Research Article
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The impact of economic complexity and human development indices on economic growth: Empirical evidence from MIKTA countries

Year 2025, Issue: 71, 63 - 70, 30.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.1652112

Abstract

The concept of economic complexity not only reflects a country’s diversity of knowledge, skills, and capabilities, but also provides significant indicators regarding the knowledge intensity, technological level, and value-added content of its exported products. In the literature, it is frequently emphasized that countries with a high level of economic complexity tend to develop more sophisticated and innovative production structures, which can enhance their economic growth potential. In this context, the main objective of this study is to examine the effects of the economic complexity index and the human development index on economic growth in MIKTA countries (Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Türkiye and Australia) using annual data for the period 1998–2022. As the econometric methodology, the panel Lagrange Multiplier (LM) bootstrap cointegration test was applied, and the Common Correlated Effects (CCE) estimator was employed to estimate the long-run relationship coefficients. The results confirm the existence of a cointegration relationship among the variables. According to the findings, the impact of the human development index on economic growth is statistically significant and positive, whereas the effect of the economic complexity index on economic growth is statistically insignificant.

References

  • Adelakun, O. J. (2011). Human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Management, 3(9), 29-38.
  • Agosin, M. R. (2009). Export diversification and growth in emerging economies. CEPAL Review, (97), 115-131.
  • Akar, G., Saritas, T., & Kizilkaya, O. (2021). İnsani gelişmenin ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: Geçiş ekonomileri üzerine bir uygulama. Business and Economics Research Journal, 12(2), 307-318.
  • Akar, T. (2023). Ekonomik karmaşıklık, Ar-Ge harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (55), 315-329.
  • Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Nur, T., Topaloglu, E. E., & Evcimen, C. (2024). Assessing the impact of the economic complexity on the ecological footprint in G7 countries: Fresh evidence under human development and energy innovation processes. Gondwana Research, 127, 226-245.
  • Boğa, S. (2019). Ekonomik Karmaşıklık seviyesinin ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: Geçiş ülkeleri için bir panel zaman serisi analizi. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 6(12), 357-386.
  • Boozer, M., Ranis, G., Stewart, F., & Suri, T. (2003). Paths to success: The relationship between human development and economic growth. Yale University Economic Growth Center, 874, 1- 48.
  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The review of economic studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Bucak, Ç. (2021). AB15 ülkelerinde ve Türkiye’de ekonomik karmaşıklık endeksi, insani gelişme endeksi ve karbon emisyonu: Panel veri analizi. Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(1), 71-88.
  • Bundala, N. N. (2012). Economic growth and human development; a link mechanism: An empirical approach. MPRA Paper, 47648, 1-48.
  • Chikalipah, S., & Makina, D. (2019). Economic growth and human development: Evidence from Zambia. Sustainable Development, 27(6), 1023-1033.
  • Chudik, A., & Pesaran, M. H. (2013). Large panel data models with cross-sectional dependence: A survey. CAFE Research Paper, (13.15).
  • Erdem, E., & Çelik, B. (2019). İnsani gelişme ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Bazı Afrika ülkeleri üzerine bir uygulama. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(17), 13-36.
  • Ferrarini, B., & Scaramozzino, P. (2017). Production complexity, adaptability and economic growth. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 37, 52-61.
  • Ferraz, D., Moralles, H. F., Campoli, J. S., Oliveira, F. C. R. D., & Rebelatto, D. A. (2018). Economic complexity and human development: DEA performance measurement in Asia and Latin America. Gestão & Produção, 25, 839-853.
  • Gala, P., Rocha, I., & Magacho, G. (2018). The structuralist revenge: Economic complexity as an important dimension to evaluate growth and development. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 38, 219-236.
  • Gao, J., & Zhou, T. (2018). Quantifying China’s regional economic complexity. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 492, 1591-1603.
  • Gómez-Zaldívar, M., Fonseca, F. J., Mosqueda, M. T., & Gómez-Zaldívar, F. (2020). Spillover effects of economic complexity on the per capita GDP growth rates of Mexican states, 1993-2013. Estudios de Economía, 47(2), 221-243.
  • Hartmann, D., Guevara, M., Jara-Figueroa, C., Aristarán, M., & Hidalgo, C. (2017). Linking economic complexity, institutions and income inequality. World Development, 93, 75- 93.
