulence. J Virol 2016; 90(10): 5132-40.
  • Mcvicar JM, Sutmoller P. Neutralizing activity in the serum and oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid of cattle after exposure to foot-and-mouth disease virus and subsequent re-exposure. Arch Virol 1974; 44(2): 173-6.
  • Moonen P, Schrijver R. Carriers of foot-and-mouth disease: a review. Vet Q 2000; 22(4): 193-7.
  • O’Donnell V, Pacheco JM, Lorocco M, Gladue DP, Pauszek G, Smoliga G, Krug PW, Borca MV, Rodriquez L. Virus–host interactions in persistently FMDV-infected cells derived from bovine pharynx. Virology 2014;468-470:185-96.
  • Oldstone MBA. Viral persistence: Parameters, mec- hanisms and future predictions. Virology 2006; 344 (1): 111-8.
  • Pacheco JM, Smoliga GR, O’Donnell V, Brito BP, Stenfeldt C, Rodriquez, LL, Arzt J. Persistent foot- and-mouth disease virus infection in the nasopharynx of cattle; tissue-specific distribution and local cytokine expression. PLoS ONE 2015; 10(5): e0125698.
  • Parida S, Anderson J, Cox SJ, Barnett PV, Paton DJ. Secretory IgA as an indicator of oro-pharyngeal foot-and-mouth disease virus replication and as a tool for post vaccination surveillance. Vaccine 2006; 24(8): 1107-16.
  • Parida S, Fleming L, Oh Y, Mahapatra M, Hamblin P, Gloster J, Paton DJ. Emergency vaccination of sheep against foot-and-mouth disease: Significance and detection of subsequent sub-clinical infection. Vaccine 2008; 26(27): 3469-79.
  • Parthiban AB, Mahapatra B, Gubbins S, Parida S. Virus excretion from foot-and-mouth disease virus carrier cattle and their potential role in causing new outbreaks. PLoS ONE 2015; 10: e0128815.
  • Paton D, Gubbins S, King DP. Understanding the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus at different scales. Curr Opp in Virol 2017; 28: 85-91.
  • Pfaff F, Hagglung S, Zoli M, Blaise BS, laloy E, Koet- he S, Zühlke D, Riedel K, Stephan Z, Kassimi LB, Valarcher JF, Höper D, Beer M, Eschabaumer M. Proteogenomics uncovers critical elements of host response in bovine soft palate epithelial cells fol- lowing in vitro infection with foot-and-mouth disea- se virus, Viruses 2019; 11(1): 53.
  • Saiz JC, Domingo E. Virulence as a positive trait in viral persistence. J Virol 1996; 70(9): 6410-3.
  • Salt JS. The carrier state in foot-and-mouth disease- an immunological review. Br Vet J 1993; 149(3): 207-23.
  • Sareyyüpoglu B, Çokçalişkan C, Çoşkuner A, Gulyaz V. Determination of non-structural protein level for Turkey foot-and-mouth disease vaccine antigens during in-process. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2020; 9 (2): 97-101.
  • Sareyyüpoğlu B, Gülyaz V, Çokçalışkan C, Unal Y, Çökülgen T, Uzunlu E, Gürcan S, İlk O. Effect of FMD vaccination schedule of dams on the level and duration of maternally derived antibodies. Vet Immunol and Immunopathol 2019; 217: 109881.
  • Sorensen KJ, Madsen KG, Madsen ES, Salt JS, Nqindi J, Mackay DK. Differentiation of infection from vaccination in foot and mouth disease by the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins 3D, 3AB and 3 ABC in ELISA using antigens expressed in baculovirus. Arch Virol 1998; 143(8): 1461-76.
  • Stenfeldt C, Arzt J. Carrier conundrum: a review of recent advances and persistent gaps regarding the carrier state of FMDV. Rev Pathogens 2020; 9(3): 167.
  • Stenfeldt C, Pacheco JM, Singanallur NB, Vosloo W, Rodriquez L, Arzt J. Virulence beneath the fleece; a tale of foot-and-mouth disease virus pathogenesis in sheep. Plos One 2019; 31;14(12): e0227061
  • Sutmoller P, Casas OR. Unapparent foot and mouth disease infection (sub-clinical infections and carriers): implications for control. Rev Sci Tech 2002;21 (3): 519-29.
  • World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus. http:// https:// www.oie.int/en/disease/foot-and-mouth-disease/#ui -id-2. Erişim tarihi: 27.07.2021.
  • Zhang Z, Alexendersen S. Detection of carrier cattle and sheep persistently infected with foot-and- mouth disease virus by a rapid real-time RT-PCR assay. J of Virol Methods 2003;111(2): 95-100
  • Zhang ZD, Kitching RP. The localization of persistent foot and mouth disease virus in the epithelial cells of the soft palate and pharynx. J Comp Pathol 2001; 124(2-3): 89–94.

