Application of Scheffe's Simplex Lattice Model in concrete mixture design and performance enhancement

Abstract

This comprehensive literature review delves into the application of Scheffe's Simplex Lattice Model for optimizing cement concrete mixtures, with a particular emphasis on its impact on material properties and sustainability. The review meticulously outlines the principles, historical context, and advantages of Scheffe's model, providing a nuanced understanding of its significance. Comparative analyses with traditional and alternative optimization techniques in concrete mix design illuminate the distinct advantages of statistical methods, especially Scheffe's model. The review critically examines the challenges and limitations associated with applying Scheffe's model, addressing issues related to the complexity of concrete mixtures and computational demands. Potential avenues for improvement are explored, suggesting refinements to handle non-linearity, incorporate advanced optimization algorithms, and streamline computational requirements. Additionally, the review highlights emerging trends in statistical modeling for concrete mixture optimization, such as the integration of machine learning and data-driven approaches, signaling the evolving landscape of concrete technology. In conclusion, the literature underscores Scheffe's Simplex Lattice Model as a valuable and versatile tool with far-reaching implications for the advancement of concrete mixture design methodologies. The call to action encourages ongoing research and development to refine the model, explore emerging trends, and address practical challenges, positioning Scheffe's model as a cornerstone in the pursuit of sustainable, resilient, and high-performance concrete materials. The study highlights Scheffe's Simplex Lattice Model as a robust statistical tool for optimizing cement concrete mixtures, demonstrating its efficacy in improving performance indicators like compressive strength and durability. This systematic approach offers a paradigm shift from empirical methods, fostering a nuanced understanding of concrete components' relationships and paving the way for tailored material properties and enhanced sustainability in construction. The call to action urges further research to refine the model, address challenges, and explore hybrid approaches, ultimately advancing concrete mixture design methodologies towards greater efficiency and precision.

Keywords

• Concrete mix optimization
• Scheffe's simplex lattice model
• statistical methods
• material properties
• sustainability

References

1. M. Adamson, A. Razmjoo, and A. Poursaee, "Durability of concrete incorporating crushed brick as coarse aggregate," Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 94, pp. 426-434, 2015. [CrossRef]
2. E. Avci, and E. Yildirim, "Examination of unconfined compressive strength values by response surface models in grouted sands with microfine cements," ZBORNIK RADOVA GEO-EXPO, 2018. [CrossRef]
3. R. Kazemi, E. M. Golafshani, and A. Behnood, "Compressive strength prediction of sustainable concrete containing waste foundry sand using metaheuristic optimization‐based hybrid artificial neural network," Structural Concrete, 2023. [CrossRef]
4. M. A. Mosabepranah and O. Eren, "Statistical flexural toughness modeling of ultra high performance concrete using response surface method," Computers and Concrete, Vol. 17(4), pp. 477-488, 2016. [CrossRef]
5. V. Muthuraman, R. Ramakrishnan, K. Sundaravadivu, and B. Arun, "Predicting surface roughness of WEDMed Wc-Co composite using box-behnken response surface method," Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 651, pp. 361-366, 2013. [CrossRef]
6. I. Z. Akobo, S. B. Akpila, and B. Okedeyi, "Optimization of compressive strength of concrete containing rubber chips as coarse aggregate based on Scheffe’s model," International Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 7(7), pp. 93-110, 2020. [CrossRef]
7. U. Alaneme George and M. Mbadike Elvis, "Optimization of flexural strength of palm nut fibre concrete using Scheffe’s theory," Materials Science for Energy Technologies, Vol. 2(2), pp. 272-287, 2019. [CrossRef]
8. A. A. Aliabdo, A. M. Abd-Emoatry, and H. H. Hassan, "Utilization of crushed clay brick in concrete industry," Alexandria Engineering Journal, Vol. 53(1), pp. 151-168, 2014. [CrossRef]

