THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE INTRA INDUSTRY TRADE BETWEEN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE UNITED STATES: AN ARDL MODEL APPROACH
Abstract
economic power of the country also directly affects the health indicators. Economic indicators and
health indicators are in a very close relationship in a positive way. The basic building blocks of an
economy are employment and socio-economic indicators that represent the production dimension.
Within the scope of the research, it is aimed to examine the extent to which inequalities in employment,
unemployment and education levels and income distribution of countries affect the health levels
of individuals living in that society. In this framework, the variables that show the macroeconomic
levels of the countries are discussed and the life expectancy at birth and the extent to which the outof-pocket health expenditures are affected by these variables are revealed by using the panel data
analysis method. Within the scope of the method, the data of 23 countries belonging to the years
2009-2019 were evaluated. As a result of the research, it was seen that; Macroeconomic indicators
affect health indicators, and the variable that has the highest effect on people’s health indicators is
income per capita.
References
- Açıkgöz, E., Uygurtürk, H. ve Korkmaz, T., (2015), “Analysis of factors affecting growth of pension mutual funds in Turkey”, International Journal of Economics and Financial issues, 5(2): 427- 433.
- Akbulut, E. (2020). Sağlık Harcamaları ve Gelir Dağılımı İlişkisi: Türkiye ve OECD Ülkeleri Karşılaştırmalı Analizi. Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(3).
- Baltagi, B. H., (2013), Econometric analysis of panel data, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
- Benavıdes, F. G., Garcia, A. M., Sáez-Lloret, I., & Librero, J. (1994). Unemployment and health in Spain: the influence of socio-economic environment. The European Journal of Public Health, 4(2), 103-107.
- Benavides, F. G., Benach, J., Diez-Roux, A. V., & Roman, C. (2000). How do types of employment relate to health indicators? Findings from the Second European Survey on Working Conditions. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 54(7), 494-501.
- Bhargava, A., Jamison, D. T., Lau, L. J., & Murray, C. J. (2001). Modeling the effects of health on economic growth. Journal of health economics, 20(3), 423-440.
- Boz, C. ve Arslan Kurtuluş, S. (2017) “The Effects of Income, Income Distribution and Health Expenditures on Under-Five Mortality Rate”, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 6(3): 42-49.
- Cutler, D. M., & Lleras-Muney, A. (2006). Education and health: evaluating theories and evidence. National bureau of economic research. (No. w12352).
- Falkingham, J. (2004). Poverty, out-of-pocket payments and access to health care: evidence from Tajikistan. Social science & medicine, 58(2), 247-258.
- Gravelle, H., J. Wildman, and M. Sutton. 2001. Income, income inequality and health: What can we learn from aggregate data? Social Science & Medicine 54:577-589.
- Gujarati, D. N., (2004), Basic Econometrics. McGraw Hill: New York.
- Janlert, U. (1997). Unemployment as a disease and diseases of the unemployed. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 79-83.
- Messias, E. (2003). Income inequality, illiteracy rate, and life expectancy in Brazil. American Journal of Public Health, 93(8), 1294-1296.
- Mushkin, S. J. (1962). Health as an Investment. Journal of political economy, 70(5, Part 2), 129-157.
- Ross, C. E., & Wu, C. L. (1995). The links between education and health. American sociological review, 719-745.
- Strauss, J., Thomas, D., 1998. Health, nutrition and economic development. Journal of Economic Literature 36, 766–817.
- Stronks, K., Van De Mheen, H., Van den Bos, J., & Mackenbach, J. P. (1997). The interrelationship between income, health and employment status. International journal of epidemiology, 26(3), 592-600.
- Şantaş, G. (2021). Birleşmiş Milletler Kalkınma Programı Endeksleri ve Gini katsayısı ile sağlık göstergeleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 19(1), 1-19.
- Şantaş, G., Demirgil, B., & Şantaş, F. (2019). Sağlık harcamaları-gelir dağılımı ilişkisi: Türkiye için bir ardl sınır testi yaklaşımı. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(1), 412-427.
- Tüylüoğlu, Ş., & Tekin, M. (2009). Gelir düzeyi ve sağlık harcamalarının beklenen yaşam süresi ve bebek ölüm oranı üzerindeki etkileri. Çukurova Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1), 1-31.
- Weiss, B. D., Hart, G., McGee, D. L., & D’Estelle, S. (1992). Health status of illiterate adults: relation between literacy and health status among persons with low literacy skills. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 5(3), 257-264.