Carrier Status in Foot-and-Mouth Disease

Year 2022, Volume: 19 Issue: 3, 233 - 240, 01.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.1205687

Abstract

In the disease endemic countries such as Turkey, a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus carrier animal is critical in reducing the risk of disease and eradication. In recent years, FMD carrier animals, persistence mechanisms, and the fight against carriers have started to be focused on again. A five-stage gradual disease eradication plan called PCP-FMD (Progressive Control Pathway-FMD) was designed by Office International des Epizooties (OIE) and Food and Agricultural Organization United Nations (FAO) for disease eradication. Therefore, at each stage, there are activities to be done to move to the next step. One of these activities is the differentiation of infected animals (acute and persistent) from vaccinated ones in herds showing that the risk is zero (zero risk). In this review, studies related to FMD and persistent infections done so far have been evaluated and important information regarding the subject has been
given. In addition, the points that need to be done in the future have been focused on.

References

  • Alexandersen S, Zhang Z, Donoldson AI. Aspects of the persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in animals-the carrier problem. Microbes Infect 2002; 4(10): 1099-110.
  • Archetti, IL, Amodori M, Donn A, Salt J, Lodetti E. Detection of foot and mouth disease virus infected cattle by assesment of antibody response in oro- pharngeal fluids. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33(1): 79- 84.
  • Arzt J, Belsham GJ, Lohse L, Botner A, Stenfeldt C. Transmission of foot-and-mouth disease from persistently Infected carrier cattle to naive cattle via transfer of oropharyngeal fluid. Clinic Sci and Epid 2018; 3(5): e00365-18.
  • Bergman IE, Mello PA, Neitzert E, Beck E. Diagnosis of persistent aphthovirus infection and its differentiation from vaccination response in cattle by use of enzyme-linked immune electro transfer blot analysis with bioengineered nonstructural viral antigens. Am J Vet Res 1993; 54(6): 825-31.
  • Biswal K, Nardo AD, Taylor G, Paton DJ, Parida S. Development and validation of a mucosal antibody (IgA) test to identify persistent infection with foot- and-mouth disease virus. Viruses 2021; 13(5): 814.
  • Brocchi E, Bergmann IE, Dekker A, Paton DJ, Sam- min DJ, Greiner M, Grazioli S, Simone DeF, Yadin H, Haas B, Bulut N, Maliat V, Neitzert E, Goris N, PArida S, Sorensen K, De Clercq K. Comparative evaluation of six ELISAs for the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins of foot-and- mouth disease virus. Vaccine 2006; 24(47-48): 6966-79.
  • Childerstone AJ, Baron Cl, Foster-Cuavaz M, Par- khouse RM. Demonstration of bovine CD8+ T-cell responses to FMDV. J Gen Virol 1999; 80: 663-9.
  • Çokçalışkan C,Türkoğlu T, Uzunlu E, Sareyyüpoğlu B, Hancı İ, İpek A, Arslan A, Babak A, İldeniz G, Gülyaz V. Influence of vaccine potency and booster administration of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines on the antibody response in calves with maternal antibodies. J Vet Sci 2017; 18(S1): 315-22.
  • Dawe PS, Flanagan F, Madekurozwa RL, Sorensen KJ, Anderson EC, Foggin CM, Ferris NP, Knowles NJ. Natural transmission of foot-and-mouth-disease virus from African buffoalo to cattle in a wildlife area of Zimbabwe. Vet Rec 1994a;134(10): 230-2.
  • Dawe PS, Sorensen K, Ferris NP, Barnett ITR, Armstrong RM, Knowles NJ. Experimental transmission of foot-and-mouth-disease virus from carrier African buffolo to cattle in Zimbabwe. Vet Rec 1994b; 134(9): 211-215.
  • Dekker TA, Vernooij H, Bouma A, Stegeman A. Rate of FMDV transmission by carriers quantified from experimental data. Risk Anal 2008; 28(2): 303-9.
  • Doel TR. Natural and vaccine induced immunity to FMD. Mahy BW. ed. In: Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. Switzerland, Springer, 2005; pp.103-31.
  • Doel TR, Williams L, Barnett PV. Emergency vaccination against FMD rate of development of immunity and its implications for the carrier state. Vaccine 1994; 12(7): 592-600.
  • Farooq U, Ahmed Z, Naeem K, Bertram, M, Brito B, Stenfeldt C, Pauszek SJ, Larocco M, Rodriquez L, Arzt J. Characterization of naturally occurring, new and persistent subclinical foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in vaccinated Asian buffalo in Islam- abad Capital Territory, Pakistan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65(6):1836-50.
  • Ferreira DC, Pauszek HC, Ludi A, Huston CL, Pache- co VT, Lep T, Nyugen HH, Buit D, Nyugen T, Ngod T, Dol H, Arzt R. An integrative analysis of foot-and -mouth disease virus carriers in Vietnam achieved through targeted surveillance and molecular epide- miology. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64(2):547- 63.
  • Francis MJ, Black L. Antibody response in pig nasal fluid and serum following foot-and-mouth disease infection or vaccination. J Hyg (Lond) 1983; 91(2): 329-34.
  • Fry EE, Stuart DI, Rowlands DJ. The structure of foot -and-mouth disease virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005; 288: 71-101.
  • Gibson CF, Donaldson, AI, Ferris NP. Response of sheep vaccinated with large doses of vaccine to challenge by airborne foot and mouth disease virus. Vaccine 1984; 2(2): 157-61.
