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MALMQUIST TOPLAM FAKTÖR VERİMLİLİĞİ ENDEKSİ İLE OPERASYONEL VE FİNANSAL PERFORMANS ANALİZİ: SEÇİLMİŞ HAVAYOLU İŞLETMELERİNDE BİR UYGULAMA

Year 2021, Issue: 59, 435 - 460, 31.08.2021

Veysi Asker

https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.854092
Cited By: 3

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, dünyanın çeşitli bölgelerine uçuş faaliyeti gerçekleştiren 30 havayolu
işletmesinin 2010-2017 dönemine ait operasyonel ve finansal açıdan etkinlik ve verimlilik
değerlerindeki değişimin toplam faktör verimliliği endeksi aracılığı ile incelenmesidir. Bununla
birlikte havayolu işletmelerinin teknik etkinlik ve teknolojik değişim değerlerinin karşılaştırılması ve
toplam faktör verimlilik değerlerindeki değişimin nedenlerinin analiz edilmesidir. Araştırmanın
sonucunda, havayolu işletmelerinin etkinlik ve verimlilik değerlerinin 2011-2012 döneminde hem
operasyonel hem de finansal açıdan arttığı görülürken 2013-2014 dönemi ile 2015-2016 döneminde
ise her iki açıdan da azaldığı görülmüştür. Finansal açıdan sadece 1 işletmenin tüm dönem boyunca
etkinlik ve verimlilik değerlerini arttırdığı görülürken operasyonel açıdan ise tüm dönem boyunca
etkinlik ve verimlilik değerlerini arttırabilen hiçbir işletmeye rastlanmamıştır.

Keywords

Etkinlik Malmqusit Toplam Faktör verimlilik endeksi Havayolu işletmeleri.

