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DEVLET MERKEZLİ ULUSLARARASI HUKUK SİSTEMİ ve DEVLET DIŞI SİLAHLI AKTÖRLER

Year 2016, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 85 - 120, 31.12.2016

Abstract

Günümüzde devletler hala uluslararası hukuk sisteminin asli kişisidir.
Ancak uluslararası nitelikte olmayan silahlı çatışmalarda yaşanan artışın bir
sonucu olarak artık devlet dışı silahlı aktörler de artan şekilde sistemde rol oynamaktadırlar
ve uluslararası insancıl hukuk ve uluslararası insan hakları hukukunu
en ağır şekilde ihlal etmektedirler. Sivillerin korunmasını sağlamak için
devlet dışı silahlı aktörlerin de uluslararası insancıl hukuk ve uluslararası insan
hakları hukukuna bağlı olması ve saygı göstermesi gereklidir. Ancak insan hakları
ve insancıl hukuk normlarına taraf olmadıkları halde, bu normların neden
devlet dışı silahlı aktörleri bağlaması gerektiği ve bunun hukuksal dayanağının
ne olduğu konusu uluslararası hukukta oldukça tartışmalı bir konudur.
Devlet dışı silahlı aktörler uluslararası insancıl hukuk alanında en
önemli aktörlerden bir tanesi olmasına karşın, bunların uluslararası insancıl
hukuk ihlalleri dolayısıyla sorumluluğu konusu uluslararası hukukta yeterince
düzenlenmemiştir. Bu konuda mevcut dolaylı sorumluluk modellerinden birisi
olan bireysel cezai sorumluluk mekanizması yetersizdir. Diğer dolaylı sorumluluk
mekanizmasını oluşturan devlet dışı silahlı aktörlerin gerçekleştirdiği insan  hakları ve insancıl hukuk ihlallerinden dolayı devletleri hesap verir kılma mekanizması
da etkin değildir. Zira devletler; etkin denetim, bütünsel denetim
veya onaylama doktrinlerinin ardına saklanarak sorumluluktan kaçabilmektedirler.
Devletlerin, devleti sorumlu tutmada izafe koşullarını kolaylaştıran yeni bir
“hesap verirlik” modelini kabul etmesi de pek mümkün görünmemektedir.
Devlet dışı silahlı aktörlerin günümüzde geçirdiği evrim nedeniyle bunların
doğrudan sorumluluğu önem kazanmıştır. Ancak önerilen bu doğrudan
sorumluluk modeli de siyasal ve hukuksal açıdan bir dizi ikilemler içermektedir.
Bu nedenle doğrudan sorumluluk modeli uluslararası hukukun gri bölgelerinden
bir tanesi olmaya devam etmektedir.

