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THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS ON COMPETITIVENESS

Year 2024, Issue: 68, 49 - 56, 31.08.2024

Figen Tombak , Hayriye Atik

https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.1386476

Abstract

Recently, countries with pollution-intensive companies have been excluded from foreign trade and cannot even sell their products to their domestic markets. Therefore, it becomes an inherent necessity for them to reduce the negative environmental externalities they create. In order to internalize negative externalities, they have to develop environmental regulations. Thus, companies face the problem of imposing additional costs. Companies that fear that their competitiveness will decrease do not want to bear additional costs with environmental regulations. In today's world, where having a competitive economy is important, the impact of environmental regulations on competitiveness is gaining importance. In this context, the main goal of the study is to investigate the impact of environmental regulations on competitiveness.
Panel-difference GMM, a dynamic panel data method, was used in the empirical analysis of the study. Due to limited access to data, the study covers the years 1995-2012. In the study, total factor productivity was used to represent competitiveness. According to the findings; It has been revealed that the increase in environmental policies is negatively related to total factor productivity. Therefore, the Strong Porter Hypothesis could not be confirmed. Thus, it has been determined that the increase in environmental regulation stringencies will negatively affect the economic growth of countries by weakening their competitiveness. Apart from this, it has been determined that the share of renewable energy consumption in total energy consumption is negatively related to total factor productivity. Thus, it is revealed that environmental quality reduces competitiveness.

Keywords

Environmental Quality Environmental Regulations Panel-GMM Difference Strong Porter Hypothesis