  • Hausmann, R., & Hidalgo, C. (2013). How will the Netherlands earn its income 20 years from now? The hague: WRR, Webpublications, 74, 1-91.
  • Hausmann, R., & Klinger, B. (2007). The structure of the product space and the evolution of comparative advantage. Cid Working Paper, 146, 1-37.
  • Hausmann, R., Hidalgo, C. A., Bustos, S., Coscia, M., Simoes, A., & Yildirim, M. A. (2014). The atlas of economic complexity: Mapping paths to prosperity. Mit Press.
  • Hidalgo, C. A., & Hausmann, R. (2009). The building blocks of economic complexity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, 10570–10575.
  • Inoua, S. (2023). A simple measure of economic complexity. Research Policy, 52(7), 104793.
  • Lapatinas, A. (2016). Economic complexity and human development: A Note. Economics Bulletin, 36(3), 1441-1452.
  • McCoskey, S., & Kao, C. (1998). A residual-based test of the null of cointegration in panel data. Econometric reviews, 17(1), 57-84.
  • Moghadasi, L.S. (2018). The study of economic complexity and GDP effect on inflation rate and income inequality in Persian Gulf States 2002 -2015. Mapta Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (MJMIE), 2(3), 31-39.
  • Nazlıoğlu, S., & Karul, C. (2017). Panel LM unit root test with gradual structural shifts. 40th International Panel Data Conference, Thessaloniki-Greece.
  • OEC (Observatory of Economic complexity. (2024). Economic complexity legacy rankings (ECI). https://oec.world/en/rankings/country/eci, Erişim Tarihi: 01.11.2024.
  • Örnek, İ., & Türkmen, S. (2019). Gelişmiş ve yükselen piyasa ekonomilerinde Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezi’nin analizi. Journal of the Çukurova University Institute of Social Sciences, 28(3), 109-129.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Available at SSRN 572504.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure, Econometrica, 74(4), 967-1012.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah. A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias‐adjusted LM test of error cross‐section independence. The econometrics journal, 11(1), 105-127.
  • Ranis, G., Stewart, F., & Ramirez, A. (2000). Economic growth and human development. World Development, 28(2), 197-219.
  • Shome, S., & Tondon, S. (2010). Balancing human development with economic growth: A study of ASEAN 5. Annals of the University of Petroşani, Economics, 10(1), 335-348.
  • Stojkoski, V., Utkovski, Z., & Kocarev, L. (2016). The impact of services on economic complexity: Service sophistication as route for economic growth. PloS one, 11(8), e0161633.
  • Stojkovski, V., & Kocarev, L. (2017). The relationship between growth and economic complexity: Evidence from Southeastern and Central Europe. MPRA Paper No: 7783.
  • Swamy, P. A. (1970). Efficient inference in a random coefficient regression model. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 311-323.
  • Türkcan, B. (2019). Türkiye için ekonomik karmaşıklık endeksi ve büyüme arasındaki içsel ilişki: Bir eşanlı denklem sistemi analizi. ICOAEF VI, Balıkesir 16-17 Kasım 2019.
  • Türkmen, S., & Ağır, H. (2020). Enflasyon ile finansal gelişme ilişkisi: Yüksek ve düşük enflasyonlu ülkeler üzerine ampirik kanıtlar. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(3), 577- 592.
  • Uçan, O., & Koçak, E. (2018). İnsani gelişme endeksi ile büyüme ilişkisi: Pedroni eşbütünleşme örneği. Journal of Politics, Economy and Management, 1(2), 55-61.
  • Vinci, G. V., & Benzi, R. (2018). Economic complexity: Correlations between gross domestic product and fitness. Entropy, 20(10), 766.
  • Westerlund, J., & Edgerton, D. L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economics Letters, 97,185–190.
  • World Bank (2024). World development indicators, Erişim adresi: http://databank. worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators Erişim Tarihi: 09.11.2024.
  • Yalta, A. Y., & Yalta, T. (2021). Determinants of economic complexity in MENA countries. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 6(1), 5-16.
  • Yavuz, R. A., & Bektaş, S. (2024). Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı ülkelerinde küreselleşme ile ekonomik karmaşıklığın ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (68), 127-135.
  • Yeter, F., Eroğlu, İ., & Kangal, N. (2021). Ekonomik büyüme ve insani gelişme ilişkisi: EAGLE ülkeleri için uygulama. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(2), 184-211.
  • Yıldız, G., & Yıldız, B. (2019). Ekonomik karmaşıklık ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Panel bootstrap granger nedensellik analizi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 15(2), 329-340.
  • Zhang, S., & Chen, C. (2020). Does outward foreign direct investment facilitate China’s export upgrading? China & World Economy, 28(5), 64-89.
  • Zhu, S., & Li, R. (2017). Economic complexity, human capital and economic growth: Empirical research based on cross-country panel data. Applied Economics, 49(38), 3815-3828.

