Hukuki ve jeopolitik perspektiften Hazar: Aktau Sözleşmesi ve Trans-Hazar Gaz Projesi

Year 2025, Issue: 71, 185 - 194, 30.08.2025

Özgür Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.1676727

Abstract

Hazar’a kıyıdaş devletler arasında su kütlesi üzerindeki hak ve yetkilerin paylaşımı uzun yıllar boyunca tartışma konusu olmuştur. Bu çalışma, uzun yıllar belirsizliğini koruyan Hazar’ın hukuki statüsünü, 2018 tarihli “Hazar Denizi’nin Hukuki Statüsüne İlişkin Sözleşme” (Aktau Sözleşmesi) çerçevesinde değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, Hazar’ın hukuki statüsüne ilişkin düzenleme girişimleri tarihsel bir perspektifle ele alınmakta ve özellikle Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasının ardından kıyıdaş devletlerin sayısındaki artışla yoğunlaşan müzakerelere odaklanılmaktadır. Çalışma, Trans-Hazar Gaz Boru Hattı’nın (TCP) inşası için öne sürülen güçlü argümanları analiz etmekte ve hattın inşasına olanak tanıyan yasal çerçevenin oluşmasına rağmen, projenin neden hayata geçirilemediği sorusuna yanıt aramaktadır. Aktau Sözleşmesi’nin bölgesel istikrara katkı sağladığı ve Hazar’a kıyıdaş devletlerin gelecekte enerji üretimi ve taşımacılığı açısından daha stratejik bir konuma erişmesi için önemli bir adım teşkil ettiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen bir diğer bulgu, TCP’nin hayata geçirilmesi için Batılı aktörlerin finansman desteği ve uzun vadeli taahhütlerinin yanı sıra Türkmenistan’ın yeni enerji kaynakları keşfetmesi ve istikrarlı bir üretici olarak konumlanmasının gerektiğidir.

Keywords

Aktau Sözleşmesi , Hazar , Hukuki statü , Rusya , Türkmenistan.

Caspian from a legal and geopolitical perspective: Aktau Agreement and Trans-Caspian Gas Project

Abstract

The allocation of rights and jurisdictions over the Caspian Sea among the littoral states has been a subject of debate for many years. This study aims to assess the long-uncertain legal status of the Caspian within the framework of the 2018 Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea (the Aktau Convention). In this context, regulatory efforts concerning the legal status of the Caspian are examined from a historical perspective, with a particular focus on the negotiations that intensified following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the increase in the number of littoral states. The study analyzes the compelling arguments put forward for the construction of the Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline (TCP) and seeks to explain why the project has not been realized, despite the establishment of a legal framework permitting its construction. The findings suggest that the Aktau Convention contributes to regional stability and represents a significant step toward positioning the Caspian littoral states more strategically in terms of energy production and transportation. Another key finding is that the realization of the TCP would require financial support and long-term commitments from Western actors, as well as Turkmenistan’s discovery of new energy resources and its consolidation as a stable producer.

Keywords

Aktau Convention , Caspian , Legal status , Russia , Turkmenistan

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