Araştırma Makalesi
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Yıl 2022, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 2, 168 - 179, 23.08.2022

Öz

Destekleyen Kurum

Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under TUBITAK 2244 - Industrial Ph.D. Fellowship Program KORDSA Teknik Tekstil A.S. and Sabanci University

Proje Numarası

118C043

Teşekkür

The authors thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Burcu Saner Okan for her contribution on nano reinforcement supply and Samet Özyiğit for his assistance on the experimental procedure of nano reinforcement dispersion.

Kaynakça

  • [1] D. Incerti, D. Carolan, and A. Fergusson, “Fast vs tough; The effect of faster cure cycles on the fracture properties of toughened epoxies,” Int. SAMPE Tech. Conf., vol. 2019-May, no. May, 2019, doi: 10.33599/nasampe/s.19.1491.
  • [2] D. A. Lakho, D. Yao, K. Cho, M. Ishaq, and Y. Wang, “Study of the Curing Kinetics toward Development of Fast-Curing Epoxy Resins,” Polym. - Plast. Technol. Eng., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 161–170, 2017, doi: 10.1080/03602559.2016.1185623.
  • [3] P. Murias, Ł. Byczyński, H. Maciejewski, and H. Galina, “A quantitative approach to dynamic and isothermal curing of an epoxy resin modified with oligomeric siloxanes,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., vol. 122, no. 1, pp. 215–226, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s10973-015-4703-0.
  • [4] D. B. Bender, T. Centea, and S. Nutt, “Fast cure of stable semi-pregs via VBO cure,” Adv. Manuf. Polym. Compos. Sci., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 245–255, 2020, doi: 10.1080/20550340.2020.1869891.
  • [5] M. A. Khan, C. Pasco, N. Reynolds, and K. Kendall, “Shear deformability characteristics of a rapid-cure woven prepreg fabric,” Int. J. Mater. Form., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 133–142, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s12289-019-01532-0.
  • [6] A. Keller, K. Masania, A. C. Taylor, and C. Dransfeld, “Fast-curing epoxy polymers with silica nanoparticles: properties and rheo-kinetic modelling,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 236–251, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s10853-015-9158-y.
  • [7] A. Keller, C. Dransfeld, and K. Masania, “Flow and heat transfer during compression resin transfer moulding of highly reactive epoxies,” Compos. Part B Eng., vol. 153, no. May, pp. 167–175, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.07.041.
  • [8] M. Bagci, M. Demirci, E. F. Sukur, and H. B. Kaybal, “The effect of nanoclay particles on the incubation period in solid particle erosion of glass fibre/epoxy nanocomposites,” Wear, vol. 444–445, p. 203159, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/J.WEAR.2019.203159.
  • [9] M. A. Downey and L. T. Drzal, “Toughening of aromatic epoxy via aliphatic epoxy copolymers,” Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 55, no. 26, pp. 6658–6663, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.10.052.
  • [10] A. Warrier et al., “The effect of adding carbon nanotubes to glass/epoxy composites in the fibre sizing and/or the matrix,” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 532–538, Apr. 2010, doi: 10.1016/J.COMPOSITESA.2010.01.001.
  • [11] U. Szeluga, S. Pusz, B. Kumanek, K. Olszowska, A. Kobyliukh, and B. Trzebicka, “Effect of graphene filler structure on electrical, thermal, mechanical, and fire retardant properties of epoxy-graphene nanocomposites - a review,” Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci., vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 152–187, 2021, doi: 10.1080/10408436.2019.1708702.
  • [12] J. S. Monfared Zanjani, B. S. Okan, Y. Z. Menceloglu, and M. Yildiz, “Nano-engineered design and manufacturing of high-performance epoxy matrix composites with carbon fiber/selectively integrated graphene as multi-scale reinforcements,” RSC Adv., vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 9495–9506, 2016, doi: 10.1039/C5RA23665G.