  • Gürhan SI, Gürhan B, Öztürkmen A, Candas A. Ana- dolu'da şap ile persiste enfekte sığır ve koyunlarda tasıyıcılık oranları. Etlik Vet Mikrobiyol Derg 1993; 7(4): 52-59.
  • Han L, Xiu X, Wang H, Li J, Hao Y, Wang M, Zheng C, She C. Cellular response to persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus infection is linked to specific types of alterations in the host cell transcriptome. Sci Reports 2018; 8(1): 5074.
  • Hedger RS, Condy JB. Transmission of FMD from African Buffalo virus carriers to bovines. Vet Record 1985; 117(9): 205.
  • Klein J, Hussain M, Ahmad M, Afzal M, Alexendersen S. Epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in Landhi dairy colony, Pakistan, the world largest Buffalo colony. Virol 2008; 5: 53.
  • Maree F, De Klerk-Lorist LM, Gubbins S, Zhang F, Seago J, Martin EP, Reid L, Scott K, Schalkwyk LV, Bengis R, Charleston B, Juleff N. Differential persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in African buffalo is related to virus virulence. J Virol 2016; 90(10): 5132-40.
  • Mcvicar JM, Sutmoller P. Neutralizing activity in the serum and oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid of cattle after exposure to foot-and-mouth disease virus and subsequent re-exposure. Arch Virol 1974; 44(2): 173-6.
  • Moonen P, Schrijver R. Carriers of foot-and-mouth disease: a review. Vet Q 2000; 22(4): 193-7.
  • O’Donnell V, Pacheco JM, Lorocco M, Gladue DP, Pauszek G, Smoliga G, Krug PW, Borca MV, Rodriquez L. Virus–host interactions in persistently FMDV-infected cells derived from bovine pharynx. Virology 2014;468-470:185-96.
  • Oldstone MBA. Viral persistence: Parameters, mec- hanisms and future predictions. Virology 2006; 344 (1): 111-8.
  • Pacheco JM, Smoliga GR, O’Donnell V, Brito BP, Stenfeldt C, Rodriquez, LL, Arzt J. Persistent foot- and-mouth disease virus infection in the nasopharynx of cattle; tissue-specific distribution and local cytokine expression. PLoS ONE 2015; 10(5): e0125698.
  • Parida S, Anderson J, Cox SJ, Barnett PV, Paton DJ. Secretory IgA as an indicator of oro-pharyngeal foot-and-mouth disease virus replication and as a tool for post vaccination surveillance. Vaccine 2006; 24(8): 1107-16.
  • Parida S, Fleming L, Oh Y, Mahapatra M, Hamblin P, Gloster J, Paton DJ. Emergency vaccination of sheep against foot-and-mouth disease: Significance and detection of subsequent sub-clinical infection. Vaccine 2008; 26(27): 3469-79.
  • Parthiban AB, Mahapatra B, Gubbins S, Parida S. Virus excretion from foot-and-mouth disease virus carrier cattle and their potential role in causing new outbreaks. PLoS ONE 2015; 10: e0128815.
  • Paton D, Gubbins S, King DP. Understanding the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus at different scales. Curr Opp in Virol 2017; 28: 85-91.
  • Pfaff F, Hagglung S, Zoli M, Blaise BS, laloy E, Koet- he S, Zühlke D, Riedel K, Stephan Z, Kassimi LB, Valarcher JF, Höper D, Beer M, Eschabaumer M. Proteogenomics uncovers critical elements of host response in bovine soft palate epithelial cells fol- lowing in vitro infection with foot-and-mouth disea- se virus, Viruses 2019; 11(1): 53.
  • Saiz JC, Domingo E. Virulence as a positive trait in viral persistence. J Virol 1996; 70(9): 6410-3.
  • Salt JS. The carrier state in foot-and-mouth disease- an immunological review. Br Vet J 1993; 149(3): 207-23.
  • Sareyyüpoglu B, Çokçalişkan C, Çoşkuner A, Gulyaz V. Determination of non-structural protein level for Turkey foot-and-mouth disease vaccine antigens during in-process. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2020; 9 (2): 97-101.
  • Sareyyüpoğlu B, Gülyaz V, Çokçalışkan C, Unal Y, Çökülgen T, Uzunlu E, Gürcan S, İlk O. Effect of FMD vaccination schedule of dams on the level and duration of maternally derived antibodies. Vet Immunol and Immunopathol 2019; 217: 109881.
  • Sorensen KJ, Madsen KG, Madsen ES, Salt JS, Nqindi J, Mackay DK. Differentiation of infection from vaccination in foot and mouth disease by the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins 3D, 3AB and 3 ABC in ELISA using antigens expressed in baculovirus. Arch Virol 1998; 143(8): 1461-76.
  • Stenfeldt C, Arzt J. Carrier conundrum: a review of recent advances and persistent gaps regarding the carrier state of FMDV. Rev Pathogens 2020; 9(3): 167.
  • Stenfeldt C, Pacheco JM, Singanallur NB, Vosloo W, Rodriquez L, Arzt J. Virulence beneath the fleece; a tale of foot-and-mouth disease virus pathogenesis in sheep. Plos One 2019; 31;14(12): e0227061
  • Sutmoller P, Casas OR. Unapparent foot and mouth disease infection (sub-clinical infections and carriers): implications for control. Rev Sci Tech 2002;21 (3): 519-29.
  • World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus. http:// https:// www.oie.int/en/disease/foot-and-mouth-disease/#ui -id-2. Erişim tarihi: 27.07.2021.
  • Zhang Z, Alexendersen S. Detection of carrier cattle and sheep persistently infected with foot-and- mouth disease virus by a rapid real-time RT-PCR assay. J of Virol Methods 2003;111(2): 95-100
  • Zhang ZD, Kitching RP. The localization of persistent foot and mouth disease virus in the epithelial cells of the soft palate and pharynx. J Comp Pathol 2001; 124(2-3): 89–94.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Beyhan Sareyyüpoğlu This is me 0000-0002-0279-1673

