Research Article
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Smartphone Addiction: A Study on Efficacy of Personality Traits and Usage Patterns

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 369 - 394, 24.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.654569

Abstract

Nowadays smart mobile phones in the world; important information and communication
technologies. Previously, only mobile phones capable of sending calls and text/ picture
messages; it now provides many functions including email and Internet access, shortrange wireless communications, gaming and entertainment, listening to music, business,
social networking, TV viewing, photography, video capture or driving directions, and
using GPS. As such, mobile phones have become one of the most widely used technologies
in human history. Currently, more than 4.5 billion people worldwide use mobile phones
(www.trthaber.com). In many ways, these technology wonders make life easier for
people; excessive use may eventually become addictive. Compared to other means of
communication, smartphone carrying and connection convenience; can make addiction
stronger. This research aims to reveal the smartphone addiction level, relationship
between addiction and personality traits and usage patterns of the young and dynamic
part of the society like university students. In the study where field research method
was used; The data were collected from 415 participants by face to face questionnaire
technique. As a result of the study, it was found that university students had moderate
addiction. Women’s addiction levels are higher than men’s. As daily smartphone usage
increases, there is an increase in addiction. Personality traits include Neuroticism and
Conscientiousness; is a negative significant determinant of smartphone addiction.

References

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  • Bal, E. (2014). Teknoloji, Gençlik ve Mobil Yaşam. Konya: LiteraTürk Yayınları.
  • Bavlı, Ö., Katra, H., & Günar, B.B. (2018). Investigation of Smartphone Addiction Levels Among University Students, International Journal of Cultural and Social Studies (IntJCSS), 4 (1), 326-333.
  • Bayrak, H. (2019). 2019 Türkiye İnternet Kullanım ve Sosyal Medya İstatistikleri, https://dijilopedi.com/2019-turkiye-internet-kullanim-ve-sosyal-medya-istatistikleri/, Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2019.
  • Bian, M., & Leung, L. (2015). Linking Loneliness, Shyness, Smartphone Addiction Symptoms, and Patterns of Smartphone Use to Social Capital, Social Science Computer Review, 33 (1), 61-79.
  • Bianchi, A., & Phillips J. G. (2005). Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 8 (1), 39-51.
  • Billieux, J., Van der Linden, M., & Rochat, L. (2008). The role of impulsivity in actual and problematic use of the mobile phone. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22 (9), 1195-1210.
  • Bolle, C. (2014). Who is a Smartphone Addict ? The Impact of Personal Factors and Type of Usage on Smartphone Addiction in a Dutch Population. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Twente, Enschede.
  • Boumosleh, J., & Jaalouk, D. (2018). Smartphone Addiction among University Students and Its Relationship with Academic Performance, Global Journal of Health Science; 10 (1), 48-59.
  • Burger, J. M. (2011). Personality (8th ed.), Davis Drive Belmont: Wadsworth.
  • Carbonell, X., Oberst, U., & Beranuy, M. (2013). The Cell Phone in the Twenty-First Century: A Risk for Addiction or a Necessary Tool? Peter M. Miller (Ed.), In: Principles of Addiction: Comprehensive Addictive Behaviors and Disorders, Elsevier Inc., San Diego: Academic Press, 901-909.
  • Cha, S., & Seo, B. (2018). Smartphone Use and Smartphone Addiction in Middle School Students in Korea: Prevalence, Social Networking Service and Game Use. Health Psychology Open, 5 (1), 1-15.
  • Chen, B., Liu F., Ding, S., Ying, X., Wang, L., & Wen, Y. (2017). Gender Differences in Factors Associated with Smartphone Addiction: A Crosssectional Study among Medical College Students, BMC Psychiatry, 17, 341, 1-9.
  • Chiu, S.-I. (2014). The Relationship between Life Stress and Smartphone Addiction on Taiwanese University Student: A Mediation Model of Learning Self-Efficacy and Social Self-Efficacy. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 49-57.
  • Choliz, M. (2012). Mobile-Phone Addiction in Adolescence: The Test of Mobile Phone Dependence (TMD), Progress in Health Sciences, 2 (1), 33-44.
  • Cocoradăa, E., Maican, C.I, Cazan, A., & Maican, M.A. (2018). Assessing The Smartphone Addiction Risk and İts Associations with Personality Traits among Adolescents, Children and Youth Services Review, 93, 345–354.
  • Çağlak, U. (2019). WhatsApp, WhatsApp Grupları ve Kullanım Alışkanlıkları: Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12 (66), 626-639.
  • Çelik, B. (2013). Teknoloji ile Kimlik Mücadelesi: Kürt Gençleri ve Cep Telefonu, Sahanın Sesleri: İletişim Araştırmalarında Etnografik Yöntem (Der: Hakan Ergül), İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 257-277.
  • Demirci, K., Orhan, H., Demirdaş, A., Akpınar, A., & Sert, H. (2014). Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale in a Younger Population, Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 24 (3), 226-234.