Ekonomik karmaşıklık ve insani gelişme endekslerinin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: MIKTA ülkelerinden ampirik kanıtlar

Year 2025, Issue: 71, 63 - 70, 30.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.1652112

Abstract

Ekonomik karmaşıklık kavramı, bir ülkenin sahip olduğu bilgi, beceri ve yetkinlik çeşitliliğini yansıtmasının yanı sıra, ihraç edilen ürünlerin bilgi yoğunluğu, teknolojik düzeyi ve katma değer seviyesi hakkında da önemli göstergeler sunmaktadır. Literatürde, yüksek ekonomik karmaşıklık düzeyine sahip ülkelerin daha sofistike ve yenilikçi üretim yapıları geliştirdikleri ve bu üretim özelliklerinin ekonomik büyüme potansiyelini artırabileceği sıklıkla ifade edilmektedir. Bu doğrultuda, çalışmanın temel amacı, 1998-2022 dönemine ait yıllık veriler kullanılarak, MIKTA (Meksika, Endonezya, Güney Kore, Türkiye ve Avustralya) ülkelerinde ekonomik karmaşıklık ve insani gelişme endekslerinin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektir. Ekonometrik yöntem olarak panel Lagrange çarpanı (LM) bootstrap eşbütünleşme testi uygulanmış ve uzun dönemli ilişki katsayılarını tahmin etmek için ise Ortak İlişkili Etkiler (CCE) tahmincisi tercih edilmiştir. Değişkenler arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisi doğrulanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre insani gelişme endeksinin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve pozitif iken ekonomik karmaşıklık endeksinin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamsızdır.