References

  • Albayrak. Gökhan. (2016). “Devlet Dışı Silahlı Aktörlerinİnsancıl Hukuk Sorumluluğu ve Suriye Krizi”, içinde (Ed.)Fatma Taşdemir, Suriye, Çatışma ve Uluslararası Hukuk, Ankara: Nobelkitap. Akkutay, Ali İbrahim. (2016). “Silahlı Çatışmalar Hukukunda İçSilahlıÇatışmaların Uluslararasılaşması”, Ankara Üni. Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 65(1), 1-61. Bangerter, Olivier.(2011). “ Reasons Why Armed Groups Choose To Respectİnternational Humanitarian Law Or Not”, IRRC, 93(882), 353- 384. Başlar, Kemal. (2005). Uluslararası Hukukta Hükümet DışıKuruluşlar, Ankara: Usak Yayınları. Bellal, Annyssa ve Stuart Casey-Maslen. (2001), “EnhancingCompliance with International Law Armed Non-StateActors”, Goetting Journal of International Law, 3(1), 175-197. Bellal, Annyssa. (2015). “Establishing Direct Responsibility ofNon-State Armed Groups for Violations of International Norms: Issues of Attribution”, içinde (Eds.), Noemi Gal-Or, Cedric Ryngaert ve Math Noort-mann, Responsibilities of the Non-State Actor in Armed Conflict and the Market Place, s.305. Leiden, Boston: Brill Nijhoff. Bilkova, Veronika. (2015). “Establishing Direct Responsibilityof Armed Opposition Groups for Violations ofInternational Humanitarian Law?, içinde (Eds.), NoemiGal-Or, Cedric Ryngaert ve Math Noortmann, Responsibilities of the Non-State Actor in Armed Conflict and the Market Place, Leiden, Boston: Brill Nijhoff. Bongard, Pascal ve Jonathan Somer. (2011). “MonitoringArmed Non-State Actor Compliance with Humanitarian Norms: A Look at International Mechanisms and The Geneva Call Deed of Commitment”, IRRC, 93(883). Chertoff, Emily, Lara Dominguez, Zak Manfredi ve PeterTzeng.(2015). State Responsibility for Non-State Actors That Detain in the Course of a NIAC, A Report of Center for Global Legal Challenges, Center for Global Legal Challenges. Clapham, Andrew. (2006). “Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors in Conflict Situations”, IRRC, 88(863), 491 – 523. Cronogue. Graham. (2013). “ Rebels, Negligent Support, andState Accountability: Holding States Accountable fort he Human Rights Violations of Non-State Actors”,Duke Journal of Comparative&International Law, 23(365),365-388. Dabone, Zakaria. (2011). “International Law: Armed Groupsin a State-centric System”, 93(882), 395-424. Dahl, Arne Willy ve Magnus Sandbu. (2006), “The Thresholdof Armed Conflict”, Mil.L.&L. War Rev.,45,369-379. Heffes. Ezequiel. (2013). “The Responsibility of ArmedOpposition Groups For Violations of International Humanitarian Law: Challenging The StateCentric System of International Law”, Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 4, 81-107. Henckaerts, Jean-Marie ve Louise Doswald- Beck. (2005).Uluslararası İnsancıl Teamül (Örf-Adet) Hukuku Cilt I: Kurallar, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları: Beta Basım. Higgins, Noelle. (2009)."The Regulation of Armed Non-StateActors: Promoting the Application of the Laws of War to Conflicts Involving National Liberation Movements", Human Rights Brief, 17(1),12-18. Jones, Seth G. ve Patrick B. Johnston, (2013). “ The Future ofInsurgency”, Studies in Conflict& Terrorism, 36,1-25. Kleffner, Jann K. (2011). “The Applicability of InternationalHumanitarian Law to Organized Armed Groups”, International Review of the Red Cross, 93(882), 443-461. Longworth, Sally Alexandra, (2008), Obligations of Non-StateArmed Actors in Internal Armed Conflicts, Faculty of Law Lund University,(Master Thesis), Spring. Lele, Ajey. (2014). “Asymmetric Warfare: A State vs Non-StateConflict”, OASIS, No 20,97-111. Moir, Lindsay. (2002). The Law of Internal Armed Conflict,Oxford: Oxford University Press. Murray, Daragh. (2015). “How International Humanitarian LawTreatiesBind Non-State Armed Groups”, Journal of Conflict & Security Law, 20(1), 101-131. Pazarcı. Hüseyin. (2006). Uluslararası Hukuk, Ankara: TurhanKitabevi. Pettersson, Therese ve Peter Wallensteen. (2015). “ArmedConflicts, 1946- 2014”, Journal of Peace Research, 52 (4), 536-550. Rodenhauser, Tilman (2015).