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Yaşayan Kültürel Miras: Sermayelendirme ve Değerleme

Year 2022, , 91 - 110, 26.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.32704/erdem.2022.83.091

Abstract

Yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren ana hatları belirginleşen
yeni iktisadi düzende ayakta kalabilmenin yollarından birinin de boş
zaman, kültürel özgünlükler ve ekonomik yaratıcılık temelli üretimden
geçtiğini keşfeden toplumlar, kültürel miras ekolojilerinden de bir
kaynak olarak sürdürülebilir biçimlerde nasıl yararlanabilecekleriyle
yakından ilgilenmeye başlamıştır. Böylece kültürel miras unsurlarının
hem yenilik, teknoloji, hız, ilerleme ve gelecek kavramlarıyla ilişkilendirilen
modernleşme projesini yavaşlattığını hem de bağlamında
korunması, muhafazası ve gelecek nesillere aktarımı için sarf edilen
kaynaklar (zaman, iş gücü ve para) bakımından önemli bir gider alanı
olduğunu savlayan yaklaşımlar da tedricen tedavülden kalkmıştır.
Bunların yerine kültürel mirasın yöresel, bölgesel ve ulusal ekonomilere
katkı sağlama potansiyelini edimselleştirici politikalar ikame
edilmiş ve bu konuda görece kısa sürede geniş bir literatür dâhi oluşturulmuştur.
Bu gelişmelere rağmen yaşayan mirasın ekonomik değere
nasıl tahvil edilebileceğiyle ilgili pratik metodolojilerin, modellerin
ve stratejilerin geliştirilmesi ve uygulanması hususlarında ise henüz
yeterince yol katedilebilmiş değildir. Kültürel miras yönetimiyle de
doğrudan alakalı olan bu eksikliğin giderilmesi amacıyla son birkaç
yıldır Pierre Bourdieu’nun yeniden içeriklendirdiği sermaye teorisinin
yaşayan mirasın ekonomik sermayeye çevrimine nasıl katkı sağlayabileceği
sorgulanmaktadır. Kültürel mirası, sermaye teorisi özelinde
yorumlayan bu güncel perspektif, somut veya somut olmayan kültürel
kaynakların ekonomik değere tahvilinde ise değerleme pratiklerinden
yararlanmaktadır. İşte mirasbilim alanındaki bu güncel yönelime katkı
sağlamayı amaçlayan ve Bourdieu’nun sermaye teorisinin bir mercek
gibi kullanılacağı bu çalışmada da önce yaşayan mirasın özüne yaklaşılarak
(zoom in) bir kültürel sermaye formu olduğu gösterilecek,
sonra uzaklaşılarak (zoom out) bu sermaye formunun küresel miras
endüstrisi, pazarı, piyasası ve ekonomisi alanında uluslararası aktörler
arasında süren güç oyunlarındaki rolü ve etkisi hakkında değerlendirmeler
yapılacaktır. Bir sonraki bölümde ise kültürel değerleme
sürecinin temel aşamalarına, uygulamalı halkbilimi kapsamında sıkça
tartışılan geleneksel kültüre yönelik yaygın ticarileştirme stratejilerine
ve yaşayan kültürel mirasın değerlemesi açısından da kritik bir önem
arz eden yaratıcılık temelli kültür politikalarına değinilecektir. Son
olarak kültürel yaratıcı endüstrilerin yaşayan mirasın değerlemesine,
korunmasına ve sürdürülebilirliğine ne şekilde katkı sağladığına dair çözümlemelere
yer verilecektir.

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK

Thanks

Bu çalışma, TÜBİTAK’ın 2219/Yurt Dışı Doktora Sonrası Araştırma Burs Programı desteğiyle yürütülen araştırma projesi kapsamında üretilmiştir.

