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Year 2015, Issue: 45, 115 - 141, 20.07.2015
https://doi.org/10.18070/euiibfd.89737

Abstract

In this study, it’s been analyzed that if there is the correlation between the CO emissions, electricity consumption and economic growth in the OECD countries between the years of 19802010. As a result of panel cointegration tests, it was concluded that there is cointegration relationships between CO2 emissions, Gross Domestic Product and electricity consumption. Long-term forecasts has shown that there is statistically significant relationship between electricity consumption and CO2 emissions in the majority of 30 OECD countries. Also the conclusion supporting the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis which means that there is a nonlinear relationship between CO emissions and economic growth were reached. Finally results of Panels Vector Error Correction Model are show that there is a one-way causality relationship between Gross Domestic Product and CO emissions and there is bi-directional causality relationship between Gross Domestic Product and electricity consumption in the short term

References

  • AGRAS, Jean; (1995), “Environment and Development: An Economic Analysis of Pollution, Growth and Trade”, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, ABD: Cornell University.
  • AGRAS, Jean and Duane CHAPMAN; (1999), “A Dynamic Approach to the En- vironmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis”, Ecological Economics, 28, pp. 267-277.
  • AKOVA, İsmet; (2008), Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları, Ankara: Nobel Ya- yın Dağıtım.
  • APERGIS, Nicholas and James E. PAYNE; (2009), “CO2 Emissions, Energy Usage and Output in Central America”, Energy Policy, 37, pp. 3282– 3286.
  • ARI, Ayşe ve Fatma ZEREN; (2011), “CO2 Emisyonu ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Panel Veri Analizi”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 18(2), ss. 37-47.
  • BALTAGI, Badi H. and Chihwa KAO; (2000), “Nonstationary Panels, Cointeg- ration in Panels and Dynamic Panels: A Survey”, Center for Policy Re- search Working Papers 16, Maxwell School, Syracuse University, In- ternet Address: http://ideas.repec.org/p/ max/cprwps/16.html, Date of Access: 18.03.2013.
  • BOOPEN, Seetanah and Neeliah HARRIS; (2012), “Energy Use, Emissions, Economic Growth and Trade: Evidence From Mauritius”, ICTI 2012, pp. 1-29.
  • BREITUNG, Jorg; (2000), “The Local Power of Some Unit Root Tests for Panel Data”, Advances in Econometrics, 15, pp. 161-178.
  • CHEBBI, Houssem Eddine; (2009), “Long and Short-Run Linkages Between Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and CO2”, Economic Research Forum, Working Paper 485, Internet Address: https://ideas.re- pec.org/p/erg/wpaper/485.html, Date of Access: 25.04.2013.
  • DINDA, Soumyananda; (2004), “Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey”, Ecological Economics, 49, pp. 431-455.
  • FARHANI, Sahbi and Jaleleddine Ben REJEB; (2012), “Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissionas: Evidence from Panel Data for MENA Region”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Po- licy, 2(2), pp. 71-81.
  • GROSSMAN, Gene M. and Alan B. KREUGER; (1991), “Environmental Im- pacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement”, NBER Working Pa- per, No. 3914, Internet Address: http://www.nber.org/papers/w3914. pdf, Date of Access: 24.05.2013.
  • GROSSMAN, Gene M. and Alan B. KREUGER; (1995), “Economic Growth and the Environment”, The Quarterly of Journal Economics, 110(2), pp. 353-377.
  • HALICIOGLU, Ferda; (2008), “An Econometric Study Of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade in Turkey”, Energy Po- licy, 37, pp. 1156-1164.
  • HAMIT-HAGGAR, Mahamat; (2012), “Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: A Panel Cointegration Analysis From Canadian Industrial Sector Perspective”, Energy Economics, 34, pp. 358-364.
  • HATZIGEORGIOU, Emmanouil; Heracles HARALAMBOPOULOS; (2011), “CO2 Emissions, GDP and Energy In- tensity: A Multivariate Cointegration and Causality Analysis for Greece, 1977-2007”, Applied Energy, 88, pp. 1377-1385. and Dias
  • HOLTZ-EAKIN, Douglas and Thomas M. SELDEN; (1995), “Stoking the Fires? CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth”, Journal of Public Economics, 57, pp. 85-101.
  • IM, Kyung So; M. Hashem PESERAN and Yongcheol SHIN; (2003), “Testing For Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), pp. 53-74.
  • JALIL, Abdul and Syed F. MAHMUD; (2009), “Environment Kuznets Curve for CO2 Emissions: A Cointegration Analysis for China”, Energy Policy, 37, pp. 5167–5172.
  • JOHANSEN, Soren; (1988), “Statistical Analysis of Co-Integrating Vectors”, Jo- urnal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2-3), pp. 231–254.
