Physicochemical characterization of university campus’ wastewater for internal treatment system installation (Casablanca, Morocco)

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 13 - 26, 31.03.2024

Khaoula Grımah , Nahlı Abdelmottalib , Asma Lazrak , Mohamed Chlaıda

https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1333487

Abstract

Today, protecting water resources and their sustainable use has become an obligation of people and organizations. Wastewater management and reclamation are the most important solutions to protect these resources. This study aims to determine the wastewater physicochemical quality of the Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sick (FSBM) (Casablanca, Morocco) to establish the appropriate system for their treatment and internal reclamation. The results show that averages of FSBM's wastewater temperature vary between 17.64 and 19.55 °C, 7.18 and 8.18 for pH, and 2.47 and 3.98 mS.cm-1 for electrical conductivity.. The COD, BOD5, and TSS average values oscillate respectively between 967.44-1,151.08 mg.L-1, 70.5-119.05 mg.L-1, and 223.64-1,659.74 mg.L-1, and those of total phosphorus between 2 and 3.99 mg.L-1. The determination of the biodegradability degree of the discharge, through the calculation of COD/BOD5, BOD5/COD, TSS/BOD5, COD/TP, COD/NH4+ ratios, and oxidizable matters (OM,) reveals that the FSBM's wastewater has a heterogeneous character with a high load of oxidizable matter difficult to biodegrade. Despite its low biodegradability, the FSBM’s wastewater could be treated using a biological treatment system, preceded by a physicochemical treatment to eliminate non-biodegradable chemical substances. Such a choice of wastewater treatment system requires prior experimental investigations and laboratory tests.