References

  • Angelini, Francesco - Castellani, Massimiliano (2019). “Cultural and Economic Value: A Critical Review”, Journal of Cultural Economics 43, pp. 173 -188.
  • Ashworth, Gregory John (2009). “Heritage and Economy”, in Rob Kitchin & Nigel Thrift (eds.). International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (pp. 104-108), Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Ashworth, Gregory John (2013). “Heritage and Local Development: A Reluctant Relationship”, in Ilde Rizzo & Anna Mignosa (eds.). Handbook on the Economics of Cultural Heritage (pp. 367-385), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Bandarin, Francesco - Hosagrahar, Jyoti - Albernaz, Frances Sailer (2011). “Why Development Needs Culture”, Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 1(1), pp. 15-25.
  • Bandelj, Nina - Wherry, Fredrick (2011). “Introduction: An Inquiry into the Cultural Wealth of Nations”, in Nina Bandelj & Fredrick Wherry (eds.). The Cultural Wealth of Nations (pp. 1-20), California: Stanford University Press.
  • Barthel-Bouchier, Diane (2013). Cultural Heritage and the Challenge of Sustainability, New York: Routledge.
  • Barthel-Bouchier, Diane (2016). “Cultural Heritage: Tangible and Intangible Markers of Collective Memory”, in Anna Lisa Tota & Trever Hagen (eds.). Routledge International Handbook of Memory Studies (pp. 221-232), New York: Routledge.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre (1986). “The Forms of Capital”, in John Richardson (ed.) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (pp. 241- 58), Connecticut: Greenwood.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre (2006). Pratik Nedenler: Eylem Kuramı Üzerine, Çev. Uğur Tanrıöver, İstanbul: Hil.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre (2015). Ayrım: Beğeni Yargısının Toplumsal Eleştirisi, Çev. Derya Fırat - Günce Berkkurt, Ankara: Heretik.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre ve Wacquant, Loïc (2014). Düşünümsel Bir Antropoloji İçin Cevaplar, Çev. Nazlı Ökten, İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Cerisola, Silvia (2019). Cultural Heritage, Creativity and Economic Development, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Duxbury, Nancy - Hosagrahar, Jyoti - Pascual, Jordi (2016). “Why Must Culture Be at the Heart of Sustainable Urban, Development?”, Culture 21, (Erişim tarihi: 18.07.2022), https://www.agenda21culture.net/sites/default/ files/files/documents/en/culture_sd_cities_web.pdf.
  • Gordin, Valery - Matetskaya, Marina (2011). “Culture and Local Development: The Interaction of Cultural Heritage and Creative Industries”, Santalka 19(2), pp. 47-59.
  • Graham, Brian - Ashworth, Greg - Tunbridge, John (2016). A Geography of Heritage: Power, Culture & Economy, New York: Routledge.
  • Klamer, Arjo (2013). “The Values of Cultural Heritage”, in Ilde Rizzo and Anna Mignosa (eds.). Handbook on the Economics of Cultural Heritage (pp. 421-437), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Kowalski, Alexandra (2011). “When Cultural Capitalization Became Global Practice: The 1972 World Heritage Convention”, in Nina Bandelj and Fredrick Wherry (eds.). The Cultural Wealth of Nations (pp. 73-89), California: Stanford University.
  • Lowenthal, David (2009). The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Meissner, Marlen (2017). “The Valorisation of Intangible Cultural Heritage: Intangible Cultural Heritage as Cultural Capital in Sustainable Development”, in Sérgio Lira, Rogério Amoêda & Cristina Pinheiro (eds). Sharing Cultures (pp. 295-303), Barcelos: Green Lines Institute for Sustainable Development.
  • Meissner, Marlen (2021). Intangible Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development, Cham: Springer.
  • Nye, Joseph (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, New York: Public Affairs.
  • Özbuğday, Fatih Cemil (2019). “Kültür ve Ekonomik Başarı”, MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, (Erişim tarihi: 18.07.2022), https://mpra. ub.uni muenchen.de/96734/1/MPRA_paper_96734.pdf.
  • Özdemir, Nebi (2012). Kültür Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi -Seçki-, Ankara: Hacettepe.
  • Pinto, Tiago de Oliveira (2018). Music as Living Heritage: An Essay on Intangible Culture, Berlin: Edition EMVAS.
  • Roders, Ana Pereira (2019). “Wall-e: Value, Conserve, Evolve”, (Erişim tarihi: 02.06.2021), https://collegerama.tudelft.nl/Mediasite/Showcase/ public/Presentation/91689445bd724564a39a0b8ae233175d1d.
  • Santagata, Walter (2010). The Culture Factory: Creativity and the Production of Culture, Berlin: Springer.
  • Soini, Katriina - Dessein, Joost (2019). “Kültür-Sürdürülebilirlik İlişkisi: Kavramsal Bir Çerçeveye Doğru”, Çev. Burak Gökbulut, Ed. Nebi Özdemir - Adem Öger, Kültürel Miras Yönetimi (s. 391-410), Ankara: Grafiker.
  • Swartz, David (2011). Kültür ve İktidar: Pierre Bourdieu’nun Sosyolojisi, Çev. Elçin Gen, İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Throsby, David (2001). Economics and Culture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Throsby, David (2010). The Economics of Cultural Policy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Throsby, David (2017). “Culturally Sustainable Development: Theoretical Concept or Practical Policy Instrument? The International Journal of Cultural Policy 23(2), pp. 133-147.
  • UNCTAD & UNPD(2008). “Creative Economy Report”, (Erişim tarihi: 05.05.21021), https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ ditc20082cer_en.pdf.
  • UNESCO (1972), “Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage”, (Erişim tarihi: 05.06.2021), https://whc. unesco.org/en/conventiontext/.
  • UNESCO (2003). “Somut Olmayan Kültürel Mirasın Korunması Sözleşmesi”, (Erişim tarihi: 05.04.2021), https://ich.unesco.org/doc/ src/00009-TR-PDF.pdf.
  • UNESCO (2017). “Dünya Mirası Sözleşmesi Uygulama Rehberi”, (Erişim tarihi: 05.06.2021), http://www.alanbaskanligi.gov.tr/evrak/document-57-11. pdf.
  • WIPO (2001). “The WIPO Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (First Session)”, (Erişim tarihi: 06.05.2021), https://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/ topic.jsp?group_id=110.
  • WIPO. “Traditional Knowledge”, (Erişim tarihi: 02.05.2021), https://www. wipo.int/tk/en/tk/.