  • KAO, Chihwa; (1999), “Spurious Regression and Residual-Based Tests for Co- integration in Panel Data”, Journal of Econometrics, 90, pp. 1-44.
  • KINACI, Bahar; Nalan Albuz PEHLİVAN ve Güneş SEYHAN; (2011), Turizm ve Çevre (Çevre Koruma), Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • LEAN, Hooi Hooi and Russell SMYTH; (2010), “CO2 Emissions, Electricity Consumption and Output in ASEAN”, Applied Energy, 87, pp. 1858- 1864.
  • LEVIN, Andrew; Chien-Fu LIN and Chia-Shang James CHU; (2002), “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties,” Journal of Econometrics, 108, pp. 1–24.
  • MADDALA, G.S. and Shaowen WU; (1999), “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and A New Simple Test”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 62, pp. 631-652.
  • MENEGAKI, Angeliki N.; (2011), “Growth and Renewable Energy in Europe: A Random Effect Model With Evidence for Neutrality Hypothesis”, Enegy Economics, 33, pp. 257-263.
  • MENYAH, Kojo and Yemane WOLDE-RUFAEL; (2010), “Energy Consump- tion, Pollutant Emissions and Economic Growth in South Africa”, Energy Economics, 32, pp. 1374-1382.
  • NAZLIOĞLU, Şaban; (2010), “Makro İktisat Politikalarının Tarım Sektörü Üze- rindeki Etkileri: Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler İçin Bir Karşılaş- tırma”, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Kayseri: Erciyes Üniversitesi Sos- yal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • NIU, Shuwen; Yongxia DING; Yunzhu NIU; Yixin LI and Guanghua LUO; (2011), “Economic Growth, Energy Conservation and Emissions Reduc- tion: A Comparative Analysis Based On Panel Data For 8 Asian-Pacific Countries”, Energy Policy, 39, pp. 2121-2131.
  • OZTURK, Ilhan; (2010), “A Literature Survey on Energy-Growth Nexus”, Energy Policy, 38, pp. 340-349.
  • PALABIYIK, Hamit; (2004), “Uluslararası Ticaret ve Çevre: Dünya Ticaret Ör- gütü Üzerine Açıklamalar”, iç. Mehmet C. MARIN ve Uğur YILDIRIM (Ed.), Çevre Sorunlarına Çağdaş Yaklaşımlar: Ekolojik, Ekonomik, Politik ve Yönetsel Perspektifler, İstanbul: Beta Basım, ss.246-267.
  • PAYNE, James E.; (2010), “Survey of the International Evidence on the Causal Relationship Between Energy Consumption and Growth”, Journal of Economic Studies, 37, pp. 53-95.
  • PEDRONI, Peter; (1999), “Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heteroge- neous Panels with Multiple Regressors”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, pp. 653–670.
  • PEDRONI, Peter; (2000), “Fully-Modified OLS for Heterogeneous Cointegrated Panels”, Advances in Econometrics, 15, pp. 93-130.
  • PEDRONI, Peter; (2001), “Purchasing Power Parity Tests in Cointegrated Pa- nels”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 83, pp. 727-731.
  • PEDRONI, Peter; (2004), “Panel Cointegration, Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time Series Tests with an Application to the Purc- hasing Power Parity Hypothesis”, Econometric Theory, 20(3), pp. 597- 625.
  • SELDEN, Thomas M. and Daqing SONG; (1994), “Environmental Quality and Development: Is There a Kuznets Curve for Air Pollution?”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27(2), pp. 147-162.
  • SHAFIK, Nemat and Sushenjit BANDYOPADHYAY; (1992), Economic Growth and Environmental Quality: Time Series and Cross-Country Evidence, Background Paper for World Development Report, Washing- ton: The World Bank Publications.
  • SHAHBAZ, Muhammad; Mihai MUTASCU and Parvez AZIM; (2013), “Envi- ronmental Kuznets Curve in Romania and the Role of Energy Consump- tion”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18, pp. 165-173.
  • SOYTAS, Uğur and Ramazan SARI; (2009), “Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions: Challenges Faced by an EU Candidate Member”, Ecological Economics, 68, pp. 1667-1675.
  • STERN, David I.; (2004), “Environmental Kuznets Curve”, Encyclopedia of Energy, 2, pp. 517-525.
  • SURI, Vivek and Duane CHAPMAN; (1998), “Economic Growth, Trade and Energy: Implications for the Environmental Kuznets Curve”, Ecological Economics, 25, pp. 195-208.
  • TIWARI, Aviral; (2011), “Primary Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth: Evidence from India”, South East European Jour- nal of Economics and Business, 6(2), pp. 99-117.
  • UĞURLU, Örgen; (2009), Çevresel Güvenlik ve Türkiye’de Enerji Politika- ları, İstanbul: Örgün Yayınevi.
  • WANG, S.S.; D.Q. ZHOU; P. ZHOU and Q.W. WANG; (2011), “CO Emissi- ons, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in China: A Panel Data Analysis”, Energy Policy, 39, pp. 4870-4875. YANDLE, Bruce; Maya VIJAYARAGHAVAN
  • BHATTARAI; (2002), “The Environmental Kuznets Curve”, PERC Re
  • search Study 02-1, pp. 1-24. and Madhusudan
  • ZHANG, Xing-Ping and Xiao-Mei CHENG; (2009), “Energy Consumption, Car- bon Emissions, and Economic Growth in China”, Ecological Economics, 68, pp. 2706–2712.

