Losing Childhood Along with the Father: Father loss, Sibling Relationships and Family Resilience

Year 2019, Volume: 21 Issue: 2, 126 - 143, 30.08.2019

Yaşar Özbay , Didem Aydoğan

https://doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.453746

Cited By: 2

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the family
resilience and the role of sibling relations among family members who have lost
their father in the last five years. Criterion sampling method was employed in
the study, which is considered one of the purposeful sampling methods. 10
people was included in the study chosen based on the following criteria: (I)
having lost the father in the last five years (II) continuing the university
education (III) having at least one sibling in the house (IV) having a living
parent; (V) the fact that the living parent is not remarried. In the study,
data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed through
descriptive methods. The results show that the management styles and family
belief systems in the family, as well as the close, supportive relationships,
are important and powerful qualities in the positive development of the family
in cases of a father loss. These results are particularly of importance about
the identification of characteristics of family strenghts and the understanding
of sibling relationships. Specific interventions, plans, and suggestions in the
cultural context were introduced to strengthen positive family life and family
resilience. 

Keywords

Family resilience, sibling relationship, father lost, family protective factors

Varlığında Çocuk, Yokluğunda Yetişkin Olmak: Baba Kaybı, Kardeş İlişkileri ve Aile Yılmazlığı

Abstract

Bu
çalışmanın amacı, son beş yıl içinde babasını kaybetmiş bireylerde aile
yılmazlığının derinlemesine incelenerek, kardeş ilişkilerinin rolünü
değerlendirmektir. Bir ebeveynin kaybı pek çok kişinin yaşamında önemli dönüm
noktalarından biri olmaktadır. Yaşanan kayıp karşısında değişen aile sistemine,
aile üyeleri var olan kaynakları kullanarak üstesinden gelmeye
çalışmaktadırlar. Bu bağlamda ailede ki etkileşim süreçleri ve aile alt sistemi
olarak kardeşler arasındaki ilişkinin niteliği ve rolü önemli faktörlerdir.
Araştırmada amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden biri olan ölçüt örnekleme yöntemi
kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya bu kapsamda, (I)
son beş yıl içinde babayı kaybetmiş olma, (II)
bir üniversitede öğrenimine devam etme, (III) aynı ev ortamını paylaştığı en az bir kardeşe sahip olma, (IV) birlikte yaşadığı ebeveynin hayatta
olması, (V) şuan yaşayan ebeveynin
yeniden evlenmemesi ölçüt olarak belirlenen
10 kişi dâhil edilmiştir. Araştırmada veriler yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme
formu aracılığı ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, betimsel analiz
tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. Sonuçlar yaşanılan baba kaybından sonra aile
yılmazlığını değerlendirmede, ailede var olan yönetim şekillerinin ve aile
inanç sistemlerinin,  aynı zamanda
kardeşler arasındaki yakın, destekleyici ilişki yapılarının ve rol değişiminin,
ailede pozitif gelişimi sağlamada önemli ve güçlü nitelikler olduğunu ortaya
koymaktadır. Elde edilen bu sonuçlar özellikle de kültürel bağlamda aile de
yaşanılan kayıp sonrasında ailelerin güçlü özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve
önemli bir ilişki türü olan kardeş ilişkilerin anlaşılması açısından ışık
tutucu niteliktedir. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına dayalı olarak pozitif aile
gelişimini sağlayan, aile yılmazlığını güçlendirmede kültürel bağlamda
müdahale, planlamalar ve öneriler sunulmuştur. 