References

  • Akay, Ç., E. (2015). Dinamik Panel Veri Modelleri. Selahattin Güriş (Ed.). Stata ile Panel veri Modelleri içinde (s. 91-101). İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
  • Albrizio, S., Botta, E., Kozluk, T. ve Zipperer, V. (2014). Do Environmental Policies Matter for Productivity Growth? Insightsfrom new Cross-Country. OECD Economics Department, Working Papers, n.1176, OECD Publishing.
  • Ambec, S., Cohen, A. M., Elgie, S. ve Lanoie, P. (2011). Can Environmental Regulation Enhance Innovation And Competitiveness? Resources For The Future Discussion Paper, 11-01.
  • Arellano ve Bond (1991). Some Test of Spesification For Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297.
  • Botta, E. ve Kozluk T. (2014). Measuring Environmental Policy Stringency in OECD Countries: A Composite Index Approach. OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 1177, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jxrjnc45gvg-en Erişim Tarihi, 02.08.2017.
  • Brunnermeier, S.B. ve Cohen M.A. (2003). Determinants of Environmental Innovation in US Manufacturing Industries. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 45, 278–293.
  • Büyükkuşoğlu, B. (2010). Çevresel Düzenlemelerin Rekabet Üzerine Etkileri. Rekabet Dergisi, 11(1), 37-107.
  • Carraro, C. ve Galeotti, M. (1997). Economical Growth, International Competitiveness and Environmental Protection: R&D And Innovation Strategies with The WARM Model. Energy Economics, 19, 2-28.
  • Giang, Li ve Rui, N. (2009). Environmental Regulation And Regional Technical Innovation. The First International Conference On Information Science And Engineering, ICISE.
  • Gray, W.B., ve Shadbegian R.J. (2003). Plant Vintage, Technology, and Environmental Regulation. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 46, 384–402.
  • Greenstone, M., List, J.A. ve Syverson, C. (2012). The Effects of Environmental Regulation on The Competitiveness of U.S. Manufacturing. NBER Working Paper No. 18392, September.
  • Gül, E. ve Ekinci, A. (2015). Çevresel Düzenlemelerin Dış Ticaret ve Rekabet Gücü Üzerine Etkisi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7, 1-11.
  • Hamamato, M., (2006). Environmental Regulation and Productivity of Japanese Manufacturing Industries. Resource and Energy Economics, 28, 299-312.
  • Horbach, J., Rammer, C. ve Rennings, K. (2012). Determinants of Eco-Innovations By Type of Environmental Impact The Role of Regulatory Push/Pull, Technology Push and Market Pull. Ecological Economics, 78, 112–122.
  • Jaffe, A.B., and K. Palmer (1997), Environmental Regulation and Innovation: PaneData Study, Review of Economics and Statistics 79(4), 610–619.
  • Kheder, Ben, S. (2005). Foreign Direct Investment And Environmental Regulation: A Panel Data Comparative Analysis. Paris University, Doctoral Thesis.
  • Kneller, R. ve Manderson, E. (2012). Environmental Regulation and Innovation Activity in UK Manufacturing Industries. Resource and Energy Economics, 34, 211-235.
  • Lanoie, P., Patry M. ve Lajeunesse R. (2008). Environmental Regulation and Productivity: Testing The Porter Hypothesis. Journal of The Productivity Analysıs, 30(2), 121-128.
  • Leiter, A.M., Parolini, A. ve Wenner H. (2011). Environmental Regulation and Investment: Evidence From European Industries. Ecological Economics, 70, 759-770.
  • Lucas, R.E., Wheeler, D. ve Hettige, H. (1992). Economic Development, Environmental Regulation and The International Migration of Toxic Industrial Pollution: 1960-1988. World Bank Discussion Paper No. 159, World Bank.
  • Mabey, N. ve Nixon J. (1997). Are Environmental Taxes a Free Lunch? Issues In Modelling The Macroeconomic Effects of Carbon Taxes. Energy Economics, 19, 29-56.
  • Makarenko, D., ve Streimikiene, D. (2014). Quality of Life and Environmentally Responsible Behavior in Energy Sector. Journal of International Studies, 7(3), 179-192.
  • Morales, R., Morancho, A. ve Zarzoso, I. (2016). Does Environmental Policy Stringency Foster Innovation and Productivity in OECD Countries ? Center for European Governance and Economic Development Research Discussion Papers, Number 282, April.
  • OECD (2017). Science, Tecnology and R&D Statistics.
  • OECD (1996). Globalisation and Competitiveness: Revelant Indicators. STI Working Papers. Penn World Table Database 9.0 Version. Erişim Adresi: https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/pwt-releases/pwt9.0?lang=en.
  • Porter, M. (1991). America’s Green Strategy Scientific American, 264, 168.
  • Porter, M. ve Claas, Van Der Linde (1995a). Toward A New Conception of Environment-Competitiveness Relationship. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(4), 97-118.
  • Porter, M. ve Claas, Van Der Linde, (1995b). Green And Competitive. Harvard Business Review, 120-134.
  • Quiroga, M., Persson, M. ve Sterner T. (2009). Do Countries with Lax Environmental Regulations Have a Comparative Advantage in Polluting Industries? Working paper.
  • Rubashkina, Y., Galeotti, M. ve Verdolini, E. (2015). Environmental Regulation and Competitiveness: Empirical Evidence on The Porter Hypothesis From European Manufacturing Sectors. Energy Policy, 83, 288-300.
  • Sargan, J. D. (1958). The Estimation of Economic Relationships Using Instrumental Variables. Econometrica, 26, 393-415.
  • Schumpeter, J., (1943). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. Allen and Unwin, London (Originally Published in The USA in 1942; Reprinted By Routledge, London in 1994).
  • Schmookler, J., (1966). Invention and Economic Growth. Harvard University Press.
  • Song, JiaoJiao ve Wang, Liping (2011). Research on The Effect of Environmental Regulation on The Competitiveness of Coal Enterprises in Henan Province. Procedia Engineering, 15, 1519-1523.
  • Streimikiene, D. (2015). Environmental Indicators for The Assessment of Quality of Life. Intellectual Economics, 9, 67-69.
  • Testa, Francesco; Iraldo, Fabio ve Frey, Marco (2011). The Effect of Environmental Regulation on Firms’ Competitive Performance: The Case of Building & Construction Sector In Some EU Regions. Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 2136-2144.
  • Tombak, F. (2018). Çevre Kalitesi ve Çevresel Düzenlemelerin Rekabet Gücü ve Dış Ticaret Üzerine Etkileri (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Triebswetter, M. ve Hitchens, D. (2005). The Impact of Environmental Regulation On Competitiveness in The German Manufacturing Industry- A Comparison With Other Countries of The European Union. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13(7), 733-745.
  • Wang, Yan., ve Shen, N. (2016). Environmental Regulation and Environmental Productivity: The Case of China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 62, 758-766.
  • World Bank (2017). World Development Indicators, The World Bank, Washington DC., http://data.worldbank.org/indicator.
  • World Bank (2011). The Changing Wealth Of Nations: Measuring Sustainable Development in The New Millennium. Staff Estimates Based on Sources and Methods, World Bank Publishing, Washington DC, www.worldbank.org, Erişim Tarihi, 02.08.2017.
  • Xepapadeas, A., ve A. De Zeeuw (1999). Environmental Policy and Competitiveness: The Porter Hypothesis and the Composition of Capital. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 37, 165–182.
  • Yang, C., Tseng, H. ve Chen, C. (2012). Environmental Regulations, Induced R&D and Productivity: Evidence From Taiwan’s Manufacturing Industries. Resource and Energy Economics, 34, 514-532.