References

  • Alam, I. S., & Sıckles, R. C. (1998). "The relationship between stock market returns and technical efficiency ınnovations: evidence from the us airline ındustry." Journal of Productivity Analysis, 35-51. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/30431
  • Arjomandi, A., & Seufert, J. H. (2014). "An evaluation of the world's major airlines' technical and environmental performance." Economic Modelling, 133-144. doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.05.002
  • Asker, V. (2018). "Veri zarflama analizi ile finansal ve operasyonel etkinlik ölçümü: geleneksel havayolu işletmelerinde bir uygulama." Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(1), 153-172.
  • Assaf, A. G., & Josiassen, A. (2011). "The operational performance of UK airlines: 2002-2007." Journal of Economic Studies, 38(1), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443581111096114
  • Avcı, T., & Çınaroğlu, E. (2018). "AHP temelli TOPSIS yaklaşımı ile havayolu işletmelerinin finansal performans değerlemesi." C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(1), 316-335.
  • Barbot, C., Costa, A., & Sochirca, E. (2008). "Airlines performance in the new market context: a comparative productivity." Journal of Air Transport Management, 270-274. doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2008.05.003
  • Barros, C. P., & Peypoch, N. (2009). "An evaluation of European airlines operational performance." Int. J.Production Economics, 525-533. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.04.016
  • Bhadra, D. (2009). "Race to the bottom or swimming upstream: Performance analysis of US airlines." Journal of Air Transport Management, 227-235. doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2008.09.014
  • Candemir, M., & Deliktaş, E. (2006). Tigem işletmelerinde teknik etkinlik, ölçek etkinliği, teknik ilerleme etkinlikteki değişme ve verimlilik analizi: 1999-2003. Ankara: TİGEM.
  • Chiou, Y. C., & Chen, Y. H. (2006). "Route-based performance evaluation of taiwanese domestic airlines using data envelopment analysis." Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 116-127. doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2007.01.004
  • Chow, C. K. (2010). "Measuring the productivity changes of Chinese airlines: The impact of the entries of non-state-owned carriers." Journal of Air Transport Management, 320-324. doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2010.04.001
  • Coelli, T. J. (1996). A guide to deap version 2.1: a data envelopment analysis (computer) program. Armidale: University of New England.
  • Deliktaş, E. (2002). "Türkiye özel sektör imalât sanayiinde etkinlik ve toplam faktör verimliliği analizi." ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 247-284.
  • Demydyuk, G. (2011). "Optimal financial key performance ındıcators: evidence from the airline ındustry." Accounting & Taxation, 3(2), 39-51. Erişim adresi: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1946926
  • Divarcı, T. (2016). An efficiency analysis of ınternational airline alliances: an empricial study using data development analysis. (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi) Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Fare, R., Grosskopf, S., Norris, M., & Zhang, Z. (1994). "Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change in ındustrialized countries." The American Economic Review, 84(1), 66-83. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2951341
  • Good, D. H., Röller, L.-H., & Sickles, R. C. (1995). "Airline efficiency differences between Europe and the US: Implications for the pace of EC integration and domestic regulation." European Journal of Operational Research, 508-518. 518. doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(94)00134-X
  • Gramani, M. C. (2012). "Efficiency decomposition approach: A cross-country airline analysis." Expert Systems with Applications, 5815-5819. doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.11.086
  • Greer, M. (2009). "Is it the labor unions’ fault? Dissecting the causes of the impaired technical efficiencies of the legacy carriers in the United States." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 779–789. doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2009.07.007
  • Güran, M. C., & Ayrancı, E. (2019). "OECD ülkelerinde yükseköğretimde etkinlik değişimi: 2000-2012 dönemi için malmquist toplam faktör verimlilik endeksi uygulaması." Sosyoekonomi, 27(41), 71-88.
  • Hong, S., & Zhang, A. (2010). "An efficiency study of airlines and air cargo/passenger divisions: a DEA approach." World Review of Intermodal Transportation Research, 137-149. doi.org/10.1504/WRITR.2010.031584
  • Jenatabadi, H. S., & İsmail, N. A. (2014). "Application of structural equation modelling for estimating airline performance." Journal of Air Transport Management, 40, 25-33. doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2014.05.005
  • Keskin Benli, Y. (2006). İstanbul menkul kıymetler borsası imalat sanayi için etkinlik ve toplam faktör verimliliği analizi. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Kiracı, K., & Asker, V. (2019). "Etkinlik ve etkinliği belirleyen faktörler: havayolu şirketleri üzerine ampirik bir inceleme." Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 14(1), 25-50.
  • Kottas, A. T., & Maddas, M. A. (2018). "Comparative efficiency analysis of major international airlines using Data Envelopment Analysis: Exploring effects of alliance membership and other operational efficiency determinants." Journal of Air Transport Management, 70, 1-17. doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2018.04.014
  • Lee, B., & Worthington, A. (2014). "Technical efficiency of mainstream airlines and low-cost carriers: New evidence using bootstrap data envelopment analysis truncated regression." Journal of Air Transport Management, 15-20. doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2013.12.013.
  • Liu, F.-H. F., & Wang, P.-H. (2008). "Dea malmquist productivity measure: taiwanese semiconductor companies." International Journal of Production Economics, 122(1), 367-379. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2007.03.015
  • Lorcu, F. (2010). "Malmquist toplam faktör verimlilik endeksi: türk otomotiv sanayi uygulaması." İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(2), 276-289.
  • Macit, D., & Gedik Göçer, S. (2020). "Havayolu İşletmelerinin finansal performanslarının ölçülmesi: Pegasus Hava Taşımacılığı A.Ş. ve THY A.O. Örneği." ODÜ Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(3), 904-918.
  • Mahadevan, R. (2002). "A dea approach to understanding the productivity growth of malaysia's manufacturing ındustries." Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19, 587-600. DOI: 10.1023/A:1020577811369
  • Merkert, R., & Morell, P. S. (2012). "Mergers and acquisitions in aviation – Management and economic perspectives on the size of airlines." Transportation Research Part E, 48, 853-862. doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2012.02.002
  • Min, H., & Joo, S.-J. (2016). "A comparative performance analysis of airline strategic alliances using data envelopment analysis." Journal of Air Transport Management, 52, 99-110. doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2015.12.003
  • Ömürbek, V., & Kınay, B. (2013). "Havayolu taşımacılığı sektöründe topsıs yöntemiyle finansal performans değerlendirmesi." Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 343-363.
  • Öncü, M. A., Çömlekçi, İ., & Coşkun , E. (2013). "havayolu yolcu taşıma işletmelerinin finansal etkinliklerinin ölçümüne ilişkin bir araştırma." Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 77-83.
  • Pires, H. M., & Fernandes, E. (2012). "Malmquist financial efficiency analysis for airlines." Transportation Research Part E, 1049-1055. doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2012.03.007
  • Schefczyk, M. (1993). "Operational performance of airlines: an extension of traditional measurment paradigms." Strategic Management Journal, 301-317. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250140406
  • Scheraga, C. A. (2004). "Operational efficiency versus financial mobility in the global airline industry: a data envelopment and Tobit analysis." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 383-404. doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2003.12.003
  • Wang, W.-K., Lin, F., Ting, I. W., Kweh, Q. L., Lu, W.-M., & Chiu, T.-Y. (2017). "Does asset-light strategy contribute to the dynamic efficiency of global airlines?" Journal of Air Transport Management, 62, 99-108. doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.03.010
  • Yen, F. L., & Othman, M. (2011). "Data envelopment analysis to measure efficiency of hotels malaysia." SEGi Review, 4(1), 25-36.
  • Yu, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, A., Wang, K., & Cui, Q. (2019). "A comparative study of airline efficiency in China and India: A dynamic network DEA approach." Research in Transportation Economics, 76, 1-12. doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2019.100746
  • Yu, M.-M., Chang, Y.-C., & Chen, L.-H. (2016). "Measurement of airlines’ capacity utilization and cost gap: Evidence from low-cost carriers." Journal of Air Transport Management, 186-198. 0.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.03.005