OECD Ülkelerinde CO2 Emisyonu, Elektrik Tüketimi ve Büyüme İlişkisi

Year 2015, Issue: 45, 115 - 141, 20.07.2015
https://doi.org/10.18070/euiibfd.89737

Abstract

 Bu çalışmada, 1980-2010 yılları arasında OECD ülkelerinde CO2 emisyonu, elektrik tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme arasında ilişki olup olmadığı analiz edilmiştir. Panel eşbütünleşme testleri sonucunda 30 OECD ülkesinde CO2 emisyonu, Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasıla (GSYH) ve elektrik tüketimi arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisi olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Uzun dönem tahminciler 30 OECD ülkesinin çoğunluğunda elektrik tüketimi ve CO2 emisyonu arasında istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir ilişkinin olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca, CO2 emisyonu ve ekonomik büyüme arasında doğrusal olmayan bir ilişkinin varlığını ifade eden Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi (ÇKE) hipotezini destekleyen sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Son olarak Panel Vektör Hata Düzeltme Modeli (VECM) sonuçları 30 OECD ülkesinde kısa dönemde GSYH ile CO2 emisyonu arasında tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğu ve GSYH ile elektrik tüketimi arasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. 

References

  • AGRAS, Jean; (1995), “Environment and Development: An Economic Analysis of Pollution, Growth and Trade”, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, ABD: Cornell University.
  • AGRAS, Jean and Duane CHAPMAN; (1999), “A Dynamic Approach to the En- vironmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis”, Ecological Economics, 28, pp. 267-277.
  • AKOVA, İsmet; (2008), Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları, Ankara: Nobel Ya- yın Dağıtım.
  • APERGIS, Nicholas and James E. PAYNE; (2009), “CO2 Emissions, Energy Usage and Output in Central America”, Energy Policy, 37, pp. 3282– 3286.
  • ARI, Ayşe ve Fatma ZEREN; (2011), “CO2 Emisyonu ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Panel Veri Analizi”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 18(2), ss. 37-47.
  • BALTAGI, Badi H. and Chihwa KAO; (2000), “Nonstationary Panels, Cointeg- ration in Panels and Dynamic Panels: A Survey”, Center for Policy Re- search Working Papers 16, Maxwell School, Syracuse University, In- ternet Address: http://ideas.repec.org/p/ max/cprwps/16.html, Date of Access: 18.03.2013.
  • BOOPEN, Seetanah and Neeliah HARRIS; (2012), “Energy Use, Emissions, Economic Growth and Trade: Evidence From Mauritius”, ICTI 2012, pp. 1-29.
  • BREITUNG, Jorg; (2000), “The Local Power of Some Unit Root Tests for Panel Data”, Advances in Econometrics, 15, pp. 161-178.
  • CHEBBI, Houssem Eddine; (2009), “Long and Short-Run Linkages Between Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and CO2”, Economic Research Forum, Working Paper 485, Internet Address: https://ideas.re- pec.org/p/erg/wpaper/485.html, Date of Access: 25.04.2013.
  • DINDA, Soumyananda; (2004), “Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey”, Ecological Economics, 49, pp. 431-455.
  • FARHANI, Sahbi and Jaleleddine Ben REJEB; (2012), “Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and CO2 Emissionas: Evidence from Panel Data for MENA Region”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Po- licy, 2(2), pp. 71-81.