  • Güngör, N. (2011). İletişime Giriş. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Hong, F.-Y., Chiu, S.-I., & Huang, D.-H. (2012). A Model of the Relationship between Psychological Characteristics, Mobile Phone Addiction and Use of Mobile Phones by Taiwanese University Female Students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28 2152–2159.
  • Horzum, M. B., Ayas, T. & Padır, M. A. (2017). Beş Faktör Kişilik Ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 7 (2), 398-408.
  • Hoşoğlu, R. (2019). Lise Öğrencilerinin Cep Telefonu Bağımlılıklarının İncelenmesi. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6 (1), 51-68.
  • https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/dunya-genelinde-cep-telefonu-kullananlarin-sayisi-45-milyari-gecti-402379.html, (Erişim: 1 Eylül 2019)
  • Jenaro, C.N., Flores M, Gómez-Vela F, González, G. & Caballo, C. (2007). Problematic Internet and Cell-Phone Use: Psychological, Behavioral and Health Correlates. Addiction Research and Theory, 15 (3), 309-320.
  • Judd, T. (2014). Making Sense of Multitasking: The Role of Facebook. Computers & Education, 70, 194-202.
  • Junco, R., & Cotten, S. R. (2012). No A 4 U: The Relationship between Multitasking and Academic Performance. Computers & Education, 59 (2), 505-514.
  • Karpinski, A. C., Kirschner, P. A., Ozer, I., Mellott, J. A., & Ochwo, P. (2013). An Exploration of Social Networking Site Use, Multitasking, and Academic Performance among United States and European University Students. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1182-1192.
  • Kim, Y., Jeong, J-E., Cho H., Jung D-J., Kwak, M., Rho, M-J & et al. (2016) Personality Factors Predicting Smartphone Addiction Predisposition: Behavioral Inhibition and Activation Systems, Impulsivity, and Self-Control. PLoS ONE, 11 (8), 1-15.
  • Konan, N., Durmuş, E., Ağıroğlu, A. B., & Türkoğlu, D. (2018). The Relationship between Smartphone Addiction and Perceived Social Support of University Students’. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 10 (5), 244-259.
  • Kwon, M. Kim, D-J., Cho, H. & Yang S (2013) The Smartphone Addiction Scale: Development and Validation of a Short Version for Adolescents. PLoS ONE, 8 (12): e83558.
  • Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., & Karpinski, A. C. (2014). The Relationship between Cell Phone Use, Academic Performance, Anxiety, and Satisfaction with Life in College Students. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 343-350.
  • Lepp, A., Li, J., Barkley, J. E., & Salehi-Esfahani, S. (2015). Exploring the Relationships between College Students' Cell Phone Use, Personality and Leisure. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 210-219.
  • Mosalanejad, L., Nikbakht, G., Abdollahifrad, S. & Kalani, N. (2019). The Prevalence of Smartphone Addiction and its Relationship with Personality Traits, Loneliness and Daily Stress of Students in Jahrom University of Medical Sciences in 2014: A Cross-sectional Analytical Study. Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science, 7 (2), 131-136.
  • Noyan, C. O., Darçın, A. E., Nurmedov, S., Yılmaz, O., & Dilba, N. (2015). Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeğinin Kısa Formunun Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Türkçe Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16 (1), 73-81.
  • Park, B-W., & Lee, K. C. (2011). The Effect of Users’ Characteristics and Experiential Factors on the Compulsive Usage of the Smartphone, UCMA, 151, 438-446.
  • Pearson, C., & Hussain, Z. (2015). Smartphone Use, Addiction, Narcissism, and Personality: A Mixed Methods Investigation, International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning, 5 (1), 17-32.
  • Pearson, C., & Hussain, Z. (2016). Smartphone Addiction and Associated Psychological Factors. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 3 (2), 193-207.
  • Perry, S., & Lee, K. (2007). Mobile Phone Text Messaging Overuse among Developing World University Students. Communication, 33 (2), 63–79.
  • Pundir, P., Andrews, T., Binu, V. S., & Kamath, R. (2016). Association of Problematic Mobile Phone Use with Psychological Distress and Self-Esteem among College Students in South India: A Cross-Sectional Study, International Journal of Community Med Public Health, 3 (10), 2841-2849.
  • Ragu-Nathan, T., Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, B. S., & Tu, Q. (2008). The Consequences of Technostress for End Users in Organizations: Conceptual Development and Empirical Validation. Information Systems Research, 19 (4), 417-433.
  • Rammstedt, B., & John, O. P. (2007). Measuring Personality in One Minute or Less: A 10-Item Short Version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 203–212.
  • Roberts, J.A., Pullic, C. & Manolis, C. (2015). I Need My Smartphone: A Hierarchical Model of Personality and Cell-Phone Addiction, Personality and Individual Differences 79: 13–19.
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Akıllı Cep Telefonu Bağımlılığı: Kişilik Özellikleri ve Kullanım Örüntülerinin Etkinliği Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 369 - 394, 24.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.654569