“International Legal Obligations ofArmed Opposition Groups in Syria”, International Review of Law, 2, 1-16. Sivakumaran, Sandesh. (2006). ‘Binding Armed OppositionGroups’,International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 55, 369–394. Sassòli, Marco. (2002). “State Responsibility for Violations ofInternational Humanitarian Law, International Review of the Red Cross, 84 (846), 401-434. Sassòli, Marco. (2010). “Taking Armed Groups Seriously:Ways to Improve their Compliance with International Humanitarian Law”, JIHLS, 1(5). Schabas, William A. (2003). “Punishment of Non-State Actorsin NonInternational Armed Conflict”, Fordham International Law Journal,26(4), 907-933. Schneckener, Ulrich. “Armed Non-State Actors and theMonopoly of Force”, file:///Users/imac/Downloads/2_Schneckener.pdf,(erişim: 16.05.2016). Taşdemir. Fatma. (2009). Uluslararası Nitelikte OlmayanSilahlı Çatışmalar Hukuku, Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi. Vark, Rene.(2008). “State Responsibility for Private ArmedGroups, in the Context of Terrorism”, JuridicalInternational, XI, 184-193. Verhoeven, Sten I. (2015). “International Responsibility ofArmed Opposition Groups”, içinde (Eds.), Noemi Gal-Or, Cedric Ryngaert ve Math Noortmann, Responsibilities of the Non-State Actor in Armed Conflict and the Market Place, 286-287, Leiden, Boston: Brill Nijhoff. Zegveld, Liesbeth. (2002). Accountability of Armed OppositionGroups in International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Armed Non-State Actors: Current Trends&Future Challenges. (2015). DCAF Horizon, Working Paper. Decision on the Defence Motion Interlocutory Appeal onJurisdiction, Prosecutor v. Tadić, ICTY, Appeals Chamber, IT-94-1, 2 October 1995, http://www.icty.org/x/cases/tadic/acdec/en/51002.htm, (erişim: 28.12.2016) Human Rights In Palestine And Other Occupied ArabTerritories Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict, G.A, A/ HRC/ 12 /49, 25 September 2009, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/AHRC-12-48.pdf( erişim:19.12.2016). ICJ,Case concerning United States Diplomatic and ConsularStaff in Tehran, United States of America v. Iran, Judgement, 24 May 1980, ICJ Reports 1980, http://www.icjcij.org/docket/index.php?sum=334&p1=3&p2=3&case=64&p3=5, (erişim: 28.12. 2016). ICTY, The Prosecutor v. Boškoski and Tarčulovski, Case No.ICTY-IT–04–82-T, Judgment (Trial Chamber), 10 June 2008,http://www.icty.org/x/cases/boskoski_tarculovski/tjug/en/080710. pdf (erişim 28.12.2016). ILC Commentary to the Articles on State Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts 2001, A/56/10, 53rd session 2001, Commentary to Article 10, http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/9_6_20 01.pdf, (erişim: 19.12.2016) Military and Paramilitary Activities In and Against Nicaragua,Merits, ICJ Reports (1986) para 218, http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/70/6503.pdf, (erişim 28.12.2016). Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur tothe United Nations Secretary-General- Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1564 of 18 September 2004, Geneva, 25 January 2005, http://www.un.org/news/dh/sudan/com_inq_darfur.pdf,(erişim: 28.12.2016). Report of the International Commission on Libya,http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/Regular Session/Session19/A.HRC.19.68.pdf,(erişim: 29.12.2016). Report of the independent international commission of inquiryon the Syrian Arab Republic, A/HRC/ 21/50, 16 August 2012, Annex II, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSessio n/Session21/A-HRC-21-50_en.pdf,(erişim: 19.12. 2016). Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, 2001,http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_6_ 2001.pdf, (erişim: 25.12.2016). 32nd International Conference of the Red Cross and RedCrescent, International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary armed Conflicts, Report. (2015). ICRC, Geneva
Year 2016, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 85 - 120, 31.12.2016

