Production of Ti3C2Tx with freeze dryer, investigation of characteristics and effect on lithium-ion battery capacity

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 535 - 554, 30.09.2025

Mesut Ramazan Ekici , Emrah Bulut , Ahmet Atasoy

https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1496026

Abstract

A today, requests, rules, and sanctions for decreasing the use of hydrocarbon energy resources have become the common goal of all countries. Awareness of this issue is increasing daily. Studies on alternative energy sources, especially renewable energy, have come to the fore, and storing energy has been a major focus. For this purpose, new-generation material requirements have arisen. The new generation of nano and 2D materials (quantum, antimatter, graphene) developed in materials science, especially in computers, photovoltaics, and energy/batteries, have made some imaginary products feasible and applicable that once used to considered impossible. In the Ti-Si-C material system, which has drawn the most attention in the MAX phase material family, 312 structures were selected. The raw powder samples were then characterized. The A layer removal in the MAX structure and the formation of MXene and Ti3C2Tx in the new structure were synthesized by chemical exfoliation in different environments and conditions. It affects the surface finishes (-O, -OH, and -F) and the conductivity properties of MXenes. The MXene sample obtained after etching with hydrofluoric acid was intercalated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Following this process, it was observed that sonication changed the powder morphology. In particular, drying with a freeze dryer for the first time yielded better results. The best results were obtained from samples produced with DMSO and freeze-dried after 48 h. MXene powder was used as the active ingredient in the electrode fabrication. CR2032 standard battery was fabricated using the obtained electrodes. The MXene obtained by the freeze-drying method positively affected battery performance. The sample (d-HF-591 HF-DMSO-48) prepared using DMSO and obtained by drying the freeze dryer reached 135 mAh/g capacity.

Keywords

2D Materials , capacity , electrode , MAX phase , MXene

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