OPERATIONAL AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS WITH MALMQUIST TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY INDEX: AN APPLICATION IN SELECTED AIRLINES

Year 2021, Issue: 59, 435 - 460, 31.08.2021

Veysi Asker

https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.854092
Cited By: 3

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the changes in operational and financial efficiency and
productivity values of 30 airline companies operating in various regions of the world for the period
2010-2017, through the total factor efficiency index. In addition, it is the comparison of the technical
efficiency and technological change values of the airline companies and analyzing the reasons for the
change in the total factor productivity values. As a result of the study, it was observed that the
efficiency and productivity values of airline companies increased both operationally and financially in
the 2011-2012 period, while it decreased in both terms in the 2013-2014 period and 2015-2016
period. While it is observed that only 1 company has increased its efficiency and productivity values
in financial terms throughout the entire period, any company has been found that can increase its
efficiency and productivity values during the entire period in operational terms.

Keywords

Efficiency Malmquist Total Factor Productivity Index Airline Companies

References

  • Alam, I. S., & Sıckles, R. C. (1998). "The relationship between stock market returns and technical efficiency ınnovations: evidence from the us airline ındustry." Journal of Productivity Analysis, 35-51. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/30431
  • Arjomandi, A., & Seufert, J. H. (2014). "An evaluation of the world's major airlines' technical and environmental performance." Economic Modelling, 133-144. doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.05.002
  • Asker, V. (2018). "Veri zarflama analizi ile finansal ve operasyonel etkinlik ölçümü: geleneksel havayolu işletmelerinde bir uygulama." Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(1), 153-172.
  • Assaf, A. G., & Josiassen, A. (2011). "The operational performance of UK airlines: 2002-2007." Journal of Economic Studies, 38(1), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443581111096114
  • Avcı, T., & Çınaroğlu, E. (2018). "AHP temelli TOPSIS yaklaşımı ile havayolu işletmelerinin finansal performans değerlemesi." C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(1), 316-335.
  • Barbot, C., Costa, A., & Sochirca, E. (2008). "Airlines performance in the new market context: a comparative productivity." Journal of Air Transport Management, 270-274. doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2008.05.003
  • Barros, C. P., & Peypoch, N. (2009). "An evaluation of European airlines operational performance." Int. J.Production Economics, 525-533. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.04.016
  • Bhadra, D. (2009). "Race to the bottom or swimming upstream: Performance analysis of US airlines." Journal of Air Transport Management, 227-235. doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2008.09.014
  • Candemir, M., & Deliktaş, E. (2006). Tigem işletmelerinde teknik etkinlik, ölçek etkinliği, teknik ilerleme etkinlikteki değişme ve verimlilik analizi: 1999-2003. Ankara: TİGEM.
  • Chiou, Y. C., & Chen, Y. H. (2006). "Route-based performance evaluation of taiwanese domestic airlines using data envelopment analysis." Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 116-127. doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2007.01.004
  • Chow, C. K. (2010). "Measuring the productivity changes of Chinese airlines: The impact of the entries of non-state-owned carriers." Journal of Air Transport Management, 320-324. doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2010.04.001
  • Coelli, T. J. (1996). A guide to deap version 2.1: a data envelopment analysis (computer) program. Armidale: University of New England.
  • Deliktaş, E. (2002). "Türkiye özel sektör imalât sanayiinde etkinlik ve toplam faktör verimliliği analizi." ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 247-284.
  • Demydyuk, G. (2011). "Optimal financial key performance ındıcators: evidence from the airline ındustry." Accounting & Taxation, 3(2), 39-51. Erişim adresi: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1946926
  • Divarcı, T. (2016). An efficiency analysis of ınternational airline alliances: an empricial study using data development analysis. (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi) Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Fare, R., Grosskopf, S., Norris, M., & Zhang, Z. (1994). "Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change in ındustrialized countries." The American Economic Review, 84(1), 66-83. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2951341
  • Good, D. H., Röller, L.-H., & Sickles, R. C. (1995). "Airline efficiency differences between Europe and the US: Implications for the pace of EC integration and domestic regulation." European Journal of Operational Research, 508-518. 518. doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(94)00134-X
  • Gramani, M. C. (2012). "Efficiency decomposition approach: A cross-country airline analysis." Expert Systems with Applications, 5815-5819. doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.11.086
