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Macro and Micro Confinement as a Pessimistic Perspective towards Internet

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 441 - 459, 29.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.809087

Abstract

An optimist vs. pessimist debate on the internet has been a long-standing one. Albeit
taking side with the pessimistic side of the literature, the perception of internet
freedom generally over the restriction of oppressive governments by this side appears
to be problematic for this study. Restriction of internet freedom could be happening
in macro and micro levels, emphasizing direct and indirect confinement respectively.
The hypothesis of the study would be the pessimistic approaches of internet freedom
overemphasize the effects of macro structures as internet censorship can be bypassed
thanks to the internet’s decentralized technical structure. However, the environment
created and tools provided by these macro structures and the individuals per se have
been contributing a specific subject type who is unwilling to demand freedom. Contrary
to macro confinement, micro confinement is carried out by the individuals to themselves
or they would have acted differently, like figuring out the way to get out of the system
created by macro structures. Therefore, it should be emphasized that internet freedom
must be heavily discussed not in terms of governmental repression but individuals’
own actions.

References

  • Alford, C. F. (2000). What would it matter if everything foucault said about prison were wrong?” discipline and punish” after twenty years. Theory and society, 29(1), 125- 146.
  • Allen, C. (2014). Anti-social networking: findings from a pilot study on opposing Dudley mosque using Facebook groups as both site and method for research. Sage Open, 4(1).
  • Aruguete, N., & Calvo, E. (2018). Time to# protest: Selective exposure, cascading activation, and framing in social media. Journal of communication 68.3, 480-502.
  • Assange, J. (2014). When Google met WikiLeaks. OR Books.
  • Assange, J., Appelbaum, J., Müller-Maguhn, A., & Zimmermann, J. (2013). Şifrepunk: Özgürlük ve internetin geleceği üzerine bir tartışma. Metis.
  • Baer, D. (2016, Kasım 09). The ‘Filter Bubble’ explains why Trump won and you didn’t see it coming. https://www.thecut.com/: https://www.thecut.com/2016/11/howfacebook- and-the-filter-bubble-pushed-trump-to-victory.html adresinden alındı
  • Binark, M. (2010). Nefret söyleminin yeni medya ortamında dolaşıma girmesi ve türetilmesi. T. Çomu içinde, Yeni Medyada Nefret Söylemi (s. 11-53).
  • Buchanan, I. (2007). Deleuze and the internet. Australian Humanities Review, 1-19. Bunnin, N., & Yu, J. (2008). The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Carr, N. (2020). The shallows: What the internet is doing to our brains. . New York: WW Norton & Company.
  • Casteltrione, I. (2014). Facebook and political information in Italy and the UK: An Antidote against Political Fragmentation and Polarisation? Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies.
  • Curran , J. (2012, Mart 04). Why has the internet changed so little? Eylül 22, 2020 tarihinde https://www.opendemocracy.net/: https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/whyhas- internet-changed-so-little/ adresinden alındı
  • Deacon, R. (2006). From confinement to attachment: Michel Foucault on the rise of the school. European Legacy, 11(2), 121-138.
  • Ertem, C., & Uçkan, Ö. (2011). Wikileaks yeni dünya düzenine hoşgeldiniz N. Etkileşim. Eser, E. (2020, 09 18). ‘Kişisel veriler umurumda değil’. https://www.hurriyet. com.tr: https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/kisisel-veriler-umurumdadegil- 41614403 adresinden alındı
  • Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings. Vintage.
  • Foucault, M. (1988). Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the age of reason. Vintage.
