Suriyeli Mülteciler ve Zenofobi: Cinsiyetin, Eğitimin, Algılan Ekonomik Gelir Düzeyinin ve Yaşın Rolü

Year 2023, , 162 - 169, 10.03.2023

Mehmet Ali Padır , Özgür Erdur-baker

https://doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.1190189

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Mevcut araştırmada cinsiyetin, eğitim düzeyinin, algılanan sosyo-ekonomik durumun ve yaşın Türkiye’deki yerel halkın Suriyeli mültecilere yönelik zenofobik tutumları üzerindeki etkisini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın verileri, AFAD mülteci raporları göz önünde bulundurularak yaşları 16 ile 85 arasında olan İstanbul, Hatay, Mardin, Malatya, Batman ve Gaziantep illerinde yaşayan toplam 604 gönüllü bireyden toplanmıştır. Revize Edilmiş Zenofobi Ölçeği veri toplama aracı olarak kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada cinsiyet ile Zenofobi arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek için bağımsız örneklemler için t-testi analizi yapılmıştır. Katılımcıların eğitim düzeyleri, algılanan sosyo-ekonomik durumları ve yaşları ile Suriyeli mültecilere yönelik zenofobik tutumlar arasındaki ilişkileri incelemek için ise tek yönlü varyans (ANOVA) analizleri yapılmıştır. Ayrıca cinsiyet ile eğitim düzeyinin, algılanan sosyo-ekonomik durumun ve yaşın etkileşimlerinin (birbiri ile ilişkilerinin) zenofobi üzerindeki etkisi de farklı çift yönlü ANOVA’larla analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular; erkek olmanın, lise ve daha düşük eğitim seviyesine sahip olmanın, düşük sosyo-ekonomik koşullara sahip olmanın ve 46 ve üzeri yaşında olmanın bireylerin Suriyeli mültecilere karşı zenofobik tutumlar sergilemelerinde önemli birer rol oynadıklarını göstermiştir. Son olarak eğitim düzeyi, sosyo-ekonomik durum ve yaş ile zenofobi arasındaki ilişkinin kaynağının bu değişkenlerden geldiği ve cinsiyetlerinden bağımsız olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yani cinsiyet ile bu değişkelerin etkileşimlerinin zenofobi üzerinde etkilerinin anlamlı olmadığı belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

zenofobi, mülteciler, yerel halk, Suriyeliler

Syrian Refugees and Xenophobia: The Role of Gender, Education, Perceived Economic Income, and Age

Abstract

In the present study, it was aimed to examine the effect of gender, education level, perceived socio-economic status and age on the xenophobic attitudes of local people toward Syrian refugees in Turkey. The data, based on AFAD (2018) refugees’ reports, were collected from 604 volunteers aged between 16 and 85 living in six provinces. The Revised Xenophobia Scale was used to collect the data. The relationship between gender and xenophobia was examined by using t-test analysis and the relationship between participants’ education level, perceived socio-economic status and age, and xenophobic attitudes towards Syrian refugees were examined by using one-way variance analysis. Interaction effects of gender and education level, perceived socio-economic status, and age on xenophobia were also analyzed with different two-way ANOVAs. The findings showed that being male, having a high school or lower education level, having low socio-economic conditions, and being 46 and over aged increase the xenophobic attitudes of individuals towards Syrian refugees. Finally, it was determined that the source of the relationship between education level, socio-economic status, age and xenophobia came from these variables and was independent of their gender. In other words, the interactions effects of gender and of these variables on xenophobia were not significant.