Living Cultural Heritage: Capitalization and Valorization

Year 2022, , 91 - 110, 26.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.32704/erdem.2022.83.091

Abstract

Countries that discovered one of the ways to survive in the new economic
paradigm, whose outlines became evident in the second half of
the twentieth century, is cultural production based on leisure time, cultural
uniqueness, and economic creativity have begun to be interested
in how to benefit from their cultural heritage as a resource and capital
in a sustainable way. Thus, prevalent approaches that claim to be an
important expense area in terms of resources spent for the protection,
preservation, and transfer to future generations of cultural heritage
elements have gradually ceased to be out of circulation. Instead, new
approaches that actualize the potential of cultural heritage to contribute
to local, regional and national economies have been substituted. As
a result of this orientation, the extensive literature on the importance
of living cultural heritage in terms of regional, regional, and national
economic development was generated. However, enough progress
has not been made yet in the development of methodologies, models,
strategies, and policies that can be applied in the conversion of this
cultural resource into economic value. Capitalization and valorization
theories, practices, and processes can be evaluated to overcome this
deficiency, which is also directly related to cultural heritage management.
The fact that financial concepts and theories such as capitalization
and valuation are discussed in areas that prioritize protection,
conservation, and reproduction of cultural resources such as heritage
studies is a result of the entanglement of cultural and economic value
becoming more evident in the age of cultural and creative economy.
Especially Bourdieu’s insights on the concept of capital, its forms,
and transformation dynamics also provide an analysis framework for
the issues related to the effective management of the valuation processes
of living cultural heritage. In this study, first the argument that
living cultural heritage is a form of “cultural capital” will be tried to be
justified in various expansions regarding an interpretation framework
produced specifically for the theory of capital, which is at the center
of Bourdieu’s sociology. Then, various methodological, strategic, and
political analyzes that can enable this cultural capital to be transformed
into economic capital will be included. Finally, the study will be
concluded by giving various evaluations on how the cultural creative
industries can contribute to the conservation and sustainability of living
cultural heritage and valorization.

