Research Article
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Principal component analysis in long term assessment of total viable plate count of municipal water distribution network system in healthcare facility

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 165 - 171, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1062683

Abstract

The microbial quality of water is a critical safety aspect that should not be overlooked, especially when considering human consumption in the facilities for healthcare and the treatment of health compromised populations. The present work aimed to study a municipal network for city water within a healthcare facility microbiologically. The implementation of multivariate analysis was conducted over collected data to decipher trends of the microbiological count of samples from different points-of-use. The statistical study involved an Eigenvalue determination, score graph, loading plot study and outlier diagram. Data showed clustering tendency with aberrant values could be observed. The first component appeared to be associated with bioburden density in the water. While the other component showed a link to the relative locations of the distribution points in the facility and the length of the water lines from the source feeding city water to a great extent. The two components explained more than 55% of the variations in data. A property that highlighted a strong agreement between the order of points-of-use in the loading plot with that of ratio factor which was obtained from the Total Viable Count over the hypothetical distance of sampling port from the reference feeding entrance. Thus, there was evidence of variation in the microbial quality affected by the biological stability of the water distribution system that needed attention and an improvement plan for better control of microbial content in city water to prevent possible excursions in the future. The study showed a valuable perspective approach for the quantitative examination of the microbiological stability of the municipal water distribution network system.

References

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  • [22].D. Weragama, V. Weerasingha, L. Jayasumana, J. Adikari, J. Vidanarachchi and H. Priyashantha, "The physicochemical, microbiological, and organoleptic properties and antioxidant activities of cream cheeses fortified with dried curry leaves ( Murraya koenigii L.) powder", Food Science & Nutrition, vol. 9 (10), pp. 5774-5784, 2021. Available: 10.1002/fsn3.2551.
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  • [24].C. Charoux, L. Free, L.M. Hinds, R.K. Vijayaraghavan, S. Daniels, C.P. O'Donnell and B.K. Tiwari, "Effect of non-thermal plasma technology on microbial inactivation and total phenolic content of a model liquid food system and black pepper grains", LWT, vol. 118, pp. 108716, 2020. Available: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108716.
  • [25].M.E. Eissa, “Role of Statistical Process Control of Pharmaceutical Product to Monitor Consistency of the Manufacturing Operation”, EC Pharmacology and Toxicology, vol. 6, pp. 439-44, 2018.
Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 165 - 171, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1062683