Abstract

References

  • Albayrak. Gökhan. (2016). “Devlet Dışı Silahlı Aktörlerinİnsancıl Hukuk Sorumluluğu ve Suriye Krizi”, içinde (Ed.)Fatma Taşdemir, Suriye, Çatışma ve Uluslararası Hukuk, Ankara: Nobelkitap. Akkutay, Ali İbrahim. (2016). “Silahlı Çatışmalar Hukukunda İçSilahlıÇatışmaların Uluslararasılaşması”, Ankara Üni. Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 65(1), 1-61. Bangerter, Olivier.(2011). “ Reasons Why Armed Groups Choose To Respectİnternational Humanitarian Law Or Not”, IRRC, 93(882), 353- 384. Başlar, Kemal. (2005). Uluslararası Hukukta Hükümet DışıKuruluşlar, Ankara: Usak Yayınları. Bellal, Annyssa ve Stuart Casey-Maslen. (2001), “EnhancingCompliance with International Law Armed Non-StateActors”, Goetting Journal of International Law, 3(1), 175-197. Bellal, Annyssa. (2015). “Establishing Direct Responsibility ofNon-State Armed Groups for Violations of International Norms: Issues of Attribution”, içinde (Eds.), Noemi Gal-Or, Cedric Ryngaert ve Math Noort-mann, Responsibilities of the Non-State Actor in Armed Conflict and the Market Place, s.305. Leiden, Boston: Brill Nijhoff. Bilkova, Veronika. (2015). “Establishing Direct Responsibilityof Armed Opposition Groups for Violations ofInternational Humanitarian Law?, içinde (Eds.), NoemiGal-Or, Cedric Ryngaert ve Math Noortmann, Responsibilities of the Non-State Actor in Armed Conflict and the Market Place, Leiden, Boston: Brill Nijhoff. Bongard, Pascal ve Jonathan Somer. (2011). “MonitoringArmed Non-State Actor Compliance with Humanitarian Norms: A Look at International Mechanisms and The Geneva Call Deed of Commitment”, IRRC, 93(883). Chertoff, Emily, Lara Dominguez, Zak Manfredi ve PeterTzeng.(2015). State Responsibility for Non-State Actors That Detain in the Course of a NIAC, A Report of Center for Global Legal Challenges, Center for Global Legal Challenges. Clapham, Andrew. (2006). “Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors in Conflict Situations”, IRRC, 88(863), 491 – 523. Cronogue. Graham. (2013). “ Rebels, Negligent Support, andState Accountability: Holding States Accountable fort he Human Rights Violations of Non-State Actors”,Duke Journal of Comparative&International Law, 23(365),365-388. Dabone, Zakaria. (2011). “International Law: Armed Groupsin a State-centric System”, 93(882), 395-424. Dahl, Arne Willy ve Magnus Sandbu. (2006), “The Thresholdof Armed Conflict”, Mil.L.&L. War Rev.,45,369-379. Heffes. Ezequiel. (2013). “The Responsibility of ArmedOpposition Groups For Violations of International Humanitarian Law: Challenging The StateCentric System of International Law”, Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 4, 81-107. Henckaerts, Jean-Marie ve Louise Doswald- Beck. (2005).Uluslararası İnsancıl Teamül (Örf-Adet) Hukuku Cilt I: Kurallar, Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları: Beta Basım. Higgins, Noelle. (2009)."The Regulation of Armed Non-StateActors: Promoting the Application of the Laws of War to Conflicts Involving National Liberation Movements", Human Rights Brief, 17(1),12-18. Jones, Seth G. ve Patrick B. Johnston, (2013). “ The Future ofInsurgency”, Studies in Conflict& Terrorism, 36,1-25. Kleffner, Jann K. (2011). “The Applicability of InternationalHumanitarian Law to Organized Armed Groups”, International Review of the Red Cross, 93(882), 443-461. Longworth, Sally Alexandra, (2008), Obligations of Non-StateArmed Actors in Internal Armed Conflicts, Faculty of Law Lund University,(Master Thesis), Spring. Lele, Ajey. (2014). “Asymmetric Warfare: A State vs Non-StateConflict”, OASIS, No 20,97-111. Moir, Lindsay. (2002). The Law of Internal Armed Conflict,Oxford: Oxford University Press. Murray, Daragh. (2015). “How International Humanitarian LawTreatiesBind Non-State Armed Groups”, Journal of Conflict & Security Law, 20(1), 101-131. Pazarcı. Hüseyin. (2006). Uluslararası Hukuk, Ankara: TurhanKitabevi. Pettersson, Therese ve Peter Wallensteen. (2015). “ArmedConflicts, 1946- 2014”, Journal of Peace Research, 52 (4), 536-550. Rodenhauser, Tilman (2015).