Keywords

Aile yılmazlığı, kardeş ilişkileri, baba kaybı, aile koruyucu faktörleri

References

• Allison, S., Stacey, K., Dadds, V., Roeger, L., Wood, A., & Martin, G. (2003). What the family brings: Gathering evidence for strengths-based work. Journal of Family Therapy, 25(3), 263–284.
• Amagai, M, Takahashi, M., & Amagai, F. (2016). Qualitative study of resilience of family caregivers for patients with schizophrenia in Japan. Mental Health in Family Medicine, 12(4), 307-312.
• Antonovsky, A., & Sourani, T. (1988). Family sense of coherence and family adaptation. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50(1), 79–92.
• Black, K. & Lobo, M. (2008). A Conceptual review of family resilience factors. Journal of Family Nursing, 14(1), 33-55
• Bolen, R. (2005). Attachment and family violence: Complexities in knowing. Child Abuse and Neglect, 29(8), 845-852.
• Bonanno, G.A., Papa, A., Lalande, K., Zhang, N. ve Noll, J.G. (2005) Grief processing and deliberate grief avoidance: a prospective comparison of bereaved spouses and parents in the United States and the People's Republic of China. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(1), 86-98
• Buhrmester, D., & Furman,W. (1990). Perceptions of sibling relationships during middle childhood and adolescence. Child Development, 61(5), 1387-1398
• Cicirelli, V. G. (1989). Feelings of attachment to siblings and well-being in later life. Psychology and Aging, 4(2), 211–216.
• Cicirelli, V. G. (1995). Sibling relationships across the life span (pp. 1-255). New York and London: Plenum Press.
• Conger, J. K., & Little, W. M. (2010). Sibling relationships during the transition to adulthood. Child Development Perspectiveç 4(2), 87-94
• DeHaan, L., Hawley, D. R., & Deal, J. E. (2002). Operationalizing family resilience: A Methodological strategy. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 30(4), 275-291.
• Dewhurst, K., Munford, R and Sanders, J. (2015). Young people’s relationships with siblings: Technical Report 20. The Pathways to Resilience Research Project (New Zealand). Massey University, New Zealand.
• Dunn, J. (1996). Brothers and sisters in middle childhood and adolescence: Continuity and change in individual differences. In G. Brody (Ed.), Sibling relationships: Their causes and consequences (pp. 31–46). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
• East, L., Hutchinson, M., Power, T., & Jackson, D. (2017). A qualitative study of men’s recollections of growing up with father absence childhood father figures and family resilience. Contemporary Nurse, 53(4), 436-444.Edwards, R., Hadfield, L., Lucey, H., & Mauthner, M. (2006). Sibling identity and relationships: Sisters and brothers (pp. 1-136). New York: Routledge
• Faccio, F., Renzi, C., Giudice, V. A., & Pravettoni, G. (2018). Family resilience in the oncology setting: Development of an integrative framework. Frontiers in Psychology. 9, 1-6.
• Frantz, T. T., Trolley, B. C., & Johll, M. P. (1996). Religious aspects of bereavement. Pastoral Psychology, 44(2) , 151–163.
• Frederick, J., & Goddard, C. (2008). Living on an island: Consequences of childhood abuse, attachment disruption and adversity in later life. Child and Family Social Work, 13(3), 300-310.
• Greeff, A. P., & Human, B. (2004). Resilience in families in which a parent has died. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 32 (1), 27-42
• Greeff, A. P., & Human, B. (2013). Family resilience relative to rarental reath. In D. S. Becvar (Ed.), Handbook of Family Resilience, (pp. 321-337). New York, Springer Science.
• Greeff, A.P. & Van der Merwe, S. (2004). Variables associated with resilience in divorced families. Socail Indicators Research, 68 (1), 59-75.
• Greif, G. L., & Woolley, M. E. (2015). Patterns in adult sibling relationship after the death of one or both parents. Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care, 11(1),74-89
• Hadfield, K., & Ungar, M. (2018). Family resilience: Emerging trends in theory and practice. Journal of Family Social Work, 21(2), 81-84
• Hall, A. S., (2011). Grief and resilience in children and families: Resources for counseling professionals, parents, and children. Educational Specialist. 71. http://commons.lib.jmu.edu/edspec201019/71
• Hawley, D. (2000). Clinical implications of family resilience. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 28(2), 101-116
• Henry, A. W. (2015). Family resilience: Moving into the third wave. Family Relations, 64(1), 22–43.
• Holland, S., & Crowley, A. (2013). Looked-after children and their birth families: Using sociology to explore changing relationships, hidden histories and nomadic childhoods. Child and Family Social Work, 18(1), 57-66
• Ismail, R., Bahari, F., & Mutang, J. A. (1997). Strengthening family and community resilience in traumatic flood disasters: Intervention guidelines and model program. Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Studies, 3(2), 148-157.
• Işık, Z. (2013). Ebeveyni ölen yetişkinlerde dini başa çıkma. Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• Jacobs, K., & Sillars, A. (2012). Sibling support during post-divorce adjustment: An idiographic analysis of support forms, functions, and relationship types. Journal of Family Communication, 12(2), 167-187.Khodyakov, D., & Carr, D. (2009). The impact of late-life parental death on adult sibling relationships: Do parents’ advance directives help or hurt? Research on Aging, 31(5), 495–519.
• Kim, J., McHale, S. M., Osgood, D. W., & Crouter, A. C. (2006). Longitudinal course and family correlates of sibling relationships from childhood through adolescence. Child Development, 77 (6), 1746–1761.