References

  • Adelakun, O. J. (2011). Human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Management, 3(9), 29-38.
  • Agosin, M. R. (2009). Export diversification and growth in emerging economies. CEPAL Review, (97), 115-131.
  • Akar, G., Saritas, T., & Kizilkaya, O. (2021). İnsani gelişmenin ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: Geçiş ekonomileri üzerine bir uygulama. Business and Economics Research Journal, 12(2), 307-318.
  • Akar, T. (2023). Ekonomik karmaşıklık, Ar-Ge harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (55), 315-329.
  • Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Nur, T., Topaloglu, E. E., & Evcimen, C. (2024). Assessing the impact of the economic complexity on the ecological footprint in G7 countries: Fresh evidence under human development and energy innovation processes. Gondwana Research, 127, 226-245.
  • Boğa, S. (2019). Ekonomik Karmaşıklık seviyesinin ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi: Geçiş ülkeleri için bir panel zaman serisi analizi. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 6(12), 357-386.
  • Boozer, M., Ranis, G., Stewart, F., & Suri, T. (2003). Paths to success: The relationship between human development and economic growth. Yale University Economic Growth Center, 874, 1- 48.
  • Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The review of economic studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Bucak, Ç. (2021). AB15 ülkelerinde ve Türkiye’de ekonomik karmaşıklık endeksi, insani gelişme endeksi ve karbon emisyonu: Panel veri analizi. Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(1), 71-88.
  • Bundala, N. N. (2012). Economic growth and human development; a link mechanism: An empirical approach. MPRA Paper, 47648, 1-48.
  • Chikalipah, S., & Makina, D. (2019). Economic growth and human development: Evidence from Zambia. Sustainable Development, 27(6), 1023-1033.
  • Chudik, A., & Pesaran, M. H. (2013). Large panel data models with cross-sectional dependence: A survey. CAFE Research Paper, (13.15).
  • Erdem, E., & Çelik, B. (2019). İnsani gelişme ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Bazı Afrika ülkeleri üzerine bir uygulama. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(17), 13-36.
  • Ferrarini, B., & Scaramozzino, P. (2017). Production complexity, adaptability and economic growth. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 37, 52-61.
  • Ferraz, D., Moralles, H. F., Campoli, J. S., Oliveira, F. C. R. D., & Rebelatto, D. A. (2018). Economic complexity and human development: DEA performance measurement in Asia and Latin America. Gestão & Produção, 25, 839-853.
  • Gala, P., Rocha, I., & Magacho, G. (2018). The structuralist revenge: Economic complexity as an important dimension to evaluate growth and development. Brazilian Journal of Political Economy 38, 219-236.
  • Gao, J., & Zhou, T. (2018). Quantifying China’s regional economic complexity. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 492, 1591-1603.
  • Gómez-Zaldívar, M., Fonseca, F. J., Mosqueda, M. T., & Gómez-Zaldívar, F. (2020). Spillover effects of economic complexity on the per capita GDP growth rates of Mexican states, 1993-2013. Estudios de Economía, 47(2), 221-243.
  • Hartmann, D., Guevara, M., Jara-Figueroa, C., Aristarán, M., & Hidalgo, C. (2017). Linking economic complexity, institutions and income inequality. World Development, 93, 75- 93.
  • Hausmann, R., & Hidalgo, C. (2013). How will the Netherlands earn its income 20 years from now? The hague: WRR, Webpublications, 74, 1-91.
  • Hausmann, R., & Klinger, B. (2007). The structure of the product space and the evolution of comparative advantage. Cid Working Paper, 146, 1-37.
  • Hausmann, R., Hidalgo, C. A., Bustos, S., Coscia, M., Simoes, A., & Yildirim, M. A. (2014). The atlas of economic complexity: Mapping paths to prosperity. Mit Press.
  • Hidalgo, C. A., & Hausmann, R. (2009). The building blocks of economic complexity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, 10570–10575.
  • Inoua, S. (2023). A simple measure of economic complexity. Research Policy, 52(7), 104793.
  • Lapatinas, A. (2016). Economic complexity and human development: A Note. Economics Bulletin, 36(3), 1441-1452.
  • McCoskey, S., & Kao, C. (1998). A residual-based test of the null of cointegration in panel data. Econometric reviews, 17(1), 57-84.
  • Moghadasi, L.S. (2018). The study of economic complexity and GDP effect on inflation rate and income inequality in Persian Gulf States 2002 -2015. Mapta Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (MJMIE), 2(3), 31-39.
  • Nazlıoğlu, S., & Karul, C. (2017). Panel LM unit root test with gradual structural shifts. 40th International Panel Data Conference, Thessaloniki-Greece.