  • Foucault, M. (2011). Büyük kapatılma. (I. Ergüden, & F. Keskin, Çev.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Hançerlioğlu, O. (1982). Felsefe sözlüğü . Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Hassan, R. (2019). Uncontained: Digital disconnection and the experience of time.
  • Hille , S., & Bakker, P. (2013). I like news. Searching for the ‘Holy Grail’of social media: The use of Facebook by Dutch news media and their audiences. European Journal of Communication, 28(6),, 663-680.
  • Huntsdale, J. (2015, Ocak 23). Unliking Facebook - the social media addiction that has you by the throat. https://www.abc.net.au/: https://www.abc.net.au/local/ stories/2015/01/23/4167400.htm adresinden alındı
  • Kalelioğlu, E. (2020, Haziran). Google, Android 11’de APK’dan uygulama yüklemeyi zorlaştıracak. webtekno: https://www.webtekno.com/android-11-apkdanuygulama- yukleme-zorlastiracak-h94161.html adresinden alındı
  • Keskin, F. (2011). Sunuş: Büyük kapatılma. Istanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • King, J. (Yöneten). (2006). Steal this film [Sinema Filmi].
  • Klein, A. (2017). Fanaticism, racism, and rage online; Corrupting the digital sphere. Springer. Lakshmanan, R. (2019, Aralık). Russia to pre-install its own apps on all phones, PCs, and TVs sold in the country. https://thenextweb.com/: https://thenextweb.com/ security/2019/11/22/russia-to-pre-install-its-own-apps-on-all-phones-pcs-andtvs- sold-in-the-country/ adresinden alındı
  • Lister, M., Dovey, J., Giddings, S., Kelly, K., & Grant, I. (2009). New media: A critical introduction. Taylor & Francis.
  • Manovich, L. (2009). The practice of everyday (media) life: From mass consumption to mass cultural production? Critical Inquiry, 35(2), 319-331.
  • Markham, A. N., & Baym, N. K. (2008). Internet inquiry: Conversations about method. Sage Publications.
  • McMillen, S. (2009, Mayıs 01). Amusing ourselves to death by Stuart McMillen. Eylül 22, 2020 tarihinde https://myowncrapplace.files.wordpress.com/: https:// myowncrapplace.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/2009-05-amusing-ourselves-todeath. png adresinden alındı
  • Morozov, E. (2011). The net delusion: The dark side of internet freedom. New York: Public Affairs.
  • Nelson, S. (2018, 9 5). Facebook, Twitter execs defend non-censorship of WikiLeaks. 2020 tarihinde https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/: https://www.
  • washingtonexaminer.com/news/white-house/facebook-twitter-execs-defendnon- censorship-of-wikileaks adresinden alındı
  • Niedzviecki, H. (2009). The peep diaries: How we’re learning to love watching ourselves and our neighbors. City Lights Publishers.
  • Olsen, M. (2004). Foucault and Marxism: rewriting the theory of historical materialism. Policy Futures in Education, 2(3-4), 454-482.
  • Paltemaa, L., Vuori, J., Mattlin, M., & Katajisto, J. (2020). Meta-information censorship and the creation of the Chinanet bubble. Information, Communication & Society, 1-17.
  • Pettman, D. (2016). Infinite distraction. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Porter, R. (1990). Foucault’s great confinement. History of the Human Sciences, 47-54.
  • Postman, N. (1985). Amusing ourselves to death: Public discourse in the age of television. New York: Viking.
  • Remnick, D. (2016, Kasım 16). obama reckons with a trump presidency. Eylül 22, 2020 tarihinde https://www.newyorker.com/: https://www.newyorker.com/ magazine/2016/11/28/obama-reckons-with-a-trump-presidency adresinden alındı
  • Shervin, E. (2019, 02 14). Rusya küresel internet ağıyla bağlantısını kesmeye hazırlanıyor. https://www.dw.com/tr: https://www.dw.com/tr/rusya-k%C3%BCreselinternet- a%C4%9F%C4%B1yla-ba%C4%9Flant%C4%B1s%C4%B1n%C4%B1- kesmeye-haz%C4%B1rlan%C4%B1yor/a-47511083 adresinden alındı
  • Warf, B. (2011). Warf, Barney. “Geographies of global Internet censorship. GeoJournal 76.1, 1-23.

İnternete Pesimist Bir Bakış Açışı Olarak Makro ve Mikro Kapatılma

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 441 - 459, 29.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.809087

