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Chinese organizational culture: An evaluation from past to present

Year 2019, Issue: 54, 367 - 391, 31.12.2019

Tülin Tunç

https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.536888

Abstract

China, with a long history
of 5000 years and social life dominated by traditional and cultural values, has
begun to experience changes from the beginning of the 20th century. The
expiration of the empire in 1911, Mao’s announcement of People’s Republic of
China and effects of communism in 1949; Deng’s outward projected policies in
1978; and transition to free market economy in 1992 prepared the basis of
striking changes. In historical perspective, especially from the beginning of
the 21st century, China has become a leading power in the world economy.



In China which exposes to
western values and management approaches through outward policies, it seems
that changes in business practices and organizational culture are inevitable.
This study reveals the effects of Chinese national culture, guanxi which has
been a prominent cultural symbol, and the effects of organizational
characteristics on organizational culture of China and their reflections on
Chinese worklife in a perspective from now to nearly 2000 years of economical
and historical background.

Keywords

Chinese Organizational Culture Confucianism Taoism Guanxi Chinese Business Culture

References

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  • BOONTANAPIBUL, Churinthorn; (2010), “Doing Business in China: Cultural Factors, Start-up Concerns, and Professional Development”, Executive Journal, pp.170-182.
  • ČECH, Martin; Wenlong YAO; Andrea SAMOLEJOVÁ; Jun LI and Pavel WICHER; (2016), “Human Resource Management in Chinese Manufacturing Companies”, Perspectives in Science, 7, pp.6-9.
  • CHEN, Guo-Ming and William J. STAROSTA; (1997), “Chinese Conflict Management and Resolution: Overview and Implications”, Intercultural Communication Studies, 7, pp.1-16.
  • CHEN, Xiao-Ping; Xiaofei XIE and Shiqing CHANG; (2011), "Cooperative and Competitive Orientation Among Chinese People: Scale Development and Validation”, Management and Organization Review, 7(2), pp.353-379.
  • CHIEN, Min-Huei; (2002), “A Human Resource Management Model Designed for Chinese Business Processes”, The Study of Chinese Philosophy Applies in Business World, Hawai International Conference, pp.1359-1363, Internet Address: https://www.mssanz.org/au/MODSIM03/Volume_03/B14/02_Chien_Resource.pdf, Date of Access: 30.11.2018.
  • CHILD, John and Malcolm WARNER; (2003), “Culture and Management in China”, in Malcolm WARNER (Ed.), Culture and Management in Asia, New York: Routledge Curzon, pp. 24-48.
  • CHUNG, Wai Keung and Gary HAMILTON; (2001), “Social Logic as Business Logic: Guanxi, Trustworthiness and the Embeddedness of Chinese Business Practices”, In Richard P. APPELBAUM, William L. FELSTINER and Volkmar GESSNER (Ed.), Rules and Networks: The Legal Culture of Global Business Transactions, Oxford: Hart, pp.302-349.
  • ÇAKIROĞLU, Deniz; (2006), “Çin İş Kültürü”, İGEME Yayını, s.1-5, İnternet Adresi: https://www.metalurji.org.tr/dergi/dergi146/d146_3033.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 30.11.2018.
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  • DURLABHJI, Subhash; (2004), “The Tao of Organization Behavior”, Journal of Business Ethics, 52(4), pp.401-409.
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  • GELEK, Tashi and Gration DAVID; (2013), “Compassion in Buddhism and Guanxi: Can There be a Sybergy for Western Companies in China”, Chinese Business Review, 12(4), pp.287-297.
  • GONG, Jing Jing and Sadami SUZUKI; (2013), “An Empirical Investigation of Culture and Guanxi Actions Between China and Japan”, International Journal of Social and Humanity, 3(4), pp.375-380.
  • HERDIN, Thomas and Wolfgang ASCHAUER; (2013), “Value Changes in Transforming China”, KOME-An International Journal of Pure Communication Inquiry, 1(2), pp.1-22.