ÇEVRE KALİTESİ VE ÇEVRESEL DÜZENLEMELERİN REKABET GÜCÜ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

Year 2024, Issue: 68, 49 - 56, 31.08.2024

Figen Tombak , Hayriye Atik

https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.1386476

Abstract

Son dönemde, kirlilik yoğun firmalara sahip olan ülkeler dış ticaretten dışlanabilmekte, hatta ürünlerini iç pazarlarına bile satamamaktadırlar. Bundan dolayı, yarattıkları negatif çevresel dışsallıkları azaltmaları onlar için içsel bir zorunluluk olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Negatif dışsallıkları içselleştirmek için ise çevresel düzenlemeler geliştirmek zorundadırlar. Böylece firmalara ilave maliyetlerin yüklenmesi sorunu ile karşı karşıya kalmaktadırlar. Rekabet güçlerinin düşeceğinden korkan firmalar çevresel düzenlemeler ile ilave maliyetlere katlanmak istememektedirler. Rekabetçi bir ekonomiye sahip olmanın önemli olduğu günümüz dünyasında çevresel düzenlemelerin de rekabet gücüne etkisi önem kazanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, çalışmanın temel hedefi, çevresel düzenlemelerin rekabet gücüne etkisini araştırmaktır.
Çalışmanın, ampirik analizinde dinamik panel veri yöntemi olan Panel-fark GMM kullanılmıştır. Verilere erişim kısıtı nedeni ile çalışma 1995-2012 yıllarını kapsamaktadır. Çalışmada rekabet gücünü temsilen toplam faktör verimliliği kullanılmıştır. Bulgulara göre; çevre politikalarındaki artışın toplam faktör verimliliği ile negatif ilişkili olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Bundan dolayı, Güçlü Porter Hipotezi doğrulanamamıştır. Böylece, çevresel düzenleme katılıklarındaki artışın, ülkelerin rekabet güçlerini zayıflatarak ekonomik büyümelerini de negatif etkileyeceği belirlenmiştir. Bunun dışında, yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin toplam enerji tüketimi içindeki payının ise toplam faktör verimliliği ile yine negatif ilişkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Böylece çevre kalitesinin rekabet gücünü azalttığı ortaya konulmuş olmaktadır.

Keywords

Çevre Kalitesi Çevresel Düzenlemeler Panel-fark GMM Güçlü Porter Hipotezi

Supporting Institution

Erciyes Üniversitesi Bap Proje Koordinatörlüğü

Thanks

Bu tezi desteklediği için Erciyes Üniversitesi Bap Proje Birim Koordinatörlüğüne Teşekkür Ederiz.