Keywords

Biodegradability, FSBM, physicochemical, quality, wastewater

References

• J. M. García-Ruiz, J. I. López-Moreno, S. M. Vicente-Serrano, T. Lasanta–Martínez, and S. Beguería, “Mediterranean water resources in a global change scenario,” Earth-Science Reviews, Vol. 105(3–4), pp. 121–139, 2011. [CrossRef]
• S. B. Gray, and S. M. Brady, “Plant developmental responses to climate change,” Developmental Biology, Vol. 419(1), pp. 64–77, 2016. [CrossRef]
• A. D. Teshager, P. W. Gassman, J. T. Schoof, and S. Secchi, “Assessment of impacts of agricultural and climate change scenarios on watershed water quantity and quality, and crop production,” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 20(8), pp. 3325–3342, 2016. [CrossRef]
• J. F. Schyns, and A. Y. Hoekstra, “The added value of water footprint assessment for national water policy: a case study for Morocco,” PLoS One, Vol. 9(6), pp. 1–14, 2014. [CrossRef]
• Conseil Economique, Social et Environnemental (CESE), “La gouvernance par la gestion intégrée des ressources en eau au Maroc: Levier fondamental de développement durable,” Auto-Saisine n° 15, Maroc: Chem Pap., 2014. https://www.cese.ma/media/2020/10/Rapport-Gouvernance-des-ressources-en-eau.pdf Accessed on Mar 23, 2023.
• F. Taheripour, W. E. Tyner, I. Haqiqi, E. Sajedinia, “Water Scarcity in Morocco: Analysis of Key Water Challenges,” Maroc: Water Global Practice, 2020. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/4338ca29-bf9e-5b4a-bea8-4e7a8867aee2/content Accessed on Mar 23, 2023.
• Royaume du Maroc, “Ministère de la transition énergétique et du Développement Durable,” 2015. https://www.environnement.gov.ma/fr/air/9-non-categorise/92-strategie-de-l-eau Accessed on Mar 16, 2023.
• Royaume du Maroc, Ministère de l’énergie des Mines et du Développement Durable (MEMDD) et le Secrétariat d’Etat charge du Développement Durable (SECD), “Strategie nationale de développement durable 2030,” Rapport final, Maroc: MEMDD, 2017. https://www.environnement.gov.ma/images/a_la_une/JANVIER2022/Rapport_Strategie_Nationale_DD_juin2017_Mai_2017_Web.pdf Accessed on Mar 16, 2023.
• Royaume du Maroc, “Dahir n° 1-19-113 du 7 hija 1440 (9 août 2019) portant promulgation de la loi-cadre n° 51-17 relative au système d’éducation, de formation et de recherche scientifique,” Bulletin Officiel, Vol. 6944, pp. 1967–1980, 2019.
• L. C. Alves, “Caracterização e tratamento de efluentes de laboratório de análises químicas,” Master's thesis, Brazil: Federal University of Uberlândia, 2002.
• S. M. Bertolino, C. F. Carvalho, and S. F. Aquino, “Caracterização e biodegradabilidade aeróbia e anaeróbia dos esgotos produzidos em campus universitário,” Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Vol. 13, pp. 271–277, 2008. [CrossRef]
• W. Zhang, D. Wang, and Y. Jin, “Use of a ceramic membrane bioreactor (CMBR) to treat wastewater at Guilin University of Technology,” Water Practice and Technology, Vol. 12(2), pp. 453–462, 2017. [CrossRef]
• A. Dahamsheh, and M. Wedyan, “Evaluation and assessment of the performance of Al-Hussein bin Talal University (AHU) wastewater treatment plants,” International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, Vol. 4(1), pp. 84–89, 2017. [CrossRef]
• Hassan II University of Casablanca, "Site of Hassan II University of Casablanca," 2022. https://www.univh2c.ma/# Accessed on Dec 20 2022.
• J. Rodier, B. Legube, and N. Merlet, “L'analyse de l’eau,” (9th ed.), Dunod, 2009.
• D. Belghyti, Y. El guamri, G. Ztit, L. Ouahidi, B. Joti, A. Harchrass, and H. Bounouira, “Caractérisation physico-chimique des eaux usées d’abattoir en vue de la mise en œuvre d’un traitement adéquat: cas de Kénitra au Maroc,”Afrique Science, Vol. 5(2), pp. 199–216, 2009. [CrossRef]
• Office National d’Eau Potable (ONEP), “Gamme habituel des eaux usées urbaines au Maroc - ONEP,” Approche de la typologie des eaux usées urbaines au Maroc, Maroc: ONEP et GTZ, Rabat, 1998.
• I. Kanbouchi, S. Souabi, A. Chtaini, and M. A. Aboulhassan, “Évaluation de la pollution des eaux usées mixtes collectées par le réseau d’assainissement de la ville de Mohammedia: Cas d’un collecteur principal,” Les technologies de laboratoire, Vol. 8(34), pp. 162–171, 2014.
• A. A. Al Ali, V. Naddeo, S. W. Hasan, and A. F. Yousef, “Correlation between bacterial community structure and performance efficiency of a full-scale wastewater treatment plant,” Journal of Water Process Engineering, Vol. 37, pp. 1–10, 2020. [CrossRef]
• Y. C. Chiu, L. L. Lee, C. N. Chang, and A. C. Chao, “Control of carbon and ammonium ratio for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in a sequencing batch bioreactor,” International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, Vol. 59(1), pp. 1–7, 2007. [CrossRef]