  • HIPSHER, Scott A.; Songporn HANSANTI and Suthinan POMSUWAN; (2007), The Nature of Asian Firms- An Evolutionary Perspective, Chandos Publishing, Great Britain, pp.72-73.
  • HOFMANN, Oliver; (1999), “Differences in International Business Cultures”, Internet Address: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.199.4248&rep=1&type=pdf, Date of Access: 24.12.2018.
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  • HOFSTEDE, Geert; Geert Jan, HOFSTEDE and Michael MINKOV; (2010), Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind: Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival, Revised and Expanded Third Edition, Mc Graw-Hill, New York, pp.194-232.
  • HOFSTEDE, Geert; (2011), “Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context”, Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), pp.1-26.
  • HUANG, Kai-Ping; Tsungting CHUNG; Jane TUNG and Sheng Chung LO; (2013), “Guanxi Embeddedness and Trust Building in Chinese Business Markets: A Confucianism Perspective”, Journal of Applied Sciences, 13(3), pp.333-340.
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  • JIANG, Feng; (2011), “Effects of Organizational Structure and Culture on Employee Communication Behaviors in Chinese Organizations”, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Huston: The Faculty of the Jack J. Valenti School of Communication, University of Houston.
  • JONES, Sandra and Siew Fang LAW; (2009), “A Guanxi Model of Human Resources”, Chinese Management Studies, Special Issue: Review of HRM in China, 3(4), pp.313-332.
  • KONG, Siew-Huat; (2003), “A Portrait of Chinese Enterprise Through the Lens of Organizational Culture”, Asian Academy of Management Journal, 8(1), pp.83-102.
  • KRAGH, Simon Ulrik; (2012), “Preindustrial Patterns in Chinese Organizational Culture”, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(11), pp.2354-2373.
  • LEE, An Ti; (2007), “Cultural Barriers to the Learning Organization in Chinese Society”, pp.1-10, Internet Address: https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/wbs/conf/olkc/archiev/olk4/papers/lee.pdf, Date of Access: 02.03.2019.
  • LEE, Keun and Young-Sam KANG; (2008), “Business Groups in China”, pp.1-29, Internet Address: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286973466_Business_Groups_in_China/download, Date of Access: 26.12.2018.
  • LIANG, Xiaoya; Janet H. MARIER and Zhiyu CUL; (2012), “Strategic Human Resource Management in China: East Meets West”, Academy of Management Perspectives, May 2012, pp.55-70.
  • LO, Kevin D.; (2012), “Chinese Guanxi and Anglo-American Networking: A Comparative Investigation of Cross-cultural Interpersonal Business Relationships”, The Journal of International Management Studies, 7(2), pp.216-223.
  • MA, Xufei and Jane Wenzhen LU; (2005), “The Critical Role of Business Groups in China”, Ivey Busines Journal, 69(5), pp.1-12.
  • MEUER, Johannes and Barbara KRUG; (2011), “The Current State of Research on Networks in China’s Business System”, in Werner PASCHA, Cornelia STORZ and Markus TAUBE (Ed.), Institutional Variety in East Asia-Formal and Informal Patterns of Coordination, UK: Edward Edgar Publishing Limited, pp.152-153.
  • RARICK, Charles A.; (2009), “Historical Antecedents of Chinese Business Ethics”, Journal of Management Research, 1(1) pp.1-9.
  • RUSSELL, Graeme; (2008), Work and Life in China, Boston College Center For Work&Family- Global Workforce Roundtable, pp.4-23.
  • SEBENIUS, James K. and Cheng (Jason) QIAN; (2008), “Cultural Notes on Chinese Negotiating Behavior”, Harvard Business School Working Paper, 09-076 Internet Address: https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/09-076.pdf, Date of Access: 23.02.2019.
  • SHI, Xiumei and Jinying WANG; (2011), “Cultural Distance Between China and US Across GLOBE Model and Hofstede Model”, International Business and Management, 2(1), pp.11-17.
  • SMITH, David; (2012), “Guanxi, Mianzi, and Business: The Impact of Culture on Corporate Governance in China”, Private Sector Opinion,26, pp.4-16.
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Çin örgüt kültürü: Geçmişten bugüne bir değerlendirme