  • [13] B. Saner Okan, “Fabrication of multilayer graphene oxide-reinforced high density polyethylene nanocomposites with enhanced thermal and mechanical properties via thermokinetic mixing,” Turkish J. Chem., vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 381–390, 2017, doi: 10.3906/kim-1608-53.
  • [14] E. C. Senis, I. O. Golosnoy, J. M. Dulieu-Barton, and O. T. Thomsen, “Enhancement of the electrical and thermal properties of unidirectional carbon fibre/epoxy laminates through the addition of graphene oxide,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 8955–8970, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s10853-019-03522-8.
  • [15] M. Nonahal et al., “Design, preparation, and characterization of fast cure epoxy/amine-functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposites,” Polym. Compos., vol. 39, no. S4, pp. E2016–E2027, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1002/PC.24415.
  • [16] M. H. Arikan, F. Eroglu, V. Eskizeybek, E. F. Sukur, M. Yildiz, and H. S. Sas, “A Systematic Characterization Approach for Vacuum Bag Only Prepregs towards an Accurate Process Design,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 1–19, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ma15020451.
  • [17] C. Monteser, M. Blanco, E. Aranzabe, A. Aranzabe, and J. L. Vilas, “Effects of graphene oxide and chemically reduced graphene oxide on the curing kinetics of epoxy amine composites,” vol. 44803, pp. 12–16, 2017, doi: 10.1002/app.44803.
  • [18] A. Surnova, D. Balkaev, D. Musin, R. Amirov, and A. M. Dimiev, “Fully exfoliated graphene oxide accelerates epoxy resin curing, and results in dramatic improvement of the polymer mechanical properties,” Compos. Part B Eng., vol. 162, pp. 685–691, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.01.020.
  • [19] X. Zhao, Z. Huang, P. Song, H. Yang, and Y. Zhang, “Curing kinetics and mechanical properties of fast curing epoxy resins with isophorone diamine and N-(3-aminopropyl)-imidazole,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 136, no. 37, pp. 1–10, 2019, doi: 10.1002/app.47950.
  • [20] L. Li, H. Zou, M. Liang, and Y. Chen, “Study on the effect of poly(oxypropylene)diamine modified organic montmorillonite on curing kinetics of epoxy nanocomposties,” Thermochim. Acta, vol. 597, pp. 93–100, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1016/J.TCA.2014.10.008.
  • [21] “Online Tutorial on Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).” https://www.mt.com/se/sv/home/library/videos/lab-analytical-instruments/dsc-online-training-course-video-28.html (accessed Apr. 04, 2022).
  • [22] M. Jouyandeh et al., “Curing epoxy resin with anhydride in the presence of halloysite nanotubes: the contradictory effects of filler concentration,” Prog. Org. Coatings, vol. 126, no. October 2018, pp. 129–135, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.10.007.
  • [23] J. B. Robles, L. Hong, M. A. Octeau, and A. Yousefpour, “Material Characterization of Graphene Enhanced Composites for Resin Transfer Moulding,” 11th Can. Conf. Compos., no. July, pp. 1–7, 2018.
  • [24] M. Fang, Z. Zhang, J. Li, H. Zhang, H. Lu, and Y. Yang, “Constructing hierarchically structured interphases for strong and tough epoxy nanocomposites by amine-rich graphene surfaces,” J. Mater. Chem., vol. 20, no. 43, pp. 9635–9643, 2010, doi: 10.1039/c0jm01620a.
  • [25] Y. J. Wan et al., “Grafting of epoxy chains onto graphene oxide for epoxy composites with improved mechanical and thermal properties,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 69, pp. 467–480, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2013.12.050.
  • [26] R. Umer, Y. Li, Y. Dong, H. Hj, and K. Liao, “The effect of graphene oxide ( GO ) nanoparticles on processing of epoxy / glass fiber composites using resin infusion,” pp. 1–36, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s00170-015-7427-1.
  • [27] M. S. Saharudin, S. Hasbi, A. Zulkifli, and N. F. Zailani, “The Processing of Epoxy / 1 wt % -graphene Nanocomposites : Effects of Ethanol on Flexural Properties,” no. November, 2019, doi: 10.35940/ijitee.A8105.119119.
  • [28] R. Eqra, M. H. Moghim, and N. Eqra, “A study on the mechanical properties of graphene oxide/epoxy nanocomposites,” doi: 10.1177/09673911211011150.