Abstract

Günümüzde dünyasında akıllı cep telefonları; önemli bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri olarak
kullanılmaktadır. Önceleri sadece aramalar ve yazılı/resimli mesaj gönderme kabiliyetine
sahip olan cep telefonları; artık e-posta ve Internet erişimi, kısa mesafeli kablosuz
iletişim, oyun ve eğlence, müzik dinleme, iş, sosyal ağ, TV izleme, fotoğrafçılık, video
çekme veya yol tarifi alma ve GPS kullanma dâhil birçok işlevi yerine getirmektedir. Bu
haliyle cep telefonları, insanlık tarihinde en çok kullanılan teknolojilerden biri haline
gelmiş durumdadır. Halen, dünya genelinde 4,5 milyardan fazla insan cep telefonu
kullanmaktadır (www.trthaber.com). Birçok yönden insanların hayatını kolaylaştıran bu
teknoloji harikaları; aşırı kullanım sonunda bağımlılık oluşturabilmektedir. Özellikle diğer
iletişim araçlarıyla kıyaslandığında cep telefonu taşıma ve bağlantı kurmadaki kolaylık;
bağımlılığı daha güçlü yapabilmektedir. İşte bu araştırma üniversite öğrencisi gibi
toplumun genç ve dinamik kesiminin cep telefonu bağımlılık düzeyini, bağımlılık ile kişilik
özellikleri ve kullanım örüntüsü arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Saha
araştırması yönteminin kullanıldığı çalışmada; veriler 415 katılımcıdan yüz yüze anket
tekniğiyle toplanmıştır. Araştırmada sonucunda üniversite öğrencilerinin orta düzey
bağımlılığa sahip olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Kadınların bağımlılık düzeyleri, erkeklerden
daha yüksektir. Günlük cep telefonu kullanım süresi arttıkça, bağımlılık düzeyinde bir
artış yaşanmaktadır. Kişilik özellikleri içinde Nörotiklik ve Özdenetimlilik; cep telefonu
bağımlılığının negatif anlamlı belirleyicisi konumundadır.