  • GROSSMAN, Gene M. and Alan B. KREUGER; (1991), “Environmental Im- pacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement”, NBER Working Pa- per, No. 3914, Internet Address: http://www.nber.org/papers/w3914. pdf, Date of Access: 24.05.2013.
  • GROSSMAN, Gene M. and Alan B. KREUGER; (1995), “Economic Growth and the Environment”, The Quarterly of Journal Economics, 110(2), pp. 353-377.
  • HALICIOGLU, Ferda; (2008), “An Econometric Study Of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade in Turkey”, Energy Po- licy, 37, pp. 1156-1164.
  • HAMIT-HAGGAR, Mahamat; (2012), “Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: A Panel Cointegration Analysis From Canadian Industrial Sector Perspective”, Energy Economics, 34, pp. 358-364.
  • HATZIGEORGIOU, Emmanouil; Heracles HARALAMBOPOULOS; (2011), “CO2 Emissions, GDP and Energy In- tensity: A Multivariate Cointegration and Causality Analysis for Greece, 1977-2007”, Applied Energy, 88, pp. 1377-1385. and Dias
  • HOLTZ-EAKIN, Douglas and Thomas M. SELDEN; (1995), “Stoking the Fires? CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth”, Journal of Public Economics, 57, pp. 85-101.
  • IM, Kyung So; M. Hashem PESERAN and Yongcheol SHIN; (2003), “Testing For Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), pp. 53-74.
  • JALIL, Abdul and Syed F. MAHMUD; (2009), “Environment Kuznets Curve for CO2 Emissions: A Cointegration Analysis for China”, Energy Policy, 37, pp. 5167–5172.
  • JOHANSEN, Soren; (1988), “Statistical Analysis of Co-Integrating Vectors”, Jo- urnal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2-3), pp. 231–254.
  • KAO, Chihwa; (1999), “Spurious Regression and Residual-Based Tests for Co- integration in Panel Data”, Journal of Econometrics, 90, pp. 1-44.
  • KINACI, Bahar; Nalan Albuz PEHLİVAN ve Güneş SEYHAN; (2011), Turizm ve Çevre (Çevre Koruma), Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • LEAN, Hooi Hooi and Russell SMYTH; (2010), “CO2 Emissions, Electricity Consumption and Output in ASEAN”, Applied Energy, 87, pp. 1858- 1864.
  • LEVIN, Andrew; Chien-Fu LIN and Chia-Shang James CHU; (2002), “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties,” Journal of Econometrics, 108, pp. 1–24.
  • MADDALA, G.S. and Shaowen WU; (1999), “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and A New Simple Test”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 62, pp. 631-652.
  • MENEGAKI, Angeliki N.; (2011), “Growth and Renewable Energy in Europe: A Random Effect Model With Evidence for Neutrality Hypothesis”, Enegy Economics, 33, pp. 257-263.
  • MENYAH, Kojo and Yemane WOLDE-RUFAEL; (2010), “Energy Consump- tion, Pollutant Emissions and Economic Growth in South Africa”, Energy Economics, 32, pp. 1374-1382.
  • NAZLIOĞLU, Şaban; (2010), “Makro İktisat Politikalarının Tarım Sektörü Üze- rindeki Etkileri: Gelişmiş ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler İçin Bir Karşılaş- tırma”, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Kayseri: Erciyes Üniversitesi Sos- yal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • NIU, Shuwen; Yongxia DING; Yunzhu NIU; Yixin LI and Guanghua LUO; (2011), “Economic Growth, Energy Conservation and Emissions Reduc- tion: A Comparative Analysis Based On Panel Data For 8 Asian-Pacific Countries”, Energy Policy, 39, pp. 2121-2131.
  • OZTURK, Ilhan; (2010), “A Literature Survey on Energy-Growth Nexus”, Energy Policy, 38, pp. 340-349.
