Impact of urbanization in the flood prediction at Kickapoo River basin, USA

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 555 - 563, 30.09.2025

Saravanan P , Sivapragasam C

https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1502468

Abstract

Climate change has significant impacts on river flood discharges, necessitating accurate long-term predictions for effective mitigation and adaptation strategies. This study investigates the influence of Urbanized Land Area (ULA) on flood discharge predictions using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Of the many reported studies concerning flood prediction using ANN, most of the studies restrict themselves to rainfall as the primary predictor variable along with its antecedents. Since urbanization strongly correlates with flood occurrences and can enhance predictive accuracy, this research aims to assess whether incorporating ULA alongside antecedent rainfall values as predictor variables improves flood discharge predictions in the Kickapoo River Basin, USA. A unique methodology was developed to identify the most predictive factors, and two ANN models were employed: the RF-Model, which uses only antecedent rainfall values, and the RFULA-Model, which includes ULA as an additional input. Results show a significant improvement in prediction accuracy with the RFULA-Model (Correlation Coefficient [CC] = 0.930; Normalized Root Mean Squared Error [NRMSE] = 0.157) compared to the RF-Model (CC = 0.743; NRMSE = 0.286). Further analysis indicated that the RFULA-Model predicted higher percentages of monthly average discharge exceeding critical thresholds during validation periods (2021-2050, 2051-2080, 2081-2099) at rates of 21%, 33%, and 34%, respectively, compared to 6%, 8%, and 7% for the RF-Model. These findings emphasize the importance of explicitly including causative inputs like ULA in ANN models, offering deeper insights into flood prediction accuracy under changing climate conditions.

Keywords

Artificial Neural Network , urbanization , flood prediction , impact of urbanization on flood , climate change , input selection in ANN

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