References

  • Akay, Ç., E. (2015). Dinamik Panel Veri Modelleri. Selahattin Güriş (Ed.). Stata ile Panel veri Modelleri içinde (s. 91-101). İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
  • Albrizio, S., Botta, E., Kozluk, T. ve Zipperer, V. (2014). Do Environmental Policies Matter for Productivity Growth? Insightsfrom new Cross-Country. OECD Economics Department, Working Papers, n.1176, OECD Publishing.
  • Ambec, S., Cohen, A. M., Elgie, S. ve Lanoie, P. (2011). Can Environmental Regulation Enhance Innovation And Competitiveness? Resources For The Future Discussion Paper, 11-01.
  • Arellano ve Bond (1991). Some Test of Spesification For Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297.
  • Botta, E. ve Kozluk T. (2014). Measuring Environmental Policy Stringency in OECD Countries: A Composite Index Approach. OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 1177, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jxrjnc45gvg-en Erişim Tarihi, 02.08.2017.
  • Brunnermeier, S.B. ve Cohen M.A. (2003). Determinants of Environmental Innovation in US Manufacturing Industries. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 45, 278–293.
  • Büyükkuşoğlu, B. (2010). Çevresel Düzenlemelerin Rekabet Üzerine Etkileri. Rekabet Dergisi, 11(1), 37-107.
  • Carraro, C. ve Galeotti, M. (1997). Economical Growth, International Competitiveness and Environmental Protection: R&D And Innovation Strategies with The WARM Model. Energy Economics, 19, 2-28.
  • Giang, Li ve Rui, N. (2009). Environmental Regulation And Regional Technical Innovation. The First International Conference On Information Science And Engineering, ICISE.
  • Gray, W.B., ve Shadbegian R.J. (2003). Plant Vintage, Technology, and Environmental Regulation. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 46, 384–402.
  • Greenstone, M., List, J.A. ve Syverson, C. (2012). The Effects of Environmental Regulation on The Competitiveness of U.S. Manufacturing. NBER Working Paper No. 18392, September.
  • Gül, E. ve Ekinci, A. (2015). Çevresel Düzenlemelerin Dış Ticaret ve Rekabet Gücü Üzerine Etkisi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7, 1-11.
  • Hamamato, M., (2006). Environmental Regulation and Productivity of Japanese Manufacturing Industries. Resource and Energy Economics, 28, 299-312.
  • Horbach, J., Rammer, C. ve Rennings, K. (2012). Determinants of Eco-Innovations By Type of Environmental Impact The Role of Regulatory Push/Pull, Technology Push and Market Pull. Ecological Economics, 78, 112–122.
  • Jaffe, A.B., and K. Palmer (1997), Environmental Regulation and Innovation: PaneData Study, Review of Economics and Statistics 79(4), 610–619.
  • Kheder, Ben, S. (2005). Foreign Direct Investment And Environmental Regulation: A Panel Data Comparative Analysis. Paris University, Doctoral Thesis.
  • Kneller, R. ve Manderson, E. (2012). Environmental Regulation and Innovation Activity in UK Manufacturing Industries. Resource and Energy Economics, 34, 211-235.
  • Lanoie, P., Patry M. ve Lajeunesse R. (2008). Environmental Regulation and Productivity: Testing The Porter Hypothesis. Journal of The Productivity Analysıs, 30(2), 121-128.
  • Leiter, A.M., Parolini, A. ve Wenner H. (2011). Environmental Regulation and Investment: Evidence From European Industries. Ecological Economics, 70, 759-770.
  • Lucas, R.E., Wheeler, D. ve Hettige, H. (1992). Economic Development, Environmental Regulation and The International Migration of Toxic Industrial Pollution: 1960-1988. World Bank Discussion Paper No. 159, World Bank.
  • Mabey, N. ve Nixon J. (1997). Are Environmental Taxes a Free Lunch? Issues In Modelling The Macroeconomic Effects of Carbon Taxes. Energy Economics, 19, 29-56.
  • Makarenko, D., ve Streimikiene, D. (2014). Quality of Life and Environmentally Responsible Behavior in Energy Sector. Journal of International Studies, 7(3), 179-192.
  • Morales, R., Morancho, A. ve Zarzoso, I. (2016). Does Environmental Policy Stringency Foster Innovation and Productivity in OECD Countries ? Center for European Governance and Economic Development Research Discussion Papers, Number 282, April.