  • OEC (Observatory of Economic complexity. (2024). Economic complexity legacy rankings (ECI). https://oec.world/en/rankings/country/eci, Erişim Tarihi: 01.11.2024.
  • Örnek, İ., & Türkmen, S. (2019). Gelişmiş ve yükselen piyasa ekonomilerinde Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezi’nin analizi. Journal of the Çukurova University Institute of Social Sciences, 28(3), 109-129.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Available at SSRN 572504.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure, Econometrica, 74(4), 967-1012.
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of econometrics, 142(1), 50-93.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah. A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias‐adjusted LM test of error cross‐section independence. The econometrics journal, 11(1), 105-127.
  • Ranis, G., Stewart, F., & Ramirez, A. (2000). Economic growth and human development. World Development, 28(2), 197-219.
  • Shome, S., & Tondon, S. (2010). Balancing human development with economic growth: A study of ASEAN 5. Annals of the University of Petroşani, Economics, 10(1), 335-348.
  • Stojkoski, V., Utkovski, Z., & Kocarev, L. (2016). The impact of services on economic complexity: Service sophistication as route for economic growth. PloS one, 11(8), e0161633.
  • Stojkovski, V., & Kocarev, L. (2017). The relationship between growth and economic complexity: Evidence from Southeastern and Central Europe. MPRA Paper No: 7783.
  • Swamy, P. A. (1970). Efficient inference in a random coefficient regression model. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 311-323.
  • Türkcan, B. (2019). Türkiye için ekonomik karmaşıklık endeksi ve büyüme arasındaki içsel ilişki: Bir eşanlı denklem sistemi analizi. ICOAEF VI, Balıkesir 16-17 Kasım 2019.
  • Türkmen, S., & Ağır, H. (2020). Enflasyon ile finansal gelişme ilişkisi: Yüksek ve düşük enflasyonlu ülkeler üzerine ampirik kanıtlar. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(3), 577- 592.
  • Uçan, O., & Koçak, E. (2018). İnsani gelişme endeksi ile büyüme ilişkisi: Pedroni eşbütünleşme örneği. Journal of Politics, Economy and Management, 1(2), 55-61.
  • Vinci, G. V., & Benzi, R. (2018). Economic complexity: Correlations between gross domestic product and fitness. Entropy, 20(10), 766.
  • Westerlund, J., & Edgerton, D. L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economics Letters, 97,185–190.
  • World Bank (2024). World development indicators, Erişim adresi: http://databank. worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators Erişim Tarihi: 09.11.2024.
  • Yalta, A. Y., & Yalta, T. (2021). Determinants of economic complexity in MENA countries. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 6(1), 5-16.
  • Yavuz, R. A., & Bektaş, S. (2024). Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı ülkelerinde küreselleşme ile ekonomik karmaşıklığın ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisi. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (68), 127-135.
  • Yeter, F., Eroğlu, İ., & Kangal, N. (2021). Ekonomik büyüme ve insani gelişme ilişkisi: EAGLE ülkeleri için uygulama. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(2), 184-211.
  • Yıldız, G., & Yıldız, B. (2019). Ekonomik karmaşıklık ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki: Panel bootstrap granger nedensellik analizi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 15(2), 329-340.
  • Zhang, S., & Chen, C. (2020). Does outward foreign direct investment facilitate China’s export upgrading? China & World Economy, 28(5), 64-89.
  • Zhu, S., & Li, R. (2017). Economic complexity, human capital and economic growth: Empirical research based on cross-country panel data. Applied Economics, 49(38), 3815-3828.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Applied Macroeconometrics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Dilek Atılgan 0000-0002-3776-558X

Esra Kütükçü 0000-0002-7869-2233

Early Pub Date August 26, 2025
Publication Date August 30, 2025
Submission Date March 5, 2025
Acceptance Date June 16, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 71

Cite

APA Atılgan, D., & Kütükçü, E. (2025). Ekonomik karmaşıklık ve insani gelişme endekslerinin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: MIKTA ülkelerinden ampirik kanıtlar. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi(71), 63-70. https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.1652112

33329Erciyes University Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences 33312

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