9. A. V. Alves, T. F. Vieira, J. Brito, and J. R. Correia, "Mechanical properties of structural concrete with fine recycled ceramic aggregate," Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 64, pp. 103-113, 2014. [CrossRef]
10. E. E. Ambrose, D. U. Ekpo, I. M. Umoren, and U. S. Ekwere, "Compressive strength and workability of laterized quarry sand concrete," Nigerian Journal of Technology, Vol. 36(3), pp. 605-610, 2018. [CrossRef]
11. U. C. Anya, "Models for predicting the structural characteristics of sand-quarry dust blocks," Doctorial Dissertation, University of Nigeria, 2015.
12. J. I. Arimanwa, D. O. Onwuka, M. C. Arimanwa, and U. S. Onwuka, "Prediction of the compressive strength of aluminum waste–cement concrete using Scheffe’s theory," Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 24(2), pp. 177-183, 2012. [CrossRef]
13. P. O. Awoyera, J. O. Akinmusuru, and J. M. Ndumbuki, "Green concrete production with ceramic wastes and laterite," Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 117, pp. 29-36, 2016. [CrossRef]
14. B. Benabed, E. H. Kadri, T. Ngo, and A. Bouvet, "Rheology and strength of concrete made with recycled concrete aggregate as replacement of natural aggregates," Epitoanyag Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials, Vol. 72(2), pp. 48-58, 2020. [CrossRef]
15. L. Bloom, and A. Bentur, "New mix designs for fresh and hardened concrete," ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 92(2), pp. 143-150, 1995.
16. G. E. P. Box, W. G. Hunter, and J. S. Hunter, “Statistics for experimenters: An ıntroduction to design, data analysis, and model building,” John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1978.
17. M. Daniyal and S. Ahmad, "Application of waste ceramic tile aggregates in concrete," International Journal of Innovative Research in Science and Engineering Technology, Vol. 4(12), pp. 12808-12815, 2015.
18. M. A. DeRousseau, J. R. Kasprzyk, and W. V. Srubar, "Computational design optimization of concrete mixture: a review," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 109, pp. 42-53, 2018. [CrossRef]
19. N. R. Draper and F. Pukelsheim, "K-models for mixture experiments," Journal of Quality Technology, Vol. 29(4), pp. 420-427, 1997.
20. H. Elci, "Utilization of crushed floor and wall tile wastes as aggregate in concrete production," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 112, pp. 742-752, 2016. [CrossRef]
21. H. N. Ezeh, and O. M. Ibearugbulem, "Statistical optimization of concrete mix proportions using Scheffe’s simplex theory," Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 4(1), pp. 1-7, 2009.
22. A. Halicka, P. Ogrodnik, and B. Zegardlo, "Using ceramic sanitaryware waste as concrete aggregate," Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 48, pp. 295-305, 2013. [CrossRef]
23. A. Heidari and D. Tavakoli, "A study of the mechanical properties of ground ceramic powder concrete incorporating nano-SiO2 particles," Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 38, pp. 255-264, 2013. [CrossRef]
24. D. M. Kannan, S. H. Aboubakr, A. S. El-Dieb, and M. M. Taha, "High performance concrete incorporating ceramic wastes powder as large partial replacement of Portland cement," Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 144, pp. 35-41, 2017. [CrossRef]
25. V. M. Malhotra, and P. K. Mehta, "Supplementary cementitious materials," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 32(9), pp. 1525-1537, 2002. [CrossRef]
26. E. M. Mbadike, and N. N. Osadebe, "Application of Scheffe’s model in optimization of compressive strength of lateritic concrete," Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction Technology, Vol. 4(9), pp. 265-274, 2013.
27. C. Medina, M. Frias, and M. I. Rojas, "Microstructure and properties of recycled concrete using ceramic sanitary ware industry waste as coarse aggregate," Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 31, pp. 112118, 2012. [CrossRef]
28. N. Mohan, A. Gupta, and S. Singh, "Optimization of mix proportions of mineral aggregates for use in polymer concrete using statistical techniques," Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 14(6), pp. 521-526, 2002.
29. D. C. Montgomery, “Design and analysis of experiments,” John Wiley & Sons, 2017.
30. A. M. Neville, “Properties of concrete,” 5th ed., Pearson Education, 2011.
31. S. O. Obam, "A simplex-centroid design for mixture optimization," Journal of Quality Technology, Vol. 30(4), pp. 391-403, 1998.

32. F. O. Okafor, and O. Oguaghamba, "Procedures for optimization using Scheffe’s model," Journal of Engineering Science and Application, Vol. 7(1), pp. 36-46, 2010.

33. P. N. Onuamah and N. N. Osadebe, "Development of optimized strength model of lateritic hollow block with 4% mound soil inclusion," Nigerian Journal of Technology, Vol. 34(1), pp. 1-11, 2015. [CrossRef]

34. N. N. Osadebe, C. C. Mbajiorgu, and T. U. Nwakonobi, "An optimization model development for laterized concrete mix proportioning in building constructions," Nigerian Journal of Technology, Vol. 26(1), pp. 37-45, 2007.

35. F. Pacheco-Torgal and S. Jalali, "Reuse of ceramic wastes in concrete," Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 24, pp. 832-838, 2010.
 [CrossRef]
36. H. Scheffe, "Experiments with mixtures," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), Vol. 20(2), pp. 344-360, 1958.
 [CrossRef]
37. H. G. Shruthi, M. E. Gowtham, T. Samreen, and R. P. Syed, "Reuse of ceramic wastes as aggregate in concrete," International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3(7), pp. 115-119, 2016.

38. M. Simon, "Statistical experimental design for performing tests on concrete," Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 33(11), pp. 1841-1847, 2003.

39. M. J. Simon, "Concrete mixture optimization using statistical methods: Final Report," Federal Highway Administration, Infrastructure Research and Development, Georgetown Pike McLean, VA, USA, 2003.

40. M. Simon, and V. M. Malhotra, "Statistical experimental design for optimizing concrete mixtures," ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 94(3), pp. 193-202, 1997.

41. Z. Tahar, B. Benabed, E. H. Kadri, T. Ngo, and A. Bouvet, "Rheology and strength of concrete made with recycled concrete aggregate as replacement of natural aggregates," Epitoanyag Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials, Vol. 72(2) pp. 48-58, 2020.
 [CrossRef]
42. W. C. Tang, Y. Lo, and A. Nadeem, "Mechanical and dryness shrinkage properties of structural-graded polystyrene aggregate concrete," Cement and Concrete Composite, Vol. 30(5), pp. 403-409, 2008. [CrossRef]
43. A. Torkittikul, and A. Chaipanich, "Utilization of ceramic waste as fine aggregate within Portland cement and fly ash concrete," Cement and Concrete Composite, Vol. 32, pp. 440-449, 2010.
 [CrossRef]
44. B. Zegardlo, M. Szelag, and P. Ogrodnik, "Ultra-high strength concrete made with recycled aggregate from sanitary ceramic wastes – the method of production and the interfacial transition zone," Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 122, pp. 736-742, 2016. [CrossRef]
45. O. Zimbili, W. Salim, and M. Ndambuki, "A review on the usage of ceramic wastes in concrete production," International Journal of Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction and Architectural Engineering, Vol. 8(1), pp. 91-95, 2014.

46. E. E. Ambrose, F. O. Okafor, and M. E. Onyia, "Compressive strength and Scheffe’s optimization of mechanical properties of recycled ceramics tile aggregate concrete," Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials, Vol. 73(3), Article 18583, 2021. [CrossRef]