• Y. Jia, S. Lv, T. Yang, L. Zhang, and G. Jiang, “Effect of COD/NH4+-N and influent pH on the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification by using a sequencing batch reactor,” International Conference on Digital Manufacturing & Automation, pp. 604–607, 2010. [CrossRef]
• Office National d’Eau Potable (ONEP), “Gamme habituel des eaux usées urbaines au Maroc,” Maroc: ONEP, 2005.
• Royaume du Maroc, “Décret n°2-04-553 du 13 hija 1425/24 janvier 2005 relatif aux déversements, écoulements, rejets, dépôts directs ou indirects dans les eaux superficielles ou souterraines: Valeurs limites de rejets indirects,” Bulletion Officiel, Vol. 5292, pp. 162–164, 2005.
• L. L. Albornoz, T. C. Centurião, A. Giacobbo, J. Zoppas-Ferreira, and A. M. Bernardes, “Influence of rain events on the efficiency of a compact wastewater treatment plant: a case study on a university campus aiming water reuse for agriculture,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 27, pp. 41350–41360, 2020. [CrossRef]
• P. Svehla, J. Radechovsky, H. Hrncirova, L. Pacek, and J. Bartacek, “Effect of influent nitrogen concentration on the feasibility of short-cut nitrification during wastewater treatment in activated sludge systems,” Chemical Papers, Vol. 69(7), pp. 921–929, 2015. [CrossRef]
• E. Novita, I. Andriyani, E. S. Hartiningsih, and H. A. Pradana, “Characterisation of Laboratory Wastewater for Planning Wastewater Treatment Plants in a University Campus in Indonesia,” Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Vol. 28, pp. 45–50, 2022. [CrossRef]
• Amouei, H. Asgharnia, H. Fallah, H. Faraji, R. Barari, and D. Naghipour, “Characteristics of effluent wastewater in hospitals of Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran,” Health Scope, Vol. 4(2), pp. 1–4, 2015. [CrossRef]
• J. H. Melián, J. Araña, O. G. Díaz, M. A. Bujalance, and J. D. Rodríguez, “Effect of stone filters in a pond–wetland system treating raw wastewater from a university campus,” Desalination, Vol. 237, pp. 277–284, 2009. [CrossRef]
• N. V. Sarria, D. M. R. Velasco, D. A. L. Chávez, H. D. M. Ríos, M. A. G. Ayerbe, and C. E. G. López, “Struvite and hydroxyapatite recovery from wastewater treatment plant at Autónoma de Occidente University, Colombia,” Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Vol. 6, pp. 1–12, 2022. [CrossRef]
• Y. Ye, N. Ling, R. Jiao, Q. Wu, Y. Han, and J. Gao, “Effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the biofilm formation of Cronobacter sakazakii strains from powdered infant formula,” Journal of Food Safety, Vol. 35(3), pp. 416–421, 2015. [CrossRef]
• T. Wang, S. Flint, and J. Palmer, “Magnesium and calcium ions: roles in bacterial cell attachment and biofilm structure maturation,” Biofouling, Vol. 35(9), pp. 959–974, 2019. [CrossRef]
• L. Liu, D. W. Gao, M. Zhang, and Y. Fu, “Comparison of Ca2+ and Mg2+ enhancing aerobic granulation in SBR,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 181(1-3), pp. 382–387, 2010. [CrossRef]
• T. Kobayashi, Y. Hu, and K. Q. Xu, “Impact of cationic substances on biofilm formation from sieved fine particles of anaerobic granular sludge at high salinity,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 257, pp. 69–75, 2018. [CrossRef]
• M. Cui, Y. Li, Y. Sun, H. Wang, M. Li, L. Li, and W. Xu, “Study on adsorption performance of MgO/Calcium alginate composite for congo red in wastewater,” Journal of Polymers and the Environment, Vol. 29(12), pp. 3977–3987, 2021. [CrossRef]
• Y. Kim, J. Yu, S. Jeong, J. Kim, S. Park, H. Bae, ..., and T. Lee, “Differences in the effects of calcium and magnesium ions on the anammox granular properties to alleviate salinity stress,” Applied Sciences, Vol. 12(1), pp. 19, 2021. [CrossRef]
• H. Ziadat, M. Jiries, and I. Alojail, “Accumulation of Heavy Metals on Soil Irrigated with Treated Wastewater at Al al-Bayt University-Jordan,” Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 26 March - 10 April 2019, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, pp. 1–6, 2019. [CrossRef]
• H. Beyene, and G. Redaie, “Assessment of waste stabilization ponds for the treatment of hospital wastewater: the case of Hawassa University Referral Hospital,” World Applied Sciences Journal, Vol. 15(1), pp. 142–150, 2011.
• N. Chakri, B. E. Amrani, F. Berrada, and F. Amraoui, “Study of wastewater treatment’s scenarios of the faculty of sciences-ain chock, Casablanca,” Advanced Intelligent Systems Applied to Environment, pp. 176–187, 2019. [CrossRef]
• T. M. C. M. Mino, M. C. M. Van Loosdrecht, and J. J. Heijnen, “Microbiology and biochemistry of the enhanced biological phosphate removal process,” Water Research, Vol. 32(11), pp. 3193–3207, 1998. [CrossRef]