Year 2019, Issue: 54, 367 - 391, 31.12.2019

Tülin Tunç

https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.536888

Abstract

5000 yıllık uzun bir tarihi
geçmişe sahip olan ve sosyal yaşamını geleneksel ve kültürel değerlerin domine
ettiği Çin, özellikle 20. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren değişim yaşamaya
başlamıştır. 1911’de imparatorluk döneminin sona ermesi, 1949’da Mao’nun Çin
Halk Cumhuriyeti’ni ilan etmesi ve komünizmin etkisi, 1978’de Deng’in dışa
açılım politikaları ve 1992’de serbest piyasa ekonomisine geçilmesi, çarpıcı
değişimlere zemin hazırlamıştır. Özellikle 21. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren
Çin, dünya ekonomisinde söz sahibi bir güç haline gelme durumundadır.



Dışa açılımla birlikte batı
değerleri ve yönetim anlayışlarıyla tanışan Çin’de, iş yaşamı uygulamalarının
ve örgüt kültürünün etkilenmesi kaçınılmaz görünmektedir. Bu çalışma, Çin’in yaklaşık 2000 yıllık tarihsel
ve ekonomik geçmişinden bugüne, Çin ulusal kültürü, önde gelen kültürel sembol
olan guanxi’si ve iş örgütlerinin karakteristiklerinin örgüt kültürü üzerindeki
etkilerini ve bunun iş yaşamındaki yansımalarını dönemler itibariyle ortaya
koymaktadır.