Keywords

xenophobia, refugees, local people, Syrians

References

• AFAD (2018, Haziran). Geçici Barınma Merkezleri Raporlar. https://www.afad.gov.tr/tr/2374/Barinma-Merkezlerinde-Son-Durum
• Abrams, D., Van de Vyver, J., Houston, D. M., & Vasiljevic, M. (2017). Does terror defeat contact? Intergroup contact and prejudice toward Muslims before and after the London bombings. Peace and conflict: journal of peace psychology, 23(3),60-268. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000167
• Aktas, V., Tepe, Y. K., & Persson, R. S. (2018). Investigating Turkish university students’ attitudes towards refugees in a time of Civil War in neighboring Syria. Current Psychology, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9971-y
• Anderson, J. (2018). Implicit and explicit attitudes towards asylum seekers in Australia: Demographic and ideological correlates. Australian Psychologist, 53(2), 181-191.https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12229
• Anderson, J., & Ferguson, R. (2018). Demographic and ideological correlates of negative attitudes towards asylum seekers: A meta-analytic review. Australian journalof psychology, 70(1), 18-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12162
• Blom S. (2010). Attitudes towards Immigrants and Immigration, in: K. Henriksen, L. Østby,D. Ellingsen (eds), Immigration and Immigrants (133–150). Oslo–Kongsvinger: Statistics Norway.
• Bozdağ, F., & Kocatürk, M. (2017). Zenofobi Ölçeği'nin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışmaları. Journal of International Social Research, 10(52), 615-620. http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2017.1921
• Campbell, E. K., Kandala, N. B., & Oucho, J. O. (2016). Do education and urbanism really contribute to reduce xenophobia in African societies? evidence from Botswana. Migration and Development, 7(1), 142-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2016.1217613
• Ceballos, M. & Yakushko, O. (2014). Attitudes toward Immigrants in Nebraska. Great Plains Research 24(2), 181-195. University of Nebraska Press. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/556159
• Cumhuriyet (2022). Bolu'da parkta oturan 4 Suriyeli bıçaklandı: "Defolun ülkemizden". https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/turkiye/boluda-parkta-oturan-4-suriyeli-bicaklandi-defolun-ulkemizden-1969290
• D'Ancona, M. Á. C. (2018). What determines the rejection of immigrants through an integrative model. Social Science Research, 74, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.05.008
• Erdoğan M. M (2014). Türkiye’deki Suriyeliler: Toplumsal Kabul ve Uyum Araştırması, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Göç ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Merkezi. https://mmuraterdogan.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/hugo-rapor-tc3bcrkiyedeki-suriyeliler-toplumsal-kabul-ve-uyum-kasc4b1m-2014-04122014-tr1.pdf
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1),39-50.https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
• Fraenkel, J., Wallen, N., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). McGraw Hill.
• Hjerm, M., & Nagayoshi, K. (2011). The composition of the minority population as a threat: Can real economic and cultural threats explain xenophobia? International Sociology, 26(6), 815–843. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580910394004
• Hjerm, M. (2007). Do numbers really count? Group threat theory revisited. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 33(7): 1253–1276. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830701614056
• Hoffman, M. L. (1977). Sex differences in empathy and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 84(4), 712-722. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.84.4.712
• Lesetedi, G. N., & Modie-Moroka, T. (2007, September). Reverse xenophobia: immigrants attitudes towards citizens in Botswana. In African Migrations Workshop: Understanding Migration Dynamics in the Continent, Centre for Migration Studies, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana. https://www.migrationinstitute.org/files/events/lesetedi.pdf
• Makashvili, A., Vardanashvili, I., & Javakhishvili, N. (2018). Testing Intergroup Threat Theory: Realistic and Symbolic Threats, Religiosity and Gender as Predictors of Prejudice. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 14(2), 464-484. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v14i2.1483
• Ommundsen, R., Yakushko, O., Van der Veer, K., & Ulleberg, P. (2013). Exploring the relationships between fear-related xenophobia, perceptions of out-group entitativity, and social contact in Norway. Psychological reports, 112(1), 109-124. https://doi.org/10.2466%2F17.07.21.PR0.112.1.109-124
• Orhan, O. ve Gündoğar, S. S. (2015). Suriyeli sığınmacıların Türkiye’ye etkileri. Ortadoğu Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, 195, 2‒44. https://www.tesev.org.tr/wpcontent/uploads/rapor_Suriyeli_Siginmacilarin_Turkiyeye_Etkileri.pdf
• Scott, C., & Safdar, S. (2017). Threat and prejudice against Syrian refugees in Canada: Assessing the moderating effects of multiculturalism, interculturalism, and assimilation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 60, 28-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.06.003
• Silove, D. (2005) From trauma to survival and adaptation. In Forced Migration and Mental Health (pp. 29-51). Springer, Boston, MA.
• Stephan, W. G. (2012). Improving relations between residents and immigrants. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 12(1), 33-48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2011.01252.x
• Stephan, W. G., & Finlay, K. (1999). The role of empathy in improving intergroup relations. Journal of Social issues, 55(4), 729-743. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00144
• Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., Martnez, C. M., Schwarzwald, J., & Tur-Kaspa, M. (1998). Prejudice toward immigrants to Spain and Israel: An integrated threat theory analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29(4), 559-576. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022022198294004
• UNHCR (2020 April). Syria Regional Refugee Response. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria#_ga=2.126558925.1189213919.1589121399-104385536.1589121399 Toussaint, L., & Webb, J. R. (2005). Gender differences in the relationship between empathy and forgiveness. The Journal of social psychology, 145(6), 673-685.https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.145.6.673-686
• van der Veer, K., Ommundsen, R., Yakushko, O., Higler, L., Woelders, S., & Hagen, K. A. (2013). Psychometrically and qualitatively validating a cross-national cumulative measure of fear-based xenophobia. Quality & Quantity, 47(3), 1429-1444. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11135-011-9599-6
• Velasco González, K., Verkuyten, M., Weesie, J., & Poppe, E. (2008). Prejudice towards Muslims in the Netherlands: Testing integrated threat theory. British Journal of Social Psychology,47(4), 667-685. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466608X284443
• Yakushko, O. (2009). Xenophobia: Understanding the roots and consequences of negative attitudes toward immigrants. The Counseling Psychologist, 37(1), 36-66. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0011000008316034
• Zeisset, M. (2016). The Happiest Xenophobes on Earth: Examining Anti-Immigrant Sentiments in the Nordic Countries. Res Publica-Journal of Undergraduate Research, 21(1), 1-20. https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/respublica/vol21/iss1/6