  • Greer, M. (2009). "Is it the labor unions’ fault? Dissecting the causes of the impaired technical efficiencies of the legacy carriers in the United States." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 779–789. doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2009.07.007
  • Güran, M. C., & Ayrancı, E. (2019). "OECD ülkelerinde yükseköğretimde etkinlik değişimi: 2000-2012 dönemi için malmquist toplam faktör verimlilik endeksi uygulaması." Sosyoekonomi, 27(41), 71-88.
  • Hong, S., & Zhang, A. (2010). "An efficiency study of airlines and air cargo/passenger divisions: a DEA approach." World Review of Intermodal Transportation Research, 137-149. doi.org/10.1504/WRITR.2010.031584
  • Jenatabadi, H. S., & İsmail, N. A. (2014). "Application of structural equation modelling for estimating airline performance." Journal of Air Transport Management, 40, 25-33. doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2014.05.005
  • Keskin Benli, Y. (2006). İstanbul menkul kıymetler borsası imalat sanayi için etkinlik ve toplam faktör verimliliği analizi. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Kiracı, K., & Asker, V. (2019). "Etkinlik ve etkinliği belirleyen faktörler: havayolu şirketleri üzerine ampirik bir inceleme." Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 14(1), 25-50.
  • Kottas, A. T., & Maddas, M. A. (2018). "Comparative efficiency analysis of major international airlines using Data Envelopment Analysis: Exploring effects of alliance membership and other operational efficiency determinants." Journal of Air Transport Management, 70, 1-17. doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2018.04.014
  • Lee, B., & Worthington, A. (2014). "Technical efficiency of mainstream airlines and low-cost carriers: New evidence using bootstrap data envelopment analysis truncated regression." Journal of Air Transport Management, 15-20. doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2013.12.013.
  • Liu, F.-H. F., & Wang, P.-H. (2008). "Dea malmquist productivity measure: taiwanese semiconductor companies." International Journal of Production Economics, 122(1), 367-379. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2007.03.015
  • Lorcu, F. (2010). "Malmquist toplam faktör verimlilik endeksi: türk otomotiv sanayi uygulaması." İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 39(2), 276-289.
  • Macit, D., & Gedik Göçer, S. (2020). "Havayolu İşletmelerinin finansal performanslarının ölçülmesi: Pegasus Hava Taşımacılığı A.Ş. ve THY A.O. Örneği." ODÜ Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(3), 904-918.
  • Mahadevan, R. (2002). "A dea approach to understanding the productivity growth of malaysia's manufacturing ındustries." Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19, 587-600. DOI: 10.1023/A:1020577811369
  • Merkert, R., & Morell, P. S. (2012). "Mergers and acquisitions in aviation – Management and economic perspectives on the size of airlines." Transportation Research Part E, 48, 853-862. doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2012.02.002
  • Min, H., & Joo, S.-J. (2016). "A comparative performance analysis of airline strategic alliances using data envelopment analysis." Journal of Air Transport Management, 52, 99-110. doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2015.12.003
  • Ömürbek, V., & Kınay, B. (2013). "Havayolu taşımacılığı sektöründe topsıs yöntemiyle finansal performans değerlendirmesi." Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 343-363.
  • Öncü, M. A., Çömlekçi, İ., & Coşkun , E. (2013). "havayolu yolcu taşıma işletmelerinin finansal etkinliklerinin ölçümüne ilişkin bir araştırma." Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 77-83.
  • Pires, H. M., & Fernandes, E. (2012). "Malmquist financial efficiency analysis for airlines." Transportation Research Part E, 1049-1055. doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2012.03.007
  • Schefczyk, M. (1993). "Operational performance of airlines: an extension of traditional measurment paradigms." Strategic Management Journal, 301-317. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250140406
  • Scheraga, C. A. (2004). "Operational efficiency versus financial mobility in the global airline industry: a data envelopment and Tobit analysis." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 383-404. doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2003.12.003
  • Wang, W.-K., Lin, F., Ting, I. W., Kweh, Q. L., Lu, W.-M., & Chiu, T.-Y. (2017). "Does asset-light strategy contribute to the dynamic efficiency of global airlines?" Journal of Air Transport Management, 62, 99-108. doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.03.010
  • Yen, F. L., & Othman, M. (2011). "Data envelopment analysis to measure efficiency of hotels malaysia." SEGi Review, 4(1), 25-36.
  • Yu, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, A., Wang, K., & Cui, Q. (2019). "A comparative study of airline efficiency in China and India: A dynamic network DEA approach." Research in Transportation Economics, 76, 1-12. doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2019.100746
  • Yu, M.-M., Chang, Y.-C., & Chen, L.-H. (2016). "Measurement of airlines’ capacity utilization and cost gap: Evidence from low-cost carriers." Journal of Air Transport Management, 186-198. 0.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.03.005
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Veysi Asker 0000-0002-8969-7822