Keywords

Çin örgüt kültürü Konfüçyüsçülük Taoizm Guanxi çin iş kültürü

References

  • ABUBAKER, Abdusalam; (2008), “The Influence of Chinese Core Cultural Values on the Communication Behaviour of Overseas Chinese Students Learning English”, Arecls, 5, pp.105-135.
  • AI, Jin; (2006), “Guanxi Networks in China: Its Importance and Future Trends”, China&World Economy, 14(5), pp.105-118.
  • AGODZO, Divine; (2014), “Six Approaches to Understanding National Cultures: Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions”, Internet Address: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284732557, Date of Access: 24.12.2018.
  • BOONTANAPIBUL, Churinthorn; (2010), “Doing Business in China: Cultural Factors, Start-up Concerns, and Professional Development”, Executive Journal, pp.170-182.
  • ČECH, Martin; Wenlong YAO; Andrea SAMOLEJOVÁ; Jun LI and Pavel WICHER; (2016), “Human Resource Management in Chinese Manufacturing Companies”, Perspectives in Science, 7, pp.6-9.
  • CHEN, Guo-Ming and William J. STAROSTA; (1997), “Chinese Conflict Management and Resolution: Overview and Implications”, Intercultural Communication Studies, 7, pp.1-16.
  • CHEN, Xiao-Ping; Xiaofei XIE and Shiqing CHANG; (2011), "Cooperative and Competitive Orientation Among Chinese People: Scale Development and Validation”, Management and Organization Review, 7(2), pp.353-379.
  • CHIEN, Min-Huei; (2002), “A Human Resource Management Model Designed for Chinese Business Processes”, The Study of Chinese Philosophy Applies in Business World, Hawai International Conference, pp.1359-1363, Internet Address: https://www.mssanz.org/au/MODSIM03/Volume_03/B14/02_Chien_Resource.pdf, Date of Access: 30.11.2018.
  • CHILD, John and Malcolm WARNER; (2003), “Culture and Management in China”, in Malcolm WARNER (Ed.), Culture and Management in Asia, New York: Routledge Curzon, pp. 24-48.
  • CHUNG, Wai Keung and Gary HAMILTON; (2001), “Social Logic as Business Logic: Guanxi, Trustworthiness and the Embeddedness of Chinese Business Practices”, In Richard P. APPELBAUM, William L. FELSTINER and Volkmar GESSNER (Ed.), Rules and Networks: The Legal Culture of Global Business Transactions, Oxford: Hart, pp.302-349.
  • ÇAKIROĞLU, Deniz; (2006), “Çin İş Kültürü”, İGEME Yayını, s.1-5, İnternet Adresi: https://www.metalurji.org.tr/dergi/dergi146/d146_3033.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 30.11.2018.
  • DEİK Dış Ekonomik İlişkiler Kurulu; (2014, Ocak), “Türk-Çin İş Konseyi Çin Ülke Bülteni”, İnternet Adresi: https://www.deik.org.tr/uploads/cin-ulke-bulterni-2014.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2018.
  • DUNHUA, Zhao; (2009), A Defense of Universalism: With a Critique of Particularism in Chinese Culture”, Frontiers of Philosophy in China, 4(1), pp.116-129.
  • DURLABHJI, Subhash; (2004), “The Tao of Organization Behavior”, Journal of Business Ethics, 52(4), pp.401-409.
  • ETO Eskişehir Ticaret Odası; t.y., “Çin Ülke Bülteni”, İnternet Adresi: http://www.etonet.org.tr/uploads/cin.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 02.12.2018.
  • FAN, Ying; (1995), “Chinese Cultural Values and Entrepreneurship: A Preliminary Consideration”, The Sixth Endec World Conference on Entrepreneurship, 7-9 December 1995, Shanghai, China, Internet Address: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/1440899.pdf, Date of Access: 03.03.2019.
  • FAN, Ying; (2000), “A Classification of Chinese Culture”, Cross Cultural Management, 7(2), pp.3-10.
  • FAN, Jerry Wenjie; (2006), “The Effects of Guanxi on Doing Business in China”, Unpublished Dissertation, Auckland University of Technology.
  • FANG, Tony; (2014), “Understanding Chinese Culture and Communication: The Yin Yang Approach”, In Bettina GEHRKE and Marie-Therese CLAES (Ed.), Global Leadership Practices, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 171-187.
  • FARH, Jing-Lih; Anne S. TSUI, Katherine XIN and Bor-Shiuan CHENG; (1998), “The Influence of Relational Demography and Guanxi: The Chinese Case”, Organization Science, 9(4), pp.471-488.
  • FERNANDEZ, Denise Rotondo; Dawn S. CARLSON, Lee P. STEPINA and Joel D. NICHOLSON; (1997), “Hofstede’s Country Classification 25 Years Later”, The Journal of Social Psychology, 137(1), pp.43-54.
  • FOSTER, Brock; (2015), “How Culture Makes a Difference in Management: Applying Geert Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions to Management in Germany and China”, Unpublished Senior Honors Theses, 448, Michigan: Eastern Michigan University Honors College.
  • GELEK, Tashi and Gration DAVID; (2013), “Compassion in Buddhism and Guanxi: Can There be a Sybergy for Western Companies in China”, Chinese Business Review, 12(4), pp.287-297.
  • GONG, Jing Jing and Sadami SUZUKI; (2013), “An Empirical Investigation of Culture and Guanxi Actions Between China and Japan”, International Journal of Social and Humanity, 3(4), pp.375-380.
  • HERDIN, Thomas and Wolfgang ASCHAUER; (2013), “Value Changes in Transforming China”, KOME-An International Journal of Pure Communication Inquiry, 1(2), pp.1-22.