Abstract

İnternete yönelik literatürde yer alan özgürlük–baskı ikilemine baskı tarafından bakan
bu çalışma, benzer çalışmaların internet özgürlüğünü genellikle baskıcı hükümetlerin
kısıtlaması üzerinden algılamasını sorunsallaştırmaktadır. İnternet özgürlüğünün iki
boyutta tartışılması gerektiğini ileri süren çalışmaya göre makro doğrudan uygulanan bir
kapatılmayken mikro dolaylı, bireyin kendisine uyguladığı bir kapatılmadır. Çalışmanın
sorunsalı, baskı tarafındaki yaklaşımların makro düzeydeki yapılara olan vurgusunun
aşırı düzeyde olduğu ve makro düzeydeki kapatılmaların aşılabildiği ve yine bu makro
yapıların ve bireylerin kendilerinin de katkılarıyla yaratılan internet ortamının mikro
düzeyde özgürlüğü talep etmeyen bir tip oluşmasına katkı sağladığıdır. Yönetim açısından
tahakküm yerine rızayla oluşan konsensüs evla olduğu gibi makro düzeyde interneti
kapatmak yerine mikro düzeyde bireyleri özgürlüğü talep etmeyecek bir konuma
indirgemek de daha tercih edilebilirdir. Buradaki özne büyük kapatılma içinde yaşayan,
interneti de bir kültür endüstrisi aracı olarak kullanan, kendisi bu endüstrinin ürünlerini
tükettiği gibi kendisinin de tüketilmesine izin veren ve internet özgürlüğüne aldığı
hazdan daha az değer veren bir durumdadır. Hükümetler ne kadar baskıcı olursa olsun
internetin doğası gereği özgürlüğe daha açık olan yapısı da düşünüldüğünde, bu durum
bireylerin internet ve teknoloji ile olan ilişkisinin daha fazla sorgulanması gerekliliğini
ortaya koyar. Bu tespit literatürde internet özgürlüğünün genellikle tartışıldığı alan
olan hükümet baskısından ziyade, kullanıcıların eylemlilikleri üzerinden tartışılmasının
önemini vurgular.

