River drinking water treatment using green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles from Prosopis Glandulosa: Antibacterial efficiency and MB dye removal study

Muhammad Aqeel Bhutto Bhutto; Sheeraz Ahmed Khaskheli; Farhatullah Kandhro; Tanzeel Rehman; Siraj Hyder Solangi

doi:10.35208/ert.1551810

River drinking water treatment using green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles from Prosopis Glandulosa: Antibacterial efficiency and MB dye removal study

Abstract

ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized via a plant-mediated green synthesis method using aqueous extract from Prosopis glandulosa leaves. The synthesized NPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, and SEM, confirming their nanoscale morphology, polycrystalline structure, and an average size of 73.5 ± 6.7 nm. UV-Vis analysis revealed a maximum absorption peak at 340 nm, indicating a band gap energy of 3.44 eV, which is slightly higher than bulk ZnO due to quantum confinement effects. FTIR spectra exhibited key functional groups from the plant extract stabilizing the NPs. XRD analysis confirmed the hexagonal crystalline structure with peaks closely matching the JCPDS data card 01-079-0205. The ZnO NPs demonstrated remarkable efficiency in methylene blue dye removal, achieving a maximum removal rate of 95.24% at 100 mg/g dosage. Adsorption kinetics revealed pseudo-second-order behavior with an equilibrium capacity of 19.38 mg/g and a rate constant of 0.0289 g/mg/min, suggesting chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. Langmuir isotherm analysis yielded a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 88.5 mg/g, confirming favorable adsorption characteristics. Additionally, antibacterial activity evaluated through the disk diffusion method demonstrated significant inhibition of pathogenic bacteria. These findings highlight the potential of Prosopis glandulosa-synthesized ZnO NPs as an eco-friendly, cost-effective solution for water treatment, offering simultaneous antibacterial properties and efficient dye removal for the purification of Indus River drinking water.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Environmental Biotechnology (Other) , Water Quality and Water Pollution , Water Treatment Processes

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Muhammad Aqeel Bhutto Bhutto
0000-0003-0282-5252
Pakistan

Sheeraz Ahmed Khaskheli
0000-0002-1674-1204
Pakistan

Farhatullah Kandhro
0000-0002-0969-7663
Pakistan

Tanzeel Rehman ^*
0000-0003-4332-5342
Pakistan

Siraj Hyder Solangi
0009-0007-6470-4946
Pakistan

Early Pub Date

November 18, 2025

Publication Date

December 31, 2025

Submission Date

September 18, 2024

Acceptance Date

January 25, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 8 Number: 4

DOI

https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1551810

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA85YY78GM

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Bhutto, M. A. B., Khaskheli, S. A., Kandhro, F., Rehman, T., & Solangi, S. H. (2025). River drinking water treatment using green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles from Prosopis Glandulosa: Antibacterial efficiency and MB dye removal study. Environmental Research and Technology, 8(4), 963-976. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1551810

AMA

1.Bhutto MAB, Khaskheli SA, Kandhro F, Rehman T, Solangi SH. River drinking water treatment using green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles from Prosopis Glandulosa: Antibacterial efficiency and MB dye removal study. ERT. 2025;8(4):963-976. doi:10.35208/ert.1551810

Chicago

Bhutto, Muhammad Aqeel Bhutto, Sheeraz Ahmed Khaskheli, Farhatullah Kandhro, Tanzeel Rehman, and Siraj Hyder Solangi. 2025. “River Drinking Water Treatment Using Green-Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Prosopis Glandulosa: Antibacterial Efficiency and MB Dye Removal Study”. Environmental Research and Technology 8 (4): 963-76. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1551810.

EndNote

Bhutto MAB, Khaskheli SA, Kandhro F, Rehman T, Solangi SH (December 1, 2025) River drinking water treatment using green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles from Prosopis Glandulosa: Antibacterial efficiency and MB dye removal study. Environmental Research and Technology 8 4 963–976.

IEEE

[1]M. A. B. Bhutto, S. A. Khaskheli, F. Kandhro, T. Rehman, and S. H. Solangi, “River drinking water treatment using green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles from Prosopis Glandulosa: Antibacterial efficiency and MB dye removal study”, ERT, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 963–976, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.35208/ert.1551810.

ISNAD

Bhutto, Muhammad Aqeel Bhutto - Khaskheli, Sheeraz Ahmed - Kandhro, Farhatullah - Rehman, Tanzeel - Solangi, Siraj Hyder. “River Drinking Water Treatment Using Green-Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Prosopis Glandulosa: Antibacterial Efficiency and MB Dye Removal Study”. Environmental Research and Technology 8/4 (December 1, 2025): 963-976. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1551810.

JAMA

1.Bhutto MAB, Khaskheli SA, Kandhro F, Rehman T, Solangi SH. River drinking water treatment using green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles from Prosopis Glandulosa: Antibacterial efficiency and MB dye removal study. ERT. 2025;8:963–976.

MLA

Bhutto, Muhammad Aqeel Bhutto, et al. “River Drinking Water Treatment Using Green-Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Prosopis Glandulosa: Antibacterial Efficiency and MB Dye Removal Study”. Environmental Research and Technology, vol. 8, no. 4, Dec. 2025, pp. 963-76, doi:10.35208/ert.1551810.

Vancouver

1.Muhammad Aqeel Bhutto Bhutto, Sheeraz Ahmed Khaskheli, Farhatullah Kandhro, Tanzeel Rehman, Siraj Hyder Solangi. River drinking water treatment using green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles from Prosopis Glandulosa: Antibacterial efficiency and MB dye removal study. ERT. 2025 Dec. 1;8(4):963-76. doi:10.35208/ert.1551810