MAKROEKONOMİK GÖSTERGELERİN SAĞLIK GÖSTERGELERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNİN PANEL VERİ ANALİZ YÖNTEMİ İLE İNCELENMESİ
Abstract
olduğu ekonomik güç de doğrudan sağlık göstergelerini etkilemektedir. Ekonomik göstergeler ile
sağlık göstergeleri pozitif yönde çok yakın ilişki içerisindedir. Bir ekonominin temel yapı taşları ise
üretim boyutunu temsil eden istihdam ve sosyo-ekonomik göstergelerden oluşmaktadır. Araştırma
kapsamında, ülkelerin istihdam, işsizlik ve eğitim düzeyleri ile gelir dağılımlarında görülen eşitsizliklerin
o toplumda yaşayan bireylerin sağlık düzeylerini etkileme derecesinin incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
Bu çerçevede ülkelerin makroekonomik seviyelerini gösteren değişkenler ele alınarak kişilerin
doğumda beklenen yaşam süreleri ile cepten yapılan sağlık harcamalarının bu değişkenlerden ne
derece etkilendikleri panel veri analizi yöntemi kullanılarak ortaya konulmuştur. Yöntem kapsamında
2009-2019 yıllarına ait 23 ülkenin verisi değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda görülmüştür
ki; makroekonomik belirteçler sağlık göstergelerini etkiler nitelikte olup, kişilerin sağlık göstergeleri
üzerinde etki oranı en yüksek olan değişken kişi başı gelir düzeyidir.
Keywords
Gelir Eğitim İstihdam Panel Veri Analizi Gelir Eğitim İstihdam Sağlık Panel Veri Analizi Sağlık Göstergeleri Income Education Employment Health Panel Data Analysis Health Indicators
References
- Açıkgöz, E., Uygurtürk, H. ve Korkmaz, T., (2015), “Analysis of factors affecting growth of pension mutual funds in Turkey”, International Journal of Economics and Financial issues, 5(2): 427- 433.
- Akbulut, E. (2020). Sağlık Harcamaları ve Gelir Dağılımı İlişkisi: Türkiye ve OECD Ülkeleri Karşılaştırmalı Analizi. Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(3).
- Baltagi, B. H., (2013), Econometric analysis of panel data, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
- Benavıdes, F. G., Garcia, A. M., Sáez-Lloret, I., & Librero, J. (1994). Unemployment and health in Spain: the influence of socio-economic environment. The European Journal of Public Health, 4(2), 103-107.
- Benavides, F. G., Benach, J., Diez-Roux, A. V., & Roman, C. (2000). How do types of employment relate to health indicators? Findings from the Second European Survey on Working Conditions. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 54(7), 494-501.
- Bhargava, A., Jamison, D. T., Lau, L. J., & Murray, C. J. (2001). Modeling the effects of health on economic growth. Journal of health economics, 20(3), 423-440.
- Boz, C. ve Arslan Kurtuluş, S. (2017) “The Effects of Income, Income Distribution and Health Expenditures on Under-Five Mortality Rate”, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 6(3): 42-49.
- Cutler, D. M., & Lleras-Muney, A. (2006). Education and health: evaluating theories and evidence. National bureau of economic research. (No. w12352).
- Falkingham, J. (2004). Poverty, out-of-pocket payments and access to health care: evidence from Tajikistan. Social science & medicine, 58(2), 247-258.
- Gravelle, H., J. Wildman, and M. Sutton. 2001. Income, income inequality and health: What can we learn from aggregate data? Social Science & Medicine 54:577-589.
- Gujarati, D. N., (2004), Basic Econometrics. McGraw Hill: New York.
- Janlert, U. (1997). Unemployment as a disease and diseases of the unemployed. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 79-83.
- Messias, E. (2003). Income inequality, illiteracy rate, and life expectancy in Brazil. American Journal of Public Health, 93(8), 1294-1296.
- Mushkin, S. J. (1962). Health as an Investment. Journal of political economy, 70(5, Part 2), 129-157.
- Ross, C. E., & Wu, C. L. (1995). The links between education and health. American sociological review, 719-745.
- Strauss, J., Thomas, D., 1998. Health, nutrition and economic development. Journal of Economic Literature 36, 766–817.
- Stronks, K., Van De Mheen, H., Van den Bos, J., & Mackenbach, J. P. (1997). The interrelationship between income, health and employment status. International journal of epidemiology, 26(3), 592-600.
- Şantaş, G. (2021). Birleşmiş Milletler Kalkınma Programı Endeksleri ve Gini katsayısı ile sağlık göstergeleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 19(1), 1-19.
- Şantaş, G., Demirgil, B., & Şantaş, F. (2019). Sağlık harcamaları-gelir dağılımı ilişkisi: Türkiye için bir ardl sınır testi yaklaşımı. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(1), 412-427.
- Tüylüoğlu, Ş., & Tekin, M. (2009). Gelir düzeyi ve sağlık harcamalarının beklenen yaşam süresi ve bebek ölüm oranı üzerindeki etkileri. Çukurova Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1), 1-31.
- Weiss, B. D., Hart, G., McGee, D. L., & D’Estelle, S. (1992). Health status of illiterate adults: relation between literacy and health status among persons with low literacy skills. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 5(3), 257-264.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Makaleler |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | December 29, 2022 |
| Publication Date | December 30, 2022 |
| Acceptance Date | November 23, 2022 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2022 Issue: 63 |
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