References

  • Angelini, Francesco - Castellani, Massimiliano (2019). “Cultural and Economic Value: A Critical Review”, Journal of Cultural Economics 43, pp. 173 -188.
  • Ashworth, Gregory John (2009). “Heritage and Economy”, in Rob Kitchin & Nigel Thrift (eds.). International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (pp. 104-108), Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Ashworth, Gregory John (2013). “Heritage and Local Development: A Reluctant Relationship”, in Ilde Rizzo & Anna Mignosa (eds.). Handbook on the Economics of Cultural Heritage (pp. 367-385), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Bandarin, Francesco - Hosagrahar, Jyoti - Albernaz, Frances Sailer (2011). “Why Development Needs Culture”, Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 1(1), pp. 15-25.
  • Bandelj, Nina - Wherry, Fredrick (2011). “Introduction: An Inquiry into the Cultural Wealth of Nations”, in Nina Bandelj & Fredrick Wherry (eds.). The Cultural Wealth of Nations (pp. 1-20), California: Stanford University Press.
  • Barthel-Bouchier, Diane (2013). Cultural Heritage and the Challenge of Sustainability, New York: Routledge.
  • Barthel-Bouchier, Diane (2016). “Cultural Heritage: Tangible and Intangible Markers of Collective Memory”, in Anna Lisa Tota & Trever Hagen (eds.). Routledge International Handbook of Memory Studies (pp. 221-232), New York: Routledge.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre (1986). “The Forms of Capital”, in John Richardson (ed.) Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (pp. 241- 58), Connecticut: Greenwood.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre (2006). Pratik Nedenler: Eylem Kuramı Üzerine, Çev. Uğur Tanrıöver, İstanbul: Hil.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre (2015). Ayrım: Beğeni Yargısının Toplumsal Eleştirisi, Çev. Derya Fırat - Günce Berkkurt, Ankara: Heretik.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre ve Wacquant, Loïc (2014). Düşünümsel Bir Antropoloji İçin Cevaplar, Çev. Nazlı Ökten, İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Cerisola, Silvia (2019). Cultural Heritage, Creativity and Economic Development, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Duxbury, Nancy - Hosagrahar, Jyoti - Pascual, Jordi (2016). “Why Must Culture Be at the Heart of Sustainable Urban, Development?”, Culture 21, (Erişim tarihi: 18.07.2022), https://www.agenda21culture.net/sites/default/ files/files/documents/en/culture_sd_cities_web.pdf.
  • Gordin, Valery - Matetskaya, Marina (2011). “Culture and Local Development: The Interaction of Cultural Heritage and Creative Industries”, Santalka 19(2), pp. 47-59.
  • Graham, Brian - Ashworth, Greg - Tunbridge, John (2016). A Geography of Heritage: Power, Culture & Economy, New York: Routledge.
  • Klamer, Arjo (2013). “The Values of Cultural Heritage”, in Ilde Rizzo and Anna Mignosa (eds.). Handbook on the Economics of Cultural Heritage (pp. 421-437), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Kowalski, Alexandra (2011). “When Cultural Capitalization Became Global Practice: The 1972 World Heritage Convention”, in Nina Bandelj and Fredrick Wherry (eds.). The Cultural Wealth of Nations (pp. 73-89), California: Stanford University.