Thermally Exfoliated Graphene Oxide (TEGO) Reinforced Fast-Cure Epoxy Resin: Cure Behavior and Flexural Properties

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 2, 168 - 179, 23.08.2022

Öz

Fast-cure epoxy resin systems allow being manufacturing of composite parts in minutes. However, the brittle nature of the polymer limits its usage due to crack initiation and growth. Nanofillers are widely used to enhance the epoxy resin’s mechanical performance. However, final mechanical properties are typically governed by the process parameters, including curing temperature and time; therefore, the curing behavior of nano-integrated composites should also be characterized. Thermally exfoliated graphene oxide (TEGO) has a significant influence on the mechanical properties of the polymer matrix, even at low percentages. This study introduced TEGO into the fast cure epoxy resin system, and the cure kinetics was analyzed using dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TEGO modification increased the curing time, but the system still maintains fast cure properties. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) illustrated that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of TEGO-fast cure epoxy nanocomposite increased by 10°C. Moreover, flexural tests revealed that flexural stress was increased by 12.85% with even a low percentage of TEGO addition. Fracture surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, and toughening mechanisms were addressed

Proje Numarası

118C043

Kaynakça

  • [1] D. Incerti, D. Carolan, and A. Fergusson, “Fast vs tough; The effect of faster cure cycles on the fracture properties of toughened epoxies,” Int. SAMPE Tech. Conf., vol. 2019-May, no. May, 2019, doi: 10.33599/nasampe/s.19.1491.
  • [2] D. A. Lakho, D. Yao, K. Cho, M. Ishaq, and Y. Wang, “Study of the Curing Kinetics toward Development of Fast-Curing Epoxy Resins,” Polym. - Plast. Technol. Eng., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 161–170, 2017, doi: 10.1080/03602559.2016.1185623.
  • [3] P. Murias, Ł. Byczyński, H. Maciejewski, and H. Galina, “A quantitative approach to dynamic and isothermal curing of an epoxy resin modified with oligomeric siloxanes,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., vol. 122, no. 1, pp. 215–226, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s10973-015-4703-0.
  • [4] D. B. Bender, T. Centea, and S. Nutt, “Fast cure of stable semi-pregs via VBO cure,” Adv. Manuf. Polym. Compos. Sci., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 245–255, 2020, doi: 10.1080/20550340.2020.1869891.
  • [5] M. A. Khan, C. Pasco, N. Reynolds, and K. Kendall, “Shear deformability characteristics of a rapid-cure woven prepreg fabric,” Int. J. Mater. Form., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 133–142, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s12289-019-01532-0.
  • [6] A. Keller, K. Masania, A. C. Taylor, and C. Dransfeld, “Fast-curing epoxy polymers with silica nanoparticles: properties and rheo-kinetic modelling,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 236–251, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s10853-015-9158-y.
  • [7] A. Keller, C. Dransfeld, and K. Masania, “Flow and heat transfer during compression resin transfer moulding of highly reactive epoxies,” Compos. Part B Eng., vol. 153, no. May, pp. 167–175, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.07.041.
  • [8] M. Bagci, M. Demirci, E. F. Sukur, and H. B. Kaybal, “The effect of nanoclay particles on the incubation period in solid particle erosion of glass fibre/epoxy nanocomposites,” Wear, vol. 444–445, p. 203159, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/J.WEAR.2019.203159.
  • [9] M. A. Downey and L. T. Drzal, “Toughening of aromatic epoxy via aliphatic epoxy copolymers,” Polymer (Guildf)., vol. 55, no. 26, pp. 6658–6663, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.10.052.
  • [10] A. Warrier et al., “The effect of adding carbon nanotubes to glass/epoxy composites in the fibre sizing and/or the matrix,” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 532–538, Apr. 2010, doi: 10.1016/J.COMPOSITESA.2010.01.001.
  • [11] U. Szeluga, S. Pusz, B. Kumanek, K. Olszowska, A. Kobyliukh, and B. Trzebicka, “Effect of graphene filler structure on electrical, thermal, mechanical, and fire retardant properties of epoxy-graphene nanocomposites - a review,” Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci., vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 152–187, 2021, doi: 10.1080/10408436.2019.1708702.