• Kimberly J., & Alan, S. (2012). Sibling support during post-divorce adjustment: An Idiographic analysis of support forms, functions, and relationship types, Journal of Family Communication, 12(2), 167-187.
• Kramer, L., Kowal, A. K. (2005).Sibling relationship quality from birth to adolescence: the enduring contributions of friends. Journal Family Psychology, 19(4), 503-511.
• Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543–562.
• Mack, K. Y. (2004). The effects of early parental death on sibling relationships in later life. Omega: The Journal of Death and Dying, 49(2), 131-148.
• Masten, A. S., & Reed, M.-G. J. (2002). Resilience in development. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 74-88). New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press.
• McCubbin, H. I., & McCubbin, M. A. (1988). Typologies of resilient families: Emerging roles of social class and ethnicity. Family Relations, 37(3), 247-254.
• McCubbin, H. I., Thompson, A. I., & McCubbin, M. A. (1996). Family assessment: Resiliency, coping and adaptation: Inventories for research and practice. Madison: University of Wisconsin Publishers
• Merrill, D. (1996). Conflict and cooperation among adult siblings during the transition to the role of filial caregiver. Journal of Social and Personal Relations, 13(3),399–413.
• Myers, S. A. (2011). "I have to love her, even if sometimes I may not like her": The reasons why adults maintain their sibling relationships. North American Journal of Psychology, 13(1), 51-62.
• Olson, D. H. (1993). Circumplex model of marital and family systems: Assessing family functioning. In F. Walsh (Ed.), Normal family processes (pp. 104–137). New York: GuilfordPress
• Özbay, Y. & Aydoğan, D. (2014). Aile yılmazlığı: Bir engele rağmen birlikte güçlenen aile. Sosyal Politikaları Çalışmaları Dergisi, 14(31), 129-146.
• Özkan, M. (1998). Orta yaş erkeklerde ebeveyn ölümü sonrası rezidüel yası etkileyen faktörler. Düşünen Adam, 11(3), 27-32.
• Packman W., Horsley H., Davies B., & Kramer R. (2006) Sibling bereavement and continuing bonds. Death Studies, 30(9): 817-41.
• Paula, T. S., (2011). Resilience and the Role of Sibling Relationships among Children within Homeless Families. Open Access Dissertations. 560.
• Patterson, J. M. (2002). Integrating family resilience and family stress theory. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(2), 349-360.
• Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(3), 316–331.
• Sanders, R. (2004). Sibling Relationships: Theory and Issues of Practice. New York: Palgrave.
• Scharlach, A. E., & Fredriksen, K. I. (1993). Reactions to death of a parent during midlife. Omega, 27, 307-319.
• Scharf, M., Shulman, S., & Avigad-Spitz, L. (2005). Sibling relationships in emerging adulthood and in adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20(1), 64–90.
• Shuchter, S. R., & Zisook, S. (1993). The course of normal grief. In M. S. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 23-43). New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press.
• Simon, J. B., Murphy, J. J., & Smith, S. M. (2005). Understanding and fostering resilience. The Family Journal: Counseling and therapy for couples and families, 13(4), 427-436.
• Stewart, R. B., Kozak, A. L., Tingley, L. M., Goddard, J. M., Blake, E. M, & Cassel, W. A.(2001). Adult sibling relationship: A validation of a typology. Personal Relationships,8, 299-324.
• Stocker, M. C., Lanthier, P. R., & Furman, W. (1997). Sibling relationships in early adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 11(2), 210-221.
• Stroebe, M.S., Hansson, R. O., Stroebe, W. & Schut, H. (2001). Introduction: Concepts and issues in contemporary research on bereavement. In Stroebe, M.S., Hansson, R.O., Stroebe, W., ve Schut H. (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (ss. 3-22). Washington, DC: APA.
• Turan, S. (2015). Nitel Araştırma: Desen ve Uygulama için Bir Rehber. (Çev. Ed. Selahattin Turan). Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
• Turliuc, M.N.,Măirean, C., Dănilă, O. (2013). A multifaceted theory: individual, family, and community resilience. A Research Review. In Rogobete, I & Neagoe, A., Contemporary issues facing families: An interdisciplinary dialogue. Bonn (Germany): Verlag fur Kultur und Wissenshaft (Culture and Science Publishing), pp. 33-53.
• Umberson, D. (2011). Ebeveynin Ölümü: Yeni Bir Yetişkin Kimliğine Geçiş (çev. Özge Çağlar Aksoy). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• Ungar, M. (2003). Qualitative contributions to resilience research. Qualitative Social Work, 2(1), 85–102
• Yalom, I. (2001). Varoluşçu Psikoterapi.(çev.Zeliha İyidoğan Babayiğit), 3. Basım. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi
• Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2011). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (8. Baskı.). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
• Walsh, F. (1996). The concept of family resilience: Crisis and challenge. Family Process, 35(3), 261–281.
• Walsh, F. (1998). Strengthening family resilience. New York: Guilford Press.
• Walsh, F. (2002). A Family Resilience Framework: Innovative Practice Applications. Family Relations, 51(2), 130-137.
• Walsh, F. (2003). Family resilience: A Framework for clinical practice. Family Process. 42(1), 1-13.
• Walsh, F. (2006). Strengthening family resilience (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
• Walsh, F. (2007). Traumatic loss and major disasters: Strengthening family and community resilience. Family Process, 46(2), 207-227.
• White, L. K., & Riedmann, A. (1992). Ties among adult siblings. Social Forces, 71(1),85–102.
• Wolin, S. J. (1998). Project Resilience. Retrieved June 15, 2000, from http://www.projectresilience.com/framesconcepts.htm