  • PALABIYIK, Hamit; (2004), “Uluslararası Ticaret ve Çevre: Dünya Ticaret Ör- gütü Üzerine Açıklamalar”, iç. Mehmet C. MARIN ve Uğur YILDIRIM (Ed.), Çevre Sorunlarına Çağdaş Yaklaşımlar: Ekolojik, Ekonomik, Politik ve Yönetsel Perspektifler, İstanbul: Beta Basım, ss.246-267.
  • PAYNE, James E.; (2010), “Survey of the International Evidence on the Causal Relationship Between Energy Consumption and Growth”, Journal of Economic Studies, 37, pp. 53-95.
  • PEDRONI, Peter; (1999), “Critical Values for Cointegration Tests in Heteroge- neous Panels with Multiple Regressors”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, pp. 653–670.
  • PEDRONI, Peter; (2000), “Fully-Modified OLS for Heterogeneous Cointegrated Panels”, Advances in Econometrics, 15, pp. 93-130.
  • PEDRONI, Peter; (2001), “Purchasing Power Parity Tests in Cointegrated Pa- nels”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 83, pp. 727-731.
  • PEDRONI, Peter; (2004), “Panel Cointegration, Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time Series Tests with an Application to the Purc- hasing Power Parity Hypothesis”, Econometric Theory, 20(3), pp. 597- 625.
  • SELDEN, Thomas M. and Daqing SONG; (1994), “Environmental Quality and Development: Is There a Kuznets Curve for Air Pollution?”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27(2), pp. 147-162.
  • SHAFIK, Nemat and Sushenjit BANDYOPADHYAY; (1992), Economic Growth and Environmental Quality: Time Series and Cross-Country Evidence, Background Paper for World Development Report, Washing- ton: The World Bank Publications.
  • SHAHBAZ, Muhammad; Mihai MUTASCU and Parvez AZIM; (2013), “Envi- ronmental Kuznets Curve in Romania and the Role of Energy Consump- tion”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18, pp. 165-173.
  • SOYTAS, Uğur and Ramazan SARI; (2009), “Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions: Challenges Faced by an EU Candidate Member”, Ecological Economics, 68, pp. 1667-1675.
  • STERN, David I.; (2004), “Environmental Kuznets Curve”, Encyclopedia of Energy, 2, pp. 517-525.
  • SURI, Vivek and Duane CHAPMAN; (1998), “Economic Growth, Trade and Energy: Implications for the Environmental Kuznets Curve”, Ecological Economics, 25, pp. 195-208.
  • TIWARI, Aviral; (2011), “Primary Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth: Evidence from India”, South East European Jour- nal of Economics and Business, 6(2), pp. 99-117.
  • UĞURLU, Örgen; (2009), Çevresel Güvenlik ve Türkiye’de Enerji Politika- ları, İstanbul: Örgün Yayınevi.
  • WANG, S.S.; D.Q. ZHOU; P. ZHOU and Q.W. WANG; (2011), “CO Emissi- ons, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in China: A Panel Data Analysis”, Energy Policy, 39, pp. 4870-4875. YANDLE, Bruce; Maya VIJAYARAGHAVAN
  • BHATTARAI; (2002), “The Environmental Kuznets Curve”, PERC Re
  • search Study 02-1, pp. 1-24. and Madhusudan
  • ZHANG, Xing-Ping and Xiao-Mei CHENG; (2009), “Energy Consumption, Car- bon Emissions, and Economic Growth in China”, Ecological Economics, 68, pp. 2706–2712.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Suzan Ergün This is me

Melike Atay Polat This is me

Publication Date July 20, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Issue: 45

Cite

APA Ergün, S., & Atay Polat, M. (2015). OECD Ülkelerinde CO2 Emisyonu, Elektrik Tüketimi ve Büyüme İlişkisi. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi(45), 115-141. https://doi.org/10.18070/euiibfd.89737

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