  • [12] J. S. Monfared Zanjani, B. S. Okan, Y. Z. Menceloglu, and M. Yildiz, “Nano-engineered design and manufacturing of high-performance epoxy matrix composites with carbon fiber/selectively integrated graphene as multi-scale reinforcements,” RSC Adv., vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 9495–9506, 2016, doi: 10.1039/C5RA23665G.
  • [13] B. Saner Okan, “Fabrication of multilayer graphene oxide-reinforced high density polyethylene nanocomposites with enhanced thermal and mechanical properties via thermokinetic mixing,” Turkish J. Chem., vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 381–390, 2017, doi: 10.3906/kim-1608-53.
  • [14] E. C. Senis, I. O. Golosnoy, J. M. Dulieu-Barton, and O. T. Thomsen, “Enhancement of the electrical and thermal properties of unidirectional carbon fibre/epoxy laminates through the addition of graphene oxide,” J. Mater. Sci., vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 8955–8970, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s10853-019-03522-8.
  • [15] M. Nonahal et al., “Design, preparation, and characterization of fast cure epoxy/amine-functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposites,” Polym. Compos., vol. 39, no. S4, pp. E2016–E2027, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.1002/PC.24415.
  • [16] M. H. Arikan, F. Eroglu, V. Eskizeybek, E. F. Sukur, M. Yildiz, and H. S. Sas, “A Systematic Characterization Approach for Vacuum Bag Only Prepregs towards an Accurate Process Design,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 1–19, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ma15020451.
  • [17] C. Monteser, M. Blanco, E. Aranzabe, A. Aranzabe, and J. L. Vilas, “Effects of graphene oxide and chemically reduced graphene oxide on the curing kinetics of epoxy amine composites,” vol. 44803, pp. 12–16, 2017, doi: 10.1002/app.44803.
  • [18] A. Surnova, D. Balkaev, D. Musin, R. Amirov, and A. M. Dimiev, “Fully exfoliated graphene oxide accelerates epoxy resin curing, and results in dramatic improvement of the polymer mechanical properties,” Compos. Part B Eng., vol. 162, pp. 685–691, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.01.020.
  • [19] X. Zhao, Z. Huang, P. Song, H. Yang, and Y. Zhang, “Curing kinetics and mechanical properties of fast curing epoxy resins with isophorone diamine and N-(3-aminopropyl)-imidazole,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., vol. 136, no. 37, pp. 1–10, 2019, doi: 10.1002/app.47950.
  • [20] L. Li, H. Zou, M. Liang, and Y. Chen, “Study on the effect of poly(oxypropylene)diamine modified organic montmorillonite on curing kinetics of epoxy nanocomposties,” Thermochim. Acta, vol. 597, pp. 93–100, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1016/J.TCA.2014.10.008.
  • [21] “Online Tutorial on Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).” https://www.mt.com/se/sv/home/library/videos/lab-analytical-instruments/dsc-online-training-course-video-28.html (accessed Apr. 04, 2022).
  • [22] M. Jouyandeh et al., “Curing epoxy resin with anhydride in the presence of halloysite nanotubes: the contradictory effects of filler concentration,” Prog. Org. Coatings, vol. 126, no. October 2018, pp. 129–135, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.10.007.
  • [23] J. B. Robles, L. Hong, M. A. Octeau, and A. Yousefpour, “Material Characterization of Graphene Enhanced Composites for Resin Transfer Moulding,” 11th Can. Conf. Compos., no. July, pp. 1–7, 2018.
  • [24] M. Fang, Z. Zhang, J. Li, H. Zhang, H. Lu, and Y. Yang, “Constructing hierarchically structured interphases for strong and tough epoxy nanocomposites by amine-rich graphene surfaces,” J. Mater. Chem., vol. 20, no. 43, pp. 9635–9643, 2010, doi: 10.1039/c0jm01620a.
  • [25] Y. J. Wan et al., “Grafting of epoxy chains onto graphene oxide for epoxy composites with improved mechanical and thermal properties,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 69, pp. 467–480, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2013.12.050.
  • [26] R. Umer, Y. Li, Y. Dong, H. Hj, and K. Liao, “The effect of graphene oxide ( GO ) nanoparticles on processing of epoxy / glass fiber composites using resin infusion,” pp. 1–36, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s00170-015-7427-1.
  • [27] M. S. Saharudin, S. Hasbi, A. Zulkifli, and N. F. Zailani, “The Processing of Epoxy / 1 wt % -graphene Nanocomposites : Effects of Ethanol on Flexural Properties,” no. November, 2019, doi: 10.35940/ijitee.A8105.119119.
  • [28] R. Eqra, M. H. Moghim, and N. Eqra, “A study on the mechanical properties of graphene oxide/epoxy nanocomposites,” doi: 10.1177/09673911211011150.
Toplam 28 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sinem Elmas