Publication Date August 31, 2021
Acceptance Date May 24, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 59

Cite

APA Asker, V. (2021). MALMQUIST TOPLAM FAKTÖR VERİMLİLİĞİ ENDEKSİ İLE OPERASYONEL VE FİNANSAL PERFORMANS ANALİZİ: SEÇİLMİŞ HAVAYOLU İŞLETMELERİNDE BİR UYGULAMA. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi(59), 435-460. https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.854092

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Türk Havayolları’nın Lider Küresel Havayolu Şirketleri Arasındaki Göreceli Finansal Verimliliğinin Değerlendirilmesi: Malmquist Verimlilik Endeksi Yaklaşımı
Verimlilik Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1315728
FINANCIAL EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS THE MALMQUIST TFP METHOD: AN APPLICATION ON STAR ALLIANCE MEMBER AIRLINES
Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.33399/biibfad.1073252

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Publication Policy
The Journal of Erciyes University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences is a free, open-access, peer-reviewed academic journal that has been in publication since 1981. The journal welcomes submissions in Turkish and English within the fields of economics, business administration, public finance, political science, public administration, and international relations.

No submission or publication fees are charged by the journal.
Every submitted manuscript undergoes a double-blind peer review process and similarity/plagiarism checks via iThenticate.
Submissions must be original and not previously published, accepted for publication, or under review elsewhere.
Articles published in the journal can be cited under the Open Access Policy and Creative Commons license, provided proper attribution is given.
The journal is published three times a year, in April, August, and December. It includes original, high-quality, and scientifically supported research articles and reviews in its listed fields. Academic studies unrelated to these disciplines or their theoretical and empirical foundations are not accepted. The journal's languages are Turkish and English.

Submissions are first subject to a preliminary review for format and content. Manuscripts not meeting the journal's standards are rejected by the editorial board. Manuscripts deemed suitable proceed to the peer review stage.

Each submission is sent to at least two expert reviewers. If both reviews are favorable, the article is approved for publication. In cases where one review is positive and the other negative, the editorial board decides based on the reviews or may send the manuscript to a third reviewer.

Articles published in the journal are open access and can be cited under the Creative Commons license, provided proper attribution is made.