References

  • Aktaş, H., & Yılmaz, N. (2017). Üniversite Gençlerinin Yalnızlık ve Utangaçlık Unsurları Açısından Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı, International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 3 (1), 85–100.
  • Augner, C., & Hacker, G. W. (2012). Associations between Problematic Mobile Phone Use and Psychological Parameters in Young Adults, International Journal of Public Health, 57, 437–441.
  • Bal, E. (2014). Teknoloji, Gençlik ve Mobil Yaşam. Konya: LiteraTürk Yayınları.
  • Bavlı, Ö., Katra, H., & Günar, B.B. (2018). Investigation of Smartphone Addiction Levels Among University Students, International Journal of Cultural and Social Studies (IntJCSS), 4 (1), 326-333.
  • Bayrak, H. (2019). 2019 Türkiye İnternet Kullanım ve Sosyal Medya İstatistikleri, https://dijilopedi.com/2019-turkiye-internet-kullanim-ve-sosyal-medya-istatistikleri/, Erişim Tarihi: 10.09.2019.
  • Bian, M., & Leung, L. (2015). Linking Loneliness, Shyness, Smartphone Addiction Symptoms, and Patterns of Smartphone Use to Social Capital, Social Science Computer Review, 33 (1), 61-79.
  • Bianchi, A., & Phillips J. G. (2005). Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 8 (1), 39-51.
  • Billieux, J., Van der Linden, M., & Rochat, L. (2008). The role of impulsivity in actual and problematic use of the mobile phone. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22 (9), 1195-1210.
  • Bolle, C. (2014). Who is a Smartphone Addict ? The Impact of Personal Factors and Type of Usage on Smartphone Addiction in a Dutch Population. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of Twente, Enschede.
  • Boumosleh, J., & Jaalouk, D. (2018). Smartphone Addiction among University Students and Its Relationship with Academic Performance, Global Journal of Health Science; 10 (1), 48-59.
  • Burger, J. M. (2011). Personality (8th ed.), Davis Drive Belmont: Wadsworth.
  • Carbonell, X., Oberst, U., & Beranuy, M. (2013). The Cell Phone in the Twenty-First Century: A Risk for Addiction or a Necessary Tool? Peter M. Miller (Ed.), In: Principles of Addiction: Comprehensive Addictive Behaviors and Disorders, Elsevier Inc., San Diego: Academic Press, 901-909.
  • Cha, S., & Seo, B. (2018). Smartphone Use and Smartphone Addiction in Middle School Students in Korea: Prevalence, Social Networking Service and Game Use. Health Psychology Open, 5 (1), 1-15.
  • Chen, B., Liu F., Ding, S., Ying, X., Wang, L., & Wen, Y. (2017). Gender Differences in Factors Associated with Smartphone Addiction: A Crosssectional Study among Medical College Students, BMC Psychiatry, 17, 341, 1-9.
  • Chiu, S.-I. (2014). The Relationship between Life Stress and Smartphone Addiction on Taiwanese University Student: A Mediation Model of Learning Self-Efficacy and Social Self-Efficacy. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 49-57.
  • Choliz, M. (2012). Mobile-Phone Addiction in Adolescence: The Test of Mobile Phone Dependence (TMD), Progress in Health Sciences, 2 (1), 33-44.
  • Cocoradăa, E., Maican, C.I, Cazan, A., & Maican, M.A. (2018). Assessing The Smartphone Addiction Risk and İts Associations with Personality Traits among Adolescents, Children and Youth Services Review, 93, 345–354.
  • Çağlak, U. (2019). WhatsApp, WhatsApp Grupları ve Kullanım Alışkanlıkları: Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12 (66), 626-639.
  • Çelik, B. (2013). Teknoloji ile Kimlik Mücadelesi: Kürt Gençleri ve Cep Telefonu, Sahanın Sesleri: İletişim Araştırmalarında Etnografik Yöntem (Der: Hakan Ergül), İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 257-277.
  • Demirci, K., Orhan, H., Demirdaş, A., Akpınar, A., & Sert, H. (2014). Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale in a Younger Population, Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 24 (3), 226-234.
  • Güngör, N. (2011). İletişime Giriş. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Hong, F.-Y., Chiu, S.-I., & Huang, D.-H. (2012). A Model of the Relationship between Psychological Characteristics, Mobile Phone Addiction and Use of Mobile Phones by Taiwanese University Female Students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28 2152–2159.
  • Horzum, M. B., Ayas, T. & Padır, M. A. (2017). Beş Faktör Kişilik Ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 7 (2), 398-408.
  • Hoşoğlu, R. (2019). Lise Öğrencilerinin Cep Telefonu Bağımlılıklarının İncelenmesi. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6 (1), 51-68.