Hatice Sinem Sas

Proje Numarası 118C043
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 23 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 38 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Elmas, S., & Sas, H. S. (2022). Thermally Exfoliated Graphene Oxide (TEGO) Reinforced Fast-Cure Epoxy Resin: Cure Behavior and Flexural Properties. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 38(2), 168-179.
AMA Elmas S, Sas HS. Thermally Exfoliated Graphene Oxide (TEGO) Reinforced Fast-Cure Epoxy Resin: Cure Behavior and Flexural Properties. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. Ağustos 2022;38(2):168-179.
Chicago Elmas, Sinem, ve Hatice Sinem Sas. “Thermally Exfoliated Graphene Oxide (TEGO) Reinforced Fast-Cure Epoxy Resin: Cure Behavior and Flexural Properties”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 38, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2022): 168-79.
EndNote Elmas S, Sas HS (01 Ağustos 2022) Thermally Exfoliated Graphene Oxide (TEGO) Reinforced Fast-Cure Epoxy Resin: Cure Behavior and Flexural Properties. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 38 2 168–179.
IEEE S. Elmas ve H. S. Sas, “Thermally Exfoliated Graphene Oxide (TEGO) Reinforced Fast-Cure Epoxy Resin: Cure Behavior and Flexural Properties”, Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 38, sy. 2, ss. 168–179, 2022.
ISNAD Elmas, Sinem - Sas, Hatice Sinem. “Thermally Exfoliated Graphene Oxide (TEGO) Reinforced Fast-Cure Epoxy Resin: Cure Behavior and Flexural Properties”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 38/2 (Ağustos 2022), 168-179.
JAMA Elmas S, Sas HS. Thermally Exfoliated Graphene Oxide (TEGO) Reinforced Fast-Cure Epoxy Resin: Cure Behavior and Flexural Properties. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;38:168–179.
MLA Elmas, Sinem ve Hatice Sinem Sas. “Thermally Exfoliated Graphene Oxide (TEGO) Reinforced Fast-Cure Epoxy Resin: Cure Behavior and Flexural Properties”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 38, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 168-79.
Vancouver Elmas S, Sas HS. Thermally Exfoliated Graphene Oxide (TEGO) Reinforced Fast-Cure Epoxy Resin: Cure Behavior and Flexural Properties. Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Fen Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;38(2):168-79.

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