Research Article
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THE ORIGINS OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY: FROM NUREMBERG TO ROME

Year 2015, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 149 - 171, 31.12.2015

Abstract

İnsanlığa karşı suçların işlenmesi neredeyse insanlık tarihi kadar eskiye dayansa
da, bu kategoriye giren eylemlerin uluslararası suçlar arasına dahil edilmesi Nürnberg
Statüsü’ne kadar mümkün olmamıştır. İnsanlık, bilhassa Birinci ve İkinci Dünya Savaşları boyunca kan donduran vahşetlere, insan hakları ve insancıl hukuk ihlallerine şahitlik
etmiştir. “Bütün savaşları bitirecek olan savaş” olarak görülen Birinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan
kısa bir süre sonra daha büyük ölçekli bir savaşın meydana gelmesi bu iyimser
kanının gerçeklikle bağdaşır bir yanının olmadığının en göze çarpan göstergelerinden
biri olarak karşımızda dursa da, uluslararası toplum “Bir Daha Asla” sloganıyla, suç
işleyenlerin yargılanması amacıyla harekete geçmiştir.

Bu çalışmada, insanlığa karşı suçların tanımlandığı ilk uluslararası metinler, bu
suç kategorisine giren eylemleri gerçekleştirenlerin yargılanması maksadıyla mahkemeler
kurulmasına zemin hazırlayan Nürnberg, Tokyo, Eski Yugoslavya, Ruanda
ve Roma Statüleri ile Uluslararası Hukuk Komisyonu’nun çalışmaları incelenerek
insanlığa karşı suçların uluslararası hukuktaki gelişim serüveni ortaya konulmaya
çalışılacaktır. 

 