“International Legal Obligations ofArmed Opposition Groups in Syria”, International Review of Law, 2, 1-16. Sivakumaran, Sandesh. (2006). ‘Binding Armed OppositionGroups’,International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 55, 369–394. Sassòli, Marco. (2002). “State Responsibility for Violations ofInternational Humanitarian Law, International Review of the Red Cross, 84 (846), 401-434. Sassòli, Marco. (2010). “Taking Armed Groups Seriously:Ways to Improve their Compliance with International Humanitarian Law”, JIHLS, 1(5). Schabas, William A. (2003). “Punishment of Non-State Actorsin NonInternational Armed Conflict”, Fordham International Law Journal,26(4), 907-933. Schneckener, Ulrich. “Armed Non-State Actors and theMonopoly of Force”, file:///Users/imac/Downloads/2_Schneckener.pdf,(erişim: 16.05.2016). Taşdemir. Fatma. (2009). Uluslararası Nitelikte OlmayanSilahlı Çatışmalar Hukuku, Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi. Vark, Rene.(2008). “State Responsibility for Private ArmedGroups, in the Context of Terrorism”, JuridicalInternational, XI, 184-193. Verhoeven, Sten I. (2015). “International Responsibility ofArmed Opposition Groups”, içinde (Eds.), Noemi Gal-Or, Cedric Ryngaert ve Math Noortmann, Responsibilities of the Non-State Actor in Armed Conflict and the Market Place, 286-287, Leiden, Boston: Brill Nijhoff. Zegveld, Liesbeth. (2002). Accountability of Armed OppositionGroups in International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Armed Non-State Actors: Current Trends&Future Challenges. (2015). DCAF Horizon, Working Paper. Decision on the Defence Motion Interlocutory Appeal onJurisdiction, Prosecutor v. Tadić, ICTY, Appeals Chamber, IT-94-1, 2 October 1995, http://www.icty.org/x/cases/tadic/acdec/en/51002.htm, (erişim: 28.12.2016) Human Rights In Palestine And Other Occupied ArabTerritories Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict, G.A, A/ HRC/ 12 /49, 25 September 2009, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/AHRC-12-48.pdf( erişim:19.12.2016). ICJ,Case concerning United States Diplomatic and ConsularStaff in Tehran, United States of America v. Iran, Judgement, 24 May 1980, ICJ Reports 1980, http://www.icjcij.org/docket/index.php?sum=334&p1=3&p2=3&case=64&p3=5, (erişim: 28.12. 2016). ICTY, The Prosecutor v. Boškoski and Tarčulovski, Case No.ICTY-IT–04–82-T, Judgment (Trial Chamber), 10 June 2008,http://www.icty.org/x/cases/boskoski_tarculovski/tjug/en/080710. pdf (erişim 28.12.2016). ILC Commentary to the Articles on State Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts 2001, A/56/10, 53rd session 2001, Commentary to Article 10, http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/9_6_20 01.pdf, (erişim: 19.12.2016) Military and Paramilitary Activities In and Against Nicaragua,Merits, ICJ Reports (1986) para 218, http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/70/6503.pdf, (erişim 28.12.2016). Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur tothe United Nations Secretary-General- Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1564 of 18 September 2004, Geneva, 25 January 2005, http://www.un.org/news/dh/sudan/com_inq_darfur.pdf,(erişim: 28.12.2016). Report of the International Commission on Libya,http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/Regular Session/Session19/A.HRC.19.68.pdf,(erişim: 29.12.2016). Report of the independent international commission of inquiryon the Syrian Arab Republic, A/HRC/ 21/50, 16 August 2012, Annex II, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSessio n/Session21/A-HRC-21-50_en.pdf,(erişim: 19.12. 2016). Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, 2001,http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_6_ 2001.pdf, (erişim: 25.12.2016). 32nd International Conference of the Red Cross and RedCrescent, International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary armed Conflicts, Report. (2015). ICRC, Geneva
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Kamu Hukuku
Authors

Fatma Taşdemir

Publication Date December 31, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Taşdemir, Fatma. “DEVLET MERKEZLİ ULUSLARARASI HUKUK SİSTEMİ Ve DEVLET DIŞI SİLAHLI AKTÖRLER”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 11, no. 2 (December 2016): 85-120.

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