  • OECD (2017). Science, Tecnology and R&D Statistics.
  • OECD (1996). Globalisation and Competitiveness: Revelant Indicators. STI Working Papers. Penn World Table Database 9.0 Version. Erişim Adresi: https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/pwt-releases/pwt9.0?lang=en.
  • Porter, M. (1991). America’s Green Strategy Scientific American, 264, 168.
  • Porter, M. ve Claas, Van Der Linde (1995a). Toward A New Conception of Environment-Competitiveness Relationship. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(4), 97-118.
  • Porter, M. ve Claas, Van Der Linde, (1995b). Green And Competitive. Harvard Business Review, 120-134.
  • Quiroga, M., Persson, M. ve Sterner T. (2009). Do Countries with Lax Environmental Regulations Have a Comparative Advantage in Polluting Industries? Working paper.
  • Rubashkina, Y., Galeotti, M. ve Verdolini, E. (2015). Environmental Regulation and Competitiveness: Empirical Evidence on The Porter Hypothesis From European Manufacturing Sectors. Energy Policy, 83, 288-300.
  • Sargan, J. D. (1958). The Estimation of Economic Relationships Using Instrumental Variables. Econometrica, 26, 393-415.
  • Schumpeter, J., (1943). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. Allen and Unwin, London (Originally Published in The USA in 1942; Reprinted By Routledge, London in 1994).
  • Schmookler, J., (1966). Invention and Economic Growth. Harvard University Press.
  • Song, JiaoJiao ve Wang, Liping (2011). Research on The Effect of Environmental Regulation on The Competitiveness of Coal Enterprises in Henan Province. Procedia Engineering, 15, 1519-1523.
  • Streimikiene, D. (2015). Environmental Indicators for The Assessment of Quality of Life. Intellectual Economics, 9, 67-69.
  • Testa, Francesco; Iraldo, Fabio ve Frey, Marco (2011). The Effect of Environmental Regulation on Firms’ Competitive Performance: The Case of Building & Construction Sector In Some EU Regions. Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 2136-2144.
  • Tombak, F. (2018). Çevre Kalitesi ve Çevresel Düzenlemelerin Rekabet Gücü ve Dış Ticaret Üzerine Etkileri (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Triebswetter, M. ve Hitchens, D. (2005). The Impact of Environmental Regulation On Competitiveness in The German Manufacturing Industry- A Comparison With Other Countries of The European Union. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13(7), 733-745.
  • Wang, Yan., ve Shen, N. (2016). Environmental Regulation and Environmental Productivity: The Case of China. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 62, 758-766.
  • World Bank (2017). World Development Indicators, The World Bank, Washington DC., http://data.worldbank.org/indicator.
  • World Bank (2011). The Changing Wealth Of Nations: Measuring Sustainable Development in The New Millennium. Staff Estimates Based on Sources and Methods, World Bank Publishing, Washington DC, www.worldbank.org, Erişim Tarihi, 02.08.2017.
  • Xepapadeas, A., ve A. De Zeeuw (1999). Environmental Policy and Competitiveness: The Porter Hypothesis and the Composition of Capital. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 37, 165–182.
  • Yang, C., Tseng, H. ve Chen, C. (2012). Environmental Regulations, Induced R&D and Productivity: Evidence From Taiwan’s Manufacturing Industries. Resource and Energy Economics, 34, 514-532.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Panel Data Analysis, Environmental Economy
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Figen Tombak 0000-0002-5380-1050

Hayriye Atik 0000-0001-7480-080X

Early Pub Date August 22, 2024
Publication Date August 31, 2024
Submission Date November 5, 2023
Acceptance Date April 25, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 68

Cite

APA Tombak, F., & Atik, H. (2024). ÇEVRE KALİTESİ VE ÇEVRESEL DÜZENLEMELERİN REKABET GÜCÜ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi(68), 49-56. https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.1386476
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