References

  • Ambos, K., 2011. Crimes against Humanity and the International Criminal Court. In: Sadat, L. N., ed., Forging a Convention for Crimes against Humanity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. pp. 279-304
  • Badar, M. E., 2004. From the Nuremberg Charter to the Rome Statute: Defining the Elements of Crimes against Humanity, San Diego International Law Journal, 5, pp. 73-144
  • Bantekas. I., Nash. S. and Mackarel. M., 2001. International Criminal Law. New York: Cavendish
  • Bassiouni, M. C., 2003. The Permanent International Criminal Court. In: Lattimer, M., Sands, P., eds., Justice for Crimes against Humanity. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2003, pp. 31-46
  • Blewit, G., 2003. The International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. In: Lattimer, M., Sands, P., eds., Justice for Crimes against Humanity. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2003, pp. 31-46
  • Cerone, J., 2008, The Jurisprudential Contributions of the ICTR to the Legal Definition of Crimes against Humanity- The Evolution of the Nexus Requirement, New England Journal of International Law Comparative Law, 14 (2), pp. 191-202
  • Chesterman. S., 1997. Never Again… and Again: Law, Order and the gender of War Crimes in Bosnia and Beyond. Yale Journal of International Law, 22, pp. 299-344
  • Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War and on Enforcement of Penalties Annex II: Memorandum of Reservations Presented by the Representatives of the United States to the Report of the Commission on Responsibilities, 1920. The American Journal of International Law, 14 (1/2), pp. 95-154
  • Control Council Law No. 10: Nuremberg Trials Final Report Appendix D: Punishment of Persons Guilty of War Crimes, Crimes against Peace and Against Humanity, (1945)
  • Convention of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, (1948)
  • Draft Code of Offences against the Peace and Security of Mankind, U.N. GAOR, 9th Sess., Supp. No. 9, at 11, U.N. Doc. A/2693 (1954)
  • Establishment of an International Law Commission, UNGA Res. A/RES/174(II), (1947)
  • Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, (1997)
  • Ferencz, B., 2003, From Nuremberg to Rome: A Personal Account. In: Lattimer, M., Sands, P., eds., Justice for Crimes against Humanity. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2003, pp. 31-46
  • Formulation of the Principles Recognized in the Charter of the Nurnberg Tribunal and in the Judgment of the Tribunal, G.A. Res. 177 (II), U.N. GAOR, 2nd Sess., 123rd plen. mtg., U.N. Doc A/519 (1947)
  • Hague Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, (1899)
  • Hague Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, (1907)
  • Horovitz, S., Noam, G. and Shany Y., 2011. The International Criminal Court. In: Shany, Y., Assessing the Effectiveness of International Courts. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 223-252
  • Hwang, P., 1998. Defining Crimes against Humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Fordham International Law Journal, 22, p. 457- 504
  • International Military Tribunal, Charter of the Tribunal annexed to the London Agreement for Prosecution of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis (London or ‘Nuremberg’ Charter), (8 August 1945)
  • International Military Tribunal for the Far East Charter (IMTFE or ‘Tokyo’ Charter), (9 January 1946)
  • Jalloh, C. C., 2013. What Makes a Crime against Humanity a Crime against Humanity? American University International Law Review, 28 (2), pp: 381-442
  • Joint Declaration of the Governments of France, Great Britain and Russia, (1915)
  • Kittichaisaree, K., 2001. International Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Principles of International Law Recognized in the Charter of the Nurnberg Tribunal and in the Judgment of the Tribunal, (1950), Principle VI (c)
  • Prosecutor v. Kunarac, Case No. IT-96-23/1-A, Judgment, (12 June 2002) Available at: http://www.icty.org/x/cases/kunarac/acjug/en/kun-aj020612e.pdf
  • Prosecutor v. Mile Mrksic, Miroslav Radic, and Veselin SIjivancanin, Case No. IT95-13-R61, Review of the Indictment Pursuant to Rule 61 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, (3 April 1996) Available at: http://www.icty.org/x/cases/mrksic/ind/en/mrk-1ai960403e.pdf
  • Prosecutor v. Tadic aka "Dule", Case No. IT-94-1, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, (2 October 1995) Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/47fdfb520.html
  • Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-A, Judgment, (15 July 1999) Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/40277f504.html
  • Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, Opinion and Judgment, (7 May 1997) Available at: http://www.icty.org/x/cases/tadic/tjug/en/tad-tsj70507JT2-e.pdf
  • Pupavac, V., n.d.. Disputes over War Casualties in former Yugoslavia. [Online]. (s.l.): Radical Statistics. Available at: http://www.radstats.org.uk/no069/ article3.htm. [Accessed: 31.08.2014]
  • Ratner, S. N., 1998. The Genocide Convention after fifty Years: Contemporary Strategies for Combating a Crime against Humanity. ASIL Proceedings, 92, pp.1-2.
  • Report of the International Law Commission, UN GAOR, 5th Sess., U.N. Doc. A/1316, (1950)
  • Report of the International Law Commission, U.N. GAOR, 46th Sess., at 238, U.N. Doc. A/46/10, (1991)
  • Sadat, L. N. 2013. Crimes against Humanity in the Modern Age, The American Journal of International Law, 107, pp. 334-377
  • Scharf, M. P., 2008. Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. United Nations Audio-visual Library of International Law, pp. 1-6
  • Special Panels for East Timor, (2000)
  • Special Court for Sierra Leone, (2002)
  • Than, C. and Shorts, E., 2003. International Criminal and Human Rights. London: Sweet and Maxwell
  • The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, (1998)
  • The Statute of the International Law Commission, (1947)
  • The Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, (1994)
  • The Treaty of Versailles, (28 June 1919)
  • UNGA Res. 39/46, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, (1984)
  • UNGA Res. A/RES/42/151, Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind, (1987)
  • U.N. GAOR, Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind, 48th Sess., at 6-7, U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/L.532, (1996)
  • U.N. GAOR, Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind, in Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of Its Forty-Third Session,, 46th Sess., Supp. No. 10, at 265, U.N. Doc. A/46/10, (1991)
  • United Nations Charter, 1945
  • UNSC Draft Resolution on the Situation in the Middle East (Syria), S/2014/348 (22 May 2014)
  • UNSC Final Report of the Commission of Experts Established pursuant to UNSC Resolution 780, S/1994/674, (1994)
  • UNSC Provisional Verbatim Record of the 3217th Meetings, S/PV.3217, (1993)
  • UNSC Resolution 827 on Establishing an International Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, S/RES/827 (1993)
  • UNSC Resolution 955 on Establishment of an International Tribunal and Adoption of the Statute of the Tribunal, (1994)
  • Wexler, L. S., 1994. The Interpretation of the Nuremberg Principles by the French Court of Cassation: From Touvier to Barbie and Back Again, Colombia Journal of Transnational Law, 32, pp. 289-380
  • World Peace Council, (1950)
Year 2015, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 149 - 171, 31.12.2015