  • https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/dunya-genelinde-cep-telefonu-kullananlarin-sayisi-45-milyari-gecti-402379.html, (Erişim: 1 Eylül 2019)
  • Jenaro, C.N., Flores M, Gómez-Vela F, González, G. & Caballo, C. (2007). Problematic Internet and Cell-Phone Use: Psychological, Behavioral and Health Correlates. Addiction Research and Theory, 15 (3), 309-320.
  • Judd, T. (2014). Making Sense of Multitasking: The Role of Facebook. Computers & Education, 70, 194-202.
  • Junco, R., & Cotten, S. R. (2012). No A 4 U: The Relationship between Multitasking and Academic Performance. Computers & Education, 59 (2), 505-514.
  • Karpinski, A. C., Kirschner, P. A., Ozer, I., Mellott, J. A., & Ochwo, P. (2013). An Exploration of Social Networking Site Use, Multitasking, and Academic Performance among United States and European University Students. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 1182-1192.
  • Kim, Y., Jeong, J-E., Cho H., Jung D-J., Kwak, M., Rho, M-J & et al. (2016) Personality Factors Predicting Smartphone Addiction Predisposition: Behavioral Inhibition and Activation Systems, Impulsivity, and Self-Control. PLoS ONE, 11 (8), 1-15.
  • Konan, N., Durmuş, E., Ağıroğlu, A. B., & Türkoğlu, D. (2018). The Relationship between Smartphone Addiction and Perceived Social Support of University Students’. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 10 (5), 244-259.
  • Kwon, M. Kim, D-J., Cho, H. & Yang S (2013) The Smartphone Addiction Scale: Development and Validation of a Short Version for Adolescents. PLoS ONE, 8 (12): e83558.
  • Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., & Karpinski, A. C. (2014). The Relationship between Cell Phone Use, Academic Performance, Anxiety, and Satisfaction with Life in College Students. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 343-350.
  • Lepp, A., Li, J., Barkley, J. E., & Salehi-Esfahani, S. (2015). Exploring the Relationships between College Students' Cell Phone Use, Personality and Leisure. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 210-219.
  • Mosalanejad, L., Nikbakht, G., Abdollahifrad, S. & Kalani, N. (2019). The Prevalence of Smartphone Addiction and its Relationship with Personality Traits, Loneliness and Daily Stress of Students in Jahrom University of Medical Sciences in 2014: A Cross-sectional Analytical Study. Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science, 7 (2), 131-136.
  • Noyan, C. O., Darçın, A. E., Nurmedov, S., Yılmaz, O., & Dilba, N. (2015). Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeğinin Kısa Formunun Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Türkçe Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16 (1), 73-81.
  • Park, B-W., & Lee, K. C. (2011). The Effect of Users’ Characteristics and Experiential Factors on the Compulsive Usage of the Smartphone, UCMA, 151, 438-446.
  • Pearson, C., & Hussain, Z. (2015). Smartphone Use, Addiction, Narcissism, and Personality: A Mixed Methods Investigation, International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning, 5 (1), 17-32.
  • Pearson, C., & Hussain, Z. (2016). Smartphone Addiction and Associated Psychological Factors. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 3 (2), 193-207.
  • Perry, S., & Lee, K. (2007). Mobile Phone Text Messaging Overuse among Developing World University Students. Communication, 33 (2), 63–79.
  • Pundir, P., Andrews, T., Binu, V. S., & Kamath, R. (2016). Association of Problematic Mobile Phone Use with Psychological Distress and Self-Esteem among College Students in South India: A Cross-Sectional Study, International Journal of Community Med Public Health, 3 (10), 2841-2849.
  • Ragu-Nathan, T., Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, B. S., & Tu, Q. (2008). The Consequences of Technostress for End Users in Organizations: Conceptual Development and Empirical Validation. Information Systems Research, 19 (4), 417-433.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Türkçe Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Enes Bal 0000-0002-6426-9426

Şükrü Balcı 0000-0002-0477-0622

Publication Date January 24, 2020
Submission Date December 3, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Bal, E., & Balcı, Ş. (2020). Akıllı Cep Telefonu Bağımlılığı: Kişilik Özellikleri ve Kullanım Örüntülerinin Etkinliği Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 7(1), 369-394. https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.654569

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