  • Lowenthal, David (2009). The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Meissner, Marlen (2017). “The Valorisation of Intangible Cultural Heritage: Intangible Cultural Heritage as Cultural Capital in Sustainable Development”, in Sérgio Lira, Rogério Amoêda & Cristina Pinheiro (eds). Sharing Cultures (pp. 295-303), Barcelos: Green Lines Institute for Sustainable Development.
  • Meissner, Marlen (2021). Intangible Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development, Cham: Springer.
  • Nye, Joseph (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, New York: Public Affairs.
  • Özbuğday, Fatih Cemil (2019). “Kültür ve Ekonomik Başarı”, MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, (Erişim tarihi: 18.07.2022), https://mpra. ub.uni muenchen.de/96734/1/MPRA_paper_96734.pdf.
  • Özdemir, Nebi (2012). Kültür Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi -Seçki-, Ankara: Hacettepe.
  • Pinto, Tiago de Oliveira (2018). Music as Living Heritage: An Essay on Intangible Culture, Berlin: Edition EMVAS.
  • Roders, Ana Pereira (2019). “Wall-e: Value, Conserve, Evolve”, (Erişim tarihi: 02.06.2021), https://collegerama.tudelft.nl/Mediasite/Showcase/ public/Presentation/91689445bd724564a39a0b8ae233175d1d.
  • Santagata, Walter (2010). The Culture Factory: Creativity and the Production of Culture, Berlin: Springer.
  • Soini, Katriina - Dessein, Joost (2019). “Kültür-Sürdürülebilirlik İlişkisi: Kavramsal Bir Çerçeveye Doğru”, Çev. Burak Gökbulut, Ed. Nebi Özdemir - Adem Öger, Kültürel Miras Yönetimi (s. 391-410), Ankara: Grafiker.
  • Swartz, David (2011). Kültür ve İktidar: Pierre Bourdieu’nun Sosyolojisi, Çev. Elçin Gen, İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Throsby, David (2001). Economics and Culture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Throsby, David (2010). The Economics of Cultural Policy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Throsby, David (2017). “Culturally Sustainable Development: Theoretical Concept or Practical Policy Instrument? The International Journal of Cultural Policy 23(2), pp. 133-147.
  • UNCTAD & UNPD(2008). “Creative Economy Report”, (Erişim tarihi: 05.05.21021), https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ ditc20082cer_en.pdf.
  • UNESCO (1972), “Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage”, (Erişim tarihi: 05.06.2021), https://whc. unesco.org/en/conventiontext/.
  • UNESCO (2003). “Somut Olmayan Kültürel Mirasın Korunması Sözleşmesi”, (Erişim tarihi: 05.04.2021), https://ich.unesco.org/doc/ src/00009-TR-PDF.pdf.
  • UNESCO (2017). “Dünya Mirası Sözleşmesi Uygulama Rehberi”, (Erişim tarihi: 05.06.2021), http://www.alanbaskanligi.gov.tr/evrak/document-57-11. pdf.
  • WIPO (2001). “The WIPO Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (First Session)”, (Erişim tarihi: 06.05.2021), https://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/ topic.jsp?group_id=110.
  • WIPO. “Traditional Knowledge”, (Erişim tarihi: 02.05.2021), https://www. wipo.int/tk/en/tk/.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Erdem
Authors

Erol Gülüm This is me 0000-0001-7314-0555

Publication Date December 26, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Gülüm, E. (2022). Yaşayan Kültürel Miras: Sermayelendirme ve Değerleme. Erdem(83), 91-110. https://doi.org/10.32704/erdem.2022.83.091

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ERDEM Journal is indexed by TR Dizin, MLA International Bibliography, EBSCOhost, SOBIAD, ASI (Advanced Science Index) ISAM, DAVET, AYK Journal Index and Academindex.