Abstract

References

  • Ambos, K., 2011. Crimes against Humanity and the International Criminal Court. In: Sadat, L. N., ed., Forging a Convention for Crimes against Humanity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. pp. 279-304
  • Badar, M. E., 2004. From the Nuremberg Charter to the Rome Statute: Defining the Elements of Crimes against Humanity, San Diego International Law Journal, 5, pp. 73-144
  • Bantekas. I., Nash. S. and Mackarel. M., 2001. International Criminal Law. New York: Cavendish
  • Bassiouni, M. C., 2003. The Permanent International Criminal Court. In: Lattimer, M., Sands, P., eds., Justice for Crimes against Humanity. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2003, pp. 31-46
  • Blewit, G., 2003. The International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. In: Lattimer, M., Sands, P., eds., Justice for Crimes against Humanity. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2003, pp. 31-46
  • Cerone, J., 2008, The Jurisprudential Contributions of the ICTR to the Legal Definition of Crimes against Humanity- The Evolution of the Nexus Requirement, New England Journal of International Law Comparative Law, 14 (2), pp. 191-202
  • Chesterman. S., 1997. Never Again… and Again: Law, Order and the gender of War Crimes in Bosnia and Beyond. Yale Journal of International Law, 22, pp. 299-344
  • Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War and on Enforcement of Penalties Annex II: Memorandum of Reservations Presented by the Representatives of the United States to the Report of the Commission on Responsibilities, 1920. The American Journal of International Law, 14 (1/2), pp. 95-154
  • Control Council Law No. 10: Nuremberg Trials Final Report Appendix D: Punishment of Persons Guilty of War Crimes, Crimes against Peace and Against Humanity, (1945)
  • Convention of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, (1948)
  • Draft Code of Offences against the Peace and Security of Mankind, U.N. GAOR, 9th Sess., Supp. No. 9, at 11, U.N. Doc. A/2693 (1954)
  • Establishment of an International Law Commission, UNGA Res. A/RES/174(II), (1947)
  • Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, (1997)
  • Ferencz, B., 2003, From Nuremberg to Rome: A Personal Account. In: Lattimer, M., Sands, P., eds., Justice for Crimes against Humanity. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2003, pp. 31-46
  • Formulation of the Principles Recognized in the Charter of the Nurnberg Tribunal and in the Judgment of the Tribunal, G.A. Res. 177 (II), U.N. GAOR, 2nd Sess., 123rd plen. mtg., U.N. Doc A/519 (1947)
  • Hague Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, (1899)
  • Hague Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, (1907)
  • Horovitz, S., Noam, G. and Shany Y., 2011. The International Criminal Court. In: Shany, Y., Assessing the Effectiveness of International Courts. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 223-252
  • Hwang, P., 1998. Defining Crimes against Humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Fordham International Law Journal, 22, p. 457- 504
  • International Military Tribunal, Charter of the Tribunal annexed to the London Agreement for Prosecution of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis (London or ‘Nuremberg’ Charter), (8 August 1945)
  • International Military Tribunal for the Far East Charter (IMTFE or ‘Tokyo’ Charter), (9 January 1946)
  • Jalloh, C. C., 2013. What Makes a Crime against Humanity a Crime against Humanity? American University International Law Review, 28 (2), pp: 381-442
  • Joint Declaration of the Governments of France, Great Britain and Russia, (1915)
  • Kittichaisaree, K., 2001. International Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press
  • Principles of International Law Recognized in the Charter of the Nurnberg Tribunal and in the Judgment of the Tribunal, (1950), Principle VI (c)