  • HIPSHER, Scott A.; Songporn HANSANTI and Suthinan POMSUWAN; (2007), The Nature of Asian Firms- An Evolutionary Perspective, Chandos Publishing, Great Britain, pp.72-73.
  • HOFMANN, Oliver; (1999), “Differences in International Business Cultures”, Internet Address: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.199.4248&rep=1&type=pdf, Date of Access: 24.12.2018.
  • HOFSTEDE, Geert; (1982), Culture’s Consequences-International Differences in Work-Related Values, Abridged Edition, Sage Publications, pp.1-37.
  • HOFSTEDE, Geert; Geert Jan, HOFSTEDE and Michael MINKOV; (2010), Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind: Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival, Revised and Expanded Third Edition, Mc Graw-Hill, New York, pp.194-232.
  • HOFSTEDE, Geert; (2011), “Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context”, Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), pp.1-26.
  • HUANG, Kai-Ping; Tsungting CHUNG; Jane TUNG and Sheng Chung LO; (2013), “Guanxi Embeddedness and Trust Building in Chinese Business Markets: A Confucianism Perspective”, Journal of Applied Sciences, 13(3), pp.333-340.
  • İstanbul Sanayi Odası; (2010), “Çin Pazarında Başarmak”, Ömür Matbaa, s.40-45, İnternet Adresi; www.iso.org.tr/sites/1/upload/files/cin-95.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 01.03.2019.
  • JIANG, Feng; (2011), “Effects of Organizational Structure and Culture on Employee Communication Behaviors in Chinese Organizations”, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Huston: The Faculty of the Jack J. Valenti School of Communication, University of Houston.
  • JONES, Sandra and Siew Fang LAW; (2009), “A Guanxi Model of Human Resources”, Chinese Management Studies, Special Issue: Review of HRM in China, 3(4), pp.313-332.
  • KONG, Siew-Huat; (2003), “A Portrait of Chinese Enterprise Through the Lens of Organizational Culture”, Asian Academy of Management Journal, 8(1), pp.83-102.
  • KRAGH, Simon Ulrik; (2012), “Preindustrial Patterns in Chinese Organizational Culture”, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(11), pp.2354-2373.
  • LEE, An Ti; (2007), “Cultural Barriers to the Learning Organization in Chinese Society”, pp.1-10, Internet Address: https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/wbs/conf/olkc/archiev/olk4/papers/lee.pdf, Date of Access: 02.03.2019.
  • LEE, Keun and Young-Sam KANG; (2008), “Business Groups in China”, pp.1-29, Internet Address: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286973466_Business_Groups_in_China/download, Date of Access: 26.12.2018.
  • LIANG, Xiaoya; Janet H. MARIER and Zhiyu CUL; (2012), “Strategic Human Resource Management in China: East Meets West”, Academy of Management Perspectives, May 2012, pp.55-70.
  • LO, Kevin D.; (2012), “Chinese Guanxi and Anglo-American Networking: A Comparative Investigation of Cross-cultural Interpersonal Business Relationships”, The Journal of International Management Studies, 7(2), pp.216-223.
  • MA, Xufei and Jane Wenzhen LU; (2005), “The Critical Role of Business Groups in China”, Ivey Busines Journal, 69(5), pp.1-12.
  • MEUER, Johannes and Barbara KRUG; (2011), “The Current State of Research on Networks in China’s Business System”, in Werner PASCHA, Cornelia STORZ and Markus TAUBE (Ed.), Institutional Variety in East Asia-Formal and Informal Patterns of Coordination, UK: Edward Edgar Publishing Limited, pp.152-153.
  • RARICK, Charles A.; (2009), “Historical Antecedents of Chinese Business Ethics”, Journal of Management Research, 1(1) pp.1-9.
  • RUSSELL, Graeme; (2008), Work and Life in China, Boston College Center For Work&Family- Global Workforce Roundtable, pp.4-23.
  • SEBENIUS, James K. and Cheng (Jason) QIAN; (2008), “Cultural Notes on Chinese Negotiating Behavior”, Harvard Business School Working Paper, 09-076 Internet Address: https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/09-076.pdf, Date of Access: 23.02.2019.
  • SHI, Xiumei and Jinying WANG; (2011), “Cultural Distance Between China and US Across GLOBE Model and Hofstede Model”, International Business and Management, 2(1), pp.11-17.
  • SMITH, David; (2012), “Guanxi, Mianzi, and Business: The Impact of Culture on Corporate Governance in China”, Private Sector Opinion,26, pp.4-16.
  • SUHONEN, Petri; (2013), “Finnish High Tech in China- A Study of Business Culture”, Unpublished Thesis, Opinnäytetyö Liiketalouden koulutusohjelma: Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Tülin Tunç 0000-0002-6067-9575

Publication Date December 31, 2019
Acceptance Date August 25, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Issue: 54

Cite

APA Tunç, T. (2019). Çin örgüt kültürü: Geçmişten bugüne bir değerlendirme. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi(54), 367-391. https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.536888

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