Publication Date December 1, 2022
Submission Date August 17, 2021
Acceptance Date January 10, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 19 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Sareyyüpoğlu, B. (2022). Şap Hastalığında Taşıyıcılık. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(3), 233-240. https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.1205687
AMA Sareyyüpoğlu B. Şap Hastalığında Taşıyıcılık. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. December 2022;19(3):233-240. doi:10.32707/ercivet.1205687
Chicago Sareyyüpoğlu, Beyhan. “Şap Hastalığında Taşıyıcılık”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 19, no. 3 (December 2022): 233-40. https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.1205687.
EndNote Sareyyüpoğlu B (December 1, 2022) Şap Hastalığında Taşıyıcılık. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 19 3 233–240.
IEEE B. Sareyyüpoğlu, “Şap Hastalığında Taşıyıcılık”, Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 233–240, 2022, doi: 10.32707/ercivet.1205687.
ISNAD Sareyyüpoğlu, Beyhan. “Şap Hastalığında Taşıyıcılık”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 19/3 (December 2022), 233-240. https://doi.org/10.32707/ercivet.1205687.
JAMA Sareyyüpoğlu B. Şap Hastalığında Taşıyıcılık. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2022;19:233–240.
MLA Sareyyüpoğlu, Beyhan. “Şap Hastalığında Taşıyıcılık”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 19, no. 3, 2022, pp. 233-40, doi:10.32707/ercivet.1205687.
Vancouver Sareyyüpoğlu B. Şap Hastalığında Taşıyıcılık. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2022;19(3):233-40.