References

  • Alford, C. F. (2000). What would it matter if everything foucault said about prison were wrong?” discipline and punish” after twenty years. Theory and society, 29(1), 125- 146.
  • Allen, C. (2014). Anti-social networking: findings from a pilot study on opposing Dudley mosque using Facebook groups as both site and method for research. Sage Open, 4(1).
  • Aruguete, N., & Calvo, E. (2018). Time to# protest: Selective exposure, cascading activation, and framing in social media. Journal of communication 68.3, 480-502.
  • Assange, J. (2014). When Google met WikiLeaks. OR Books.
  • Assange, J., Appelbaum, J., Müller-Maguhn, A., & Zimmermann, J. (2013). Şifrepunk: Özgürlük ve internetin geleceği üzerine bir tartışma. Metis.
  • Baer, D. (2016, Kasım 09). The ‘Filter Bubble’ explains why Trump won and you didn’t see it coming. https://www.thecut.com/: https://www.thecut.com/2016/11/howfacebook- and-the-filter-bubble-pushed-trump-to-victory.html adresinden alındı
  • Binark, M. (2010). Nefret söyleminin yeni medya ortamında dolaşıma girmesi ve türetilmesi. T. Çomu içinde, Yeni Medyada Nefret Söylemi (s. 11-53).
  • Buchanan, I. (2007). Deleuze and the internet. Australian Humanities Review, 1-19. Bunnin, N., & Yu, J. (2008). The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Carr, N. (2020). The shallows: What the internet is doing to our brains. . New York: WW Norton & Company.
  • Casteltrione, I. (2014). Facebook and political information in Italy and the UK: An Antidote against Political Fragmentation and Polarisation? Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies.
  • Curran , J. (2012, Mart 04). Why has the internet changed so little? Eylül 22, 2020 tarihinde https://www.opendemocracy.net/: https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/whyhas- internet-changed-so-little/ adresinden alındı
  • Deacon, R. (2006). From confinement to attachment: Michel Foucault on the rise of the school. European Legacy, 11(2), 121-138.
  • Ertem, C., & Uçkan, Ö. (2011). Wikileaks yeni dünya düzenine hoşgeldiniz N. Etkileşim. Eser, E. (2020, 09 18). ‘Kişisel veriler umurumda değil’. https://www.hurriyet. com.tr: https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/kisisel-veriler-umurumdadegil- 41614403 adresinden alındı
  • Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings. Vintage.
  • Foucault, M. (1988). Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the age of reason. Vintage.
  • Foucault, M. (2011). Büyük kapatılma. (I. Ergüden, & F. Keskin, Çev.) İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Hançerlioğlu, O. (1982). Felsefe sözlüğü . Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Hassan, R. (2019). Uncontained: Digital disconnection and the experience of time.
  • Hille , S., & Bakker, P. (2013). I like news. Searching for the ‘Holy Grail’of social media: The use of Facebook by Dutch news media and their audiences. European Journal of Communication, 28(6),, 663-680.
  • Huntsdale, J. (2015, Ocak 23). Unliking Facebook - the social media addiction that has you by the throat. https://www.abc.net.au/: https://www.abc.net.au/local/ stories/2015/01/23/4167400.htm adresinden alındı
  • Kalelioğlu, E. (2020, Haziran). Google, Android 11’de APK’dan uygulama yüklemeyi zorlaştıracak. webtekno: https://www.webtekno.com/android-11-apkdanuygulama- yukleme-zorlastiracak-h94161.html adresinden alındı
  • Keskin, F. (2011). Sunuş: Büyük kapatılma. Istanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • King, J. (Yöneten). (2006). Steal this film [Sinema Filmi].
  • Klein, A. (2017). Fanaticism, racism, and rage online; Corrupting the digital sphere. Springer. Lakshmanan, R. (2019, Aralık). Russia to pre-install its own apps on all phones, PCs, and TVs sold in the country. https://thenextweb.com/: https://thenextweb.com/ security/2019/11/22/russia-to-pre-install-its-own-apps-on-all-phones-pcs-andtvs- sold-in-the-country/ adresinden alındı
  • Lister, M., Dovey, J., Giddings, S., Kelly, K., & Grant, I. (2009). New media: A critical introduction. Taylor & Francis.
  • Manovich, L. (2009). The practice of everyday (media) life: From mass consumption to mass cultural production? Critical Inquiry, 35(2), 319-331.
  • Markham, A. N., & Baym, N. K. (2008). Internet inquiry: Conversations about method. Sage Publications.
  • McMillen, S. (2009, Mayıs 01). Amusing ourselves to death by Stuart McMillen. Eylül 22, 2020 tarihinde https://myowncrapplace.files.wordpress.com/: https:// myowncrapplace.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/2009-05-amusing-ourselves-todeath. png adresinden alındı
  • Morozov, E. (2011). The net delusion: The dark side of internet freedom. New York: Public Affairs.
  • Nelson, S. (2018, 9 5). Facebook, Twitter execs defend non-censorship of WikiLeaks. 2020 tarihinde https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/: https://www.
  • washingtonexaminer.com/news/white-house/facebook-twitter-execs-defendnon- censorship-of-wikileaks adresinden alındı
  • Niedzviecki, H. (2009). The peep diaries: How we’re learning to love watching ourselves and our neighbors. City Lights Publishers.
  • Olsen, M. (2004). Foucault and Marxism: rewriting the theory of historical materialism. Policy Futures in Education, 2(3-4), 454-482.
  • Paltemaa, L., Vuori, J., Mattlin, M., & Katajisto, J. (2020). Meta-information censorship and the creation of the Chinanet bubble. Information, Communication & Society, 1-17.
  • Pettman, D. (2016). Infinite distraction. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Porter, R. (1990). Foucault’s great confinement. History of the Human Sciences, 47-54.
  • Postman, N. (1985). Amusing ourselves to death: Public discourse in the age of television. New York: Viking.
  • Remnick, D. (2016, Kasım 16). obama reckons with a trump presidency. Eylül 22, 2020 tarihinde https://www.newyorker.com/: https://www.newyorker.com/ magazine/2016/11/28/obama-reckons-with-a-trump-presidency adresinden alındı
  • Shervin, E. (2019, 02 14). Rusya küresel internet ağıyla bağlantısını kesmeye hazırlanıyor. https://www.dw.com/tr: https://www.dw.com/tr/rusya-k%C3%BCreselinternet- a%C4%9F%C4%B1yla-ba%C4%9Flant%C4%B1s%C4%B1n%C4%B1- kesmeye-haz%C4%B1rlan%C4%B1yor/a-47511083 adresinden alındı
  • Warf, B. (2011). Warf, Barney. “Geographies of global Internet censorship. GeoJournal 76.1, 1-23.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Ahmet Faruk Çeçen 0000-0003-3561-2915

Publication Date January 29, 2021
Submission Date October 12, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çeçen, A. F. (2021). İnternete Pesimist Bir Bakış Açışı Olarak Makro ve Mikro Kapatılma. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 8(1), 441-459. https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.809087