Abstract

References

  • [1]. M. D. Sobsey, C. E. Stauber, L. M. Casanova, J. M. Brown, and M. A. Elliott, “Point of use household drinking water filtration: A practical, effective solution for providing sustained access to safe drinking water in the developing world,” Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 42 (12), pp. 4261–4267, 2008.
  • [2]. G. Ducel, J. Fabry and L. Nicolle, Prevention of hospital-acquired infections, 2nd ed. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2002.
  • [3]. V. Gauthier, B. Gérard, J. Portal, J. Block and D. Gatel, "Organic matter as loose deposits in a drinking water distribution system", Water Research, vol. 33 (4), pp. 1014-1026, 1999. Available: 10.1016/s0043-1354(98)00300-5.
  • [4]. World Health Organization (WHO), "Potable Reuse: Guidance for producing safe drinking-water", Apps.who.int, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258715/9789241512770-eng.pdf. [Accessed: 5 January 2022].
  • [5]. R. Saha and R. Donofrio, "The microbiology of metalworking fluids", Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 94 (5), pp. 1119-1130, 2012. Available: 10.1007/s00253-012-4055-7 [Accessed 5 January 2022].
  • [6]. M. EISSA, "Assessment for Sporicidal Activity of Two Types of Peroxygen/Silver-Based Disinfectants: A Comparative Study", Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Management, vol. 4 (2), pp. 161-169, 2016. Available: 10.15415/jptrm.2016.42011 [Accessed 5 January 2022].
  • [7]. Great Learning Team, "Overview of Multivariate Analysis | What is Multivariate Analysis and Model Building Process?", GreatLearning Blog: Free Resources what Matters to shape your Career!, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.mygreatlearning.com/blog/introduction-to-multivariate-analysis/. [Accessed: 5 January 2022].
  • [8]. R. Ainsworth, "Safe Piped Water: Managing Microbial Water Quality in Piped Distribution Systems", Water Intelligence Online, vol. 12, 2013. Available: 10.2166/9781780405841.
  • [9]. M. Essam Eissa, "Investigation of Microbiological Quality of Water from the Feed Source to the Terminal Application in the Healthcare Facility: A Case Study", Health Research, vol. 2 (1), pp. 16, 2018. Available: 10.31058/j.hr.2018.21002 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
  • [10].EMSL Analytical, Inc, "Legionella, Fecal Coliform & Total Coliform Sampling Guide", Emsl.com, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.emsl.com/PDFDocuments/SamplingGuide/legionella_coliform_guide.pdf. [Accessed: 16- Jan- 2022].
  • [11].United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Quick Guide To Drinking Water Sample Collection", Epa.gov, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-11/documents/drinking_water_sample_ collection. pdf. [Accessed: 15- Jan- 2022].
  • [12].D. Francy, E.A. Stelzer, A.M. Brady, C. Huitger, R.N. Bushon, H.S. Ip, M.W. Ware, E.N. Villegas, V. Gallardo and H.D. Lindquist, "Comparison of Filters for Concentrating Microbial Indicators and Pathogens in Lake Water Samples", Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 79 (4), pp. 1342-1352, 2012. Available: 10.1128/aem.03117-12.
  • [13].G. Ngwa, R. Schop, S. Weir, C. León-Velarde and J. Odumeru, "Detection and enumeration of E. coli O157:H7 in water samples by culture and molecular methods", Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol. 92 (2), pp. 164-172, 2013. Available: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.11.018 [Accessed 17 January 2022].
  • [14].E. Goldwater, "Using Excel for Data Analysis", People.umass.edu, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://people.umass.edu/evagold/excel.html. [Accessed: 19- Jan- 2022].
  • [15].H. Motulsky, "Home - GraphPad", Graphpad.com, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.graphpad.com/. [Accessed: 18- Jan- 2022].
  • [16]. M. Essam Eissa, "Determination of the Microbiological Quality of Feed City Water to Pharmaceutical Facility: Distribution Study and Statistical Analysis", ATHENS JOURNAL OF SCIENCES, vol. 4 (2), pp. 143-160, 2017. Available: 10.30958/ajs.4-2-4 [Accessed 19 January 2022].
  • [17].M. Eissa, “Evaluation of microbiological purified water trend using two types of control chart”, European Pharmaceutical Review, vol. 23 (5), pp. 36-38, 2018.
  • [18].E. Bassett, S. Brooks and B. Morgan, "MINITAB Multivariate Macros", Applied Statistics, vol. 45 (2), p. 235, 1996. Available: 10.2307/2986157 [Accessed 12 January 2022].
  • [19].L. Almagro, X. Llabres and P. Cintas, Industrial statistics with minitab. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2013.
  • [20].T. Cox, An introduction to multivariate data analysis. London: Hodder Arnold, 2005.
  • [21].Minitab® 18 Support. 2019, "Interpret all statistics and graphs for Factor Analysis - Minitab", Support.minitab.com, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://support.minitab.com/en-us/minitab/18/help-and-how-to/modeling-statistics/multivariate/how-to/factor-analysis/interpret-the-results/all-statistics-and-graphs/. [Accessed: 12- Jan- 2022].
  • [22].D. Weragama, V. Weerasingha, L. Jayasumana, J. Adikari, J. Vidanarachchi and H. Priyashantha, "The physicochemical, microbiological, and organoleptic properties and antioxidant activities of cream cheeses fortified with dried curry leaves ( Murraya koenigii L.) powder", Food Science & Nutrition, vol. 9 (10), pp. 5774-5784, 2021. Available: 10.1002/fsn3.2551.
  • [23].GraphPad Software LLC, "GraphPad Prism 9 Statistics Guide - How to: Correlation", Graphpad.com, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.graphpad.com/guides/prism/latest/statistics/stat_how_to_correlation.htm. [Accessed: 13- Jan- 2022].
  • [24].C. Charoux, L. Free, L.M. Hinds, R.K. Vijayaraghavan, S. Daniels, C.P. O'Donnell and B.K. Tiwari, "Effect of non-thermal plasma technology on microbial inactivation and total phenolic content of a model liquid food system and black pepper grains", LWT, vol. 118, pp. 108716, 2020. Available: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108716.
  • [25].M.E. Eissa, “Role of Statistical Process Control of Pharmaceutical Product to Monitor Consistency of the Manufacturing Operation”, EC Pharmacology and Toxicology, vol. 6, pp. 439-44, 2018.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Environmental Sciences, Water Resources and Water Structures, Public Health, Environmental Health
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mostafa Eissa 0000-0003-3562-5935

Engy Rashed 0000-0002-6593-378X

Dalia Eissa 0000-0002-6340-8973

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Submission Date January 25, 2022
Acceptance Date April 27, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Eissa, M., Rashed, E., & Eissa, D. (2022). Principal component analysis in long term assessment of total viable plate count of municipal water distribution network system in healthcare facility. Environmental Research and Technology, 5(2), 165-171. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1062683
AMA Eissa M, Rashed E, Eissa D. Principal component analysis in long term assessment of total viable plate count of municipal water distribution network system in healthcare facility. ERT. June 2022;5(2):165-171. doi:10.35208/ert.1062683
Chicago Eissa, Mostafa, Engy Rashed, and Dalia Eissa. “Principal Component Analysis in Long Term Assessment of Total Viable Plate Count of Municipal Water Distribution Network System in Healthcare Facility”. Environmental Research and Technology 5, no. 2 (June 2022): 165-71. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1062683.
EndNote Eissa M, Rashed E, Eissa D (June 1, 2022) Principal component analysis in long term assessment of total viable plate count of municipal water distribution network system in healthcare facility. Environmental Research and Technology 5 2 165–171.
IEEE M. Eissa, E. Rashed, and D. Eissa, “Principal component analysis in long term assessment of total viable plate count of municipal water distribution network system in healthcare facility”, ERT, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 165–171, 2022, doi: 10.35208/ert.1062683.
ISNAD Eissa, Mostafa et al. “Principal Component Analysis in Long Term Assessment of Total Viable Plate Count of Municipal Water Distribution Network System in Healthcare Facility”. Environmental Research and Technology 5/2 (June 2022), 165-171. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1062683.
JAMA Eissa M, Rashed E, Eissa D. Principal component analysis in long term assessment of total viable plate count of municipal water distribution network system in healthcare facility. ERT. 2022;5:165–171.
MLA Eissa, Mostafa et al. “Principal Component Analysis in Long Term Assessment of Total Viable Plate Count of Municipal Water Distribution Network System in Healthcare Facility”. Environmental Research and Technology, vol. 5, no. 2, 2022, pp. 165-71, doi:10.35208/ert.1062683.
Vancouver Eissa M, Rashed E, Eissa D. Principal component analysis in long term assessment of total viable plate count of municipal water distribution network system in healthcare facility. ERT. 2022;5(2):165-71.