• V. Papaevangelou, G. D. Gikas, and V. A. Tsihrintzis, “Effect of operational and design parameters on the performance of pilot-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands treating university campus wastewater,” Water Resources Management, Vol. 30(15), pp. 5875–5899, 2016. [CrossRef]
• S. I. Abou-Elela, G. Golinielli, E. M. Abou-Taleb, and M. S. Hellal, “Municipal wastewater treatment in horizontal and vertical flows constructed wetlands,” Ecological Engineering, Vol. 61, pp. 460–468, 2013. [CrossRef]
• J. L. Osorio Tejada, M. Varon-Hoyos, and T. Morales-Pinzon, “Comprehensive water footprint of a University Campus in Colombia: Impact of wastewater treatment modeling,” Water Air Soil Pollution, Vol. 233, pp. 174, 2022. [CrossRef]
• P. Kajitvichyanukul, and N. Suntronvipart, “Evaluation of biodegradability and oxidation degree of hospital wastewater using photo-Fenton process as the pretreatment method,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 138(2), pp. 384–391, 2006. [CrossRef]
• R. Sathya, M. V. Arasu, N. A. Al-Dhabi, P. Vijayaraghavan, S. Ilavenil, and T. S. Rejiniemon, “Towards sustainable wastewater treatment by biological methods–A challenges and advantages of recent technologies,” Urban Climate, Vol. 47, pp. 1–18, 2023. [CrossRef]
• T. Stephenson, S. Judd, B. Jefferson, and K. Brindle, “Membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment,” IWA Publishing, 2000.
• P. Artiga, E. Ficara, F. Malpei, J. M. Garrido, R. Mendez, “Treatment of two industrial wastewaters in a submerged membrane bioreactor,” Desalination, Vol. 179(1-3), pp. 161–169, 2005. [CrossRef]
• F. Alberti, B. Bienati, A. Bottino, G. Capannelli, A. Comite, F. Ferrari, and R. Firpo, “Hydrocarbon removal from industrial wastewater by hollow-fiber membrane bioreactors,” Desalination, Vol. 204(1-3), pp. 24–32, 2007. [CrossRef]
• S. Hebabaze, “Contribution à la mise en place d’une approche décentralisée de gestion intégrée de l’eau à Casablanca : Étude de la performance de système d’épuration d’appoint des effluents agroalimentaires à Naturex et caractérisation-traitement expérimental des eaux pluviales à la Faculté des Sciences Ben M’Sik,” PhD thesis, Morocco: Hassan II University of Casablanca, 2016.
• Gresle, V. Lazarova, and H. Suty, “Intérêts techniques et économiques du traitement membranaire en vue du recyclage,” Techniques Sciences Methodes-Genie Urbain Genie Rural, Vol. 12, pp. 111–136, 2007. [CrossRef]
• F. G. Kootenaei, and H. Aminirad, “Membrane biological reactors (MBR) and their applications for water reuse,” International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, Vol. 2(7), pp. 2208–2216, 2014.
• B. Sawadogo, “Traitement des eaux usées industrielles par des procédés membranaires sous climat sahélien: cas des eaux usées de brasserie au Burkina Faso,” PhD thesis, France: University of Montpellier, 2018.
• J. Hoinkis, S. A. Deowan, V. Panten, A. Figoli, R. R. Huang, and E. Drioli, “Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology– a promising approach for industrial water reuse,” Procedia Engineering, Vol. 33, pp. 234–241, 2012. [CrossRef]
• K. Chon, S. H. Kim, and J. Cho, “Removal of N-nitrosamines in a membrane bioreactor and nanofiltration hybrid system for municipal wastewater reclamation: process efficiency and mechanisms,” Bioresource Technology, Vol. 190, pp. 499–507, 2015. [CrossRef]
• T. Melin, B. Jefferson, D. Bixio, C. Thoeye, W. De Wilde, J. De Koning, and T. Wintgens, “Membrane bioreactor technology for wastewater treatment and reuse,” Desalination, Vol. 187, pp. 271–282, 2006. [CrossRef]
• S. J. Judd, “The status of industrial and municipal effluent treatment with membrane bioreactor technology,” Chemical Engineering Journal, pp. 1–19, 2015.
• K. Bani-Melhem, Z. Al-Qodah, M. Al-Shannag, A. Qasaimeh, M. R. Qtaishat, and M. Alkasrawi, “On the performance of real grey water treatment using a submerged membrane bioreactor system,” Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 476, pp. 40–49, 2015. [CrossRef]
• Kim, D. C. Choi, J. Lee, H. R. Chae, J. H. Jang, C. H. Lee, P. K. Park, and Y. J. Won, “Preparation and application of patterned hollow-fiber membranes to membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment,” Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 490, pp. 190–196, 2015. [CrossRef]
• B. Merchán-Sanmartín, P. Carrión-Mero, S. Suárez-Zamora, M. Aguilar-Aguilar, O. Cruz-Cabrera, K. Hidalgo-Calva, and F. Morante-Carballo, “Sanitary Sewerage Master Plan for the Sustainable Use of Wastewater on a University Campus,” Water, Vol. 14(15), pp. 1–23, 2022. [CrossRef]
• F. P. Da Silva, C. A. Lutterbeck, G. S. Colares, G. A. Oliveira, L. R. Rodrigues, N. Dell’Osbel, and Ê. L. Machado, “Treatment of university campus wastewaters by anaerobic reactor and multi-stage constructed wetlands,” Journal of Water Process Engineering, Vol. 42, pp. 2–9, 2021. [CrossRef]