  • Prosecutor v. Kunarac, Case No. IT-96-23/1-A, Judgment, (12 June 2002) Available at: http://www.icty.org/x/cases/kunarac/acjug/en/kun-aj020612e.pdf
  • Prosecutor v. Mile Mrksic, Miroslav Radic, and Veselin SIjivancanin, Case No. IT95-13-R61, Review of the Indictment Pursuant to Rule 61 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, (3 April 1996) Available at: http://www.icty.org/x/cases/mrksic/ind/en/mrk-1ai960403e.pdf
  • Prosecutor v. Tadic aka "Dule", Case No. IT-94-1, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, (2 October 1995) Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/47fdfb520.html
  • Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-A, Judgment, (15 July 1999) Available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/40277f504.html
  • Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, Opinion and Judgment, (7 May 1997) Available at: http://www.icty.org/x/cases/tadic/tjug/en/tad-tsj70507JT2-e.pdf
  • Pupavac, V., n.d.. Disputes over War Casualties in former Yugoslavia. [Online]. (s.l.): Radical Statistics. Available at: http://www.radstats.org.uk/no069/ article3.htm. [Accessed: 31.08.2014]
  • Ratner, S. N., 1998. The Genocide Convention after fifty Years: Contemporary Strategies for Combating a Crime against Humanity. ASIL Proceedings, 92, pp.1-2.
  • Report of the International Law Commission, UN GAOR, 5th Sess., U.N. Doc. A/1316, (1950)
  • Report of the International Law Commission, U.N. GAOR, 46th Sess., at 238, U.N. Doc. A/46/10, (1991)
  • Sadat, L. N. 2013. Crimes against Humanity in the Modern Age, The American Journal of International Law, 107, pp. 334-377
  • Scharf, M. P., 2008. Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. United Nations Audio-visual Library of International Law, pp. 1-6
  • Special Panels for East Timor, (2000)
  • Special Court for Sierra Leone, (2002)
  • Than, C. and Shorts, E., 2003. International Criminal and Human Rights. London: Sweet and Maxwell
  • The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, (1998)
  • The Statute of the International Law Commission, (1947)
  • The Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, (1994)
  • The Treaty of Versailles, (28 June 1919)
  • UNGA Res. 39/46, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, (1984)
  • UNGA Res. A/RES/42/151, Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind, (1987)
  • U.N. GAOR, Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind, 48th Sess., at 6-7, U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/L.532, (1996)
  • U.N. GAOR, Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind, in Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of Its Forty-Third Session,, 46th Sess., Supp. No. 10, at 265, U.N. Doc. A/46/10, (1991)
  • United Nations Charter, 1945
  • UNSC Draft Resolution on the Situation in the Middle East (Syria), S/2014/348 (22 May 2014)
  • UNSC Final Report of the Commission of Experts Established pursuant to UNSC Resolution 780, S/1994/674, (1994)
  • UNSC Provisional Verbatim Record of the 3217th Meetings, S/PV.3217, (1993)
  • UNSC Resolution 827 on Establishing an International Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, S/RES/827 (1993)
  • UNSC Resolution 955 on Establishment of an International Tribunal and Adoption of the Statute of the Tribunal, (1994)
  • Wexler, L. S., 1994. The Interpretation of the Nuremberg Principles by the French Court of Cassation: From Touvier to Barbie and Back Again, Colombia Journal of Transnational Law, 32, pp. 289-380
  • World Peace Council, (1950)
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Kamu Hukuku
Authors

Sümeyra Tekin This is me

Publication Date December 31, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Tekin, Sümeyra. “THE ORIGINS OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY: FROM NUREMBERG TO ROME”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 